Article(id=1211002413138440835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202305063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683907200000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655074628, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655074628, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655074628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655074628, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002415554360036, articleId=1211002413138440835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Flow loss assessment for a supercritical carbon dioxide axial turbine stage, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to further investigate the loss mechanism in supercritical carbon dioxide turbines, the flow characteristics in a turbine stage were studied by numerical method. The losses in the passage of stator and rotor blades were decomposed, and the various loss values and their proportions were quantitatively calculated. The loss sequence of the supercritical carbon dioxide turbine stage was clarified. The results show that, the high density of supercritical carbon dioxide and low blade height result in a very large leakage loss in turbine stage. When the stage load coefficient is 0.93, the relative height of the stator clearance is 0.012 and the relative height of the rotor clearance is 0.010, the leakage loss accounts for 38.23% of the total loss, including 21.94% of the diaphragm seal leakage loss and 16.29% of the tip seal leakage loss. Except for leakage loss, when the average maximum thickness divided by chord length is 0.33 and the aspect ratio is 2.07 in stator passage, the profile loss is much higher than the endwall loss and trailing edge loss, accounting for 9.68% of the total loss. In rotor passage, when the average maximum thickness divided by chord length is 0.28 and the aspect ratio is 1.73, the difference among endwall loss, profile loss, and trailing edge loss is not significant, and the profile loss has the highest proportion, accounting for 15.39% of the total loss. The influence range of secondary flow in rotor is even wider, and its endwall loss is much higher than that of the stator. The main sources of endwall loss are viscous dissipation of fluid near the end wall and secondary loss caused by horseshoe vortices, passage vortices, etc. The research results will provide direction guidance and data support for the design and optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide turbines.

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为进一步探究超临界二氧化碳透平内部的损失机制,针对某透平级采用数值方法研究了其流动特性,将静叶与动叶通道内的损失进行分解,定量计算了各项损失大小及其占比,明晰了超临界二氧化碳透平级的损失大小序列。结果表明,超临界二氧化碳介质密度大和透平叶高小导致其隔板密封和叶顶密封的泄漏损失巨大,级负荷为0.93,静叶间隙相对高度为0.012,动叶间隙相对高度为0.010时,泄漏损失占级总损失的38.23%,其中隔板密封泄漏损失占比为21.94%,叶顶密封泄漏损失占比为16.29%。除泄漏损失外:静叶栅通道内,叶片平均最大厚度比弦长为0.33,展弦比为2.07时,型面损失远高于端壁损失和尾迹损失,占级总损失的9.68%;动叶栅通道内,叶片平均最大厚度比弦长为0.28,展弦比为1.73时,型面损失、端壁损失和尾迹损失相差不大,型面损失仍然占比最高,达到级总损失的15.39%;动叶通道内的二次流影响范围更大,导致其端壁损失远高于静叶端壁损失,其壁面附近流体的黏性耗散和马蹄涡、通道涡等造成的二次流损失是端壁损失的主要来源。研究结果可为超临界二氧化碳透平的优化设计提供方向指引和数据支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邓清华(1975),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为叶轮机械气动热力学,
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张磊(1982),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为清洁高效发电技术,

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张磊(1982),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为清洁高效发电技术,

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张磊(1982),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为清洁高效发电技术,

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Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(1): 373., articleTitle=Numerical investigation on flow characteristics and aerodynamic performance of a 1.5-stage SCO2 axial-inflow turbine with labyrinth seals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211020304227365467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=6, pageStart=52, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=29, authorNames=杨国英, 邓清华, 徐伯洲, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨国英, 邓清华, 徐伯洲, 等. 二氧化碳和水蒸气在叶栅通道内的流动特性对比[J]. 热力发电, 2023, 52(6): 52-62., articleTitle=二氧化碳和水蒸气在叶栅通道内的流动特性对比, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211020304286085724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=6, pageStart=52, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=YANG Guoying, DENG Qinghua, XU Bozhou, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Guoying, DENG Qinghua, XU Bozhou, et al. Comparative study of flow characteristics between carbon dioxide and steam in cascade passage[J]. 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label=图6, caption=90%叶高处静叶静压系数数值结果对比, figureFileSmall=oCcxflvhIyD8Y93he8yEHA==, figureFileBig=w03mlXIvd6ZzPOuWpenOyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297071882768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variation of Mach number and reaction degree at outlet of the nozzle and rotor along the blade height, figureFileSmall=o0/Nhkf/1SLvlIg4K9f/7A==, figureFileBig=1KutJt+lylFpNmK8D4JPng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297122214417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图7, caption=动静叶出口处马赫数和反动度沿叶高变化, figureFileSmall=o0/Nhkf/1SLvlIg4K9f/7A==, figureFileBig=1KutJt+lylFpNmK8D4JPng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297180934674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Mach number and streamlines around the turbine seals, figureFileSmall=ruMsiXT4TfzGbI/3quqRxg==, figureFileBig=QxFILhkKKyQffK2aqXeyvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297239654931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图8, caption=密封附近马赫数和流线, figureFileSmall=ruMsiXT4TfzGbI/3quqRxg==, figureFileBig=QxFILhkKKyQffK2aqXeyvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297306763796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Dimensionless entropy generation rate per unit volume at the blade outlet, figureFileSmall=vuxOs50ITQP/mi5dN8EcGw==, figureFileBig=al3VhxA36M63eWhDhUOK8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297373872661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图9, caption=叶片出口单位体积无量纲熵产率, figureFileSmall=vuxOs50ITQP/mi5dN8EcGw==, figureFileBig=al3VhxA36M63eWhDhUOK8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297457758742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Accumulation of losses in the axial distance under different conditions, figureFileSmall=UpjT22VtIpB4SOhTdc7JcA==, figureFileBig=2m6unmBUvntn7JLb5tseqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297503896087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同情况下损失沿轴向的积累, figureFileSmall=UpjT22VtIpB4SOhTdc7JcA==, figureFileBig=2m6unmBUvntn7JLb5tseqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297562616344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Stator efficiency distribution along blade height, figureFileSmall=VldzVEodQg5hTJsOX3cPJQ==, figureFileBig=ZNZIJ3I2ftGxCkPTM710xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297625530905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图11, caption=静叶效率沿叶高分布, figureFileSmall=VldzVEodQg5hTJsOX3cPJQ==, figureFileBig=ZNZIJ3I2ftGxCkPTM710xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297680056858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Dimensionless entropy generation rate per unit volume at stator root section, figureFileSmall=5vEaQrKiTf29QEoMDJmOKA==, figureFileBig=rW0TDaLzrBQtDmgaAUYHRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297742971419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图12, caption=静叶叶根截面单位体积无量纲熵产率, figureFileSmall=5vEaQrKiTf29QEoMDJmOKA==, figureFileBig=rW0TDaLzrBQtDmgaAUYHRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297805885980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Dimensionless entropy generation rate per unit volume and streamlines in stator passage, figureFileSmall=ozmTXa755um/9DnalfngHw==, figureFileBig=EFMpZyTXfKhXi4kFt24ixQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297860411933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图13, caption=静叶通道内单位体积无量纲熵产率及流线, figureFileSmall=ozmTXa755um/9DnalfngHw==, figureFileBig=EFMpZyTXfKhXi4kFt24ixQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297919132190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Accumulation of losses in axial distance, figureFileSmall=NFwbq3WibZNUMWo9MzeYSQ==, figureFileBig=dQPwJJAmG1LDVFA3UEBMBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020297977852447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图14, caption=损失沿轴向积累, figureFileSmall=NFwbq3WibZNUMWo9MzeYSQ==, figureFileBig=dQPwJJAmG1LDVFA3UEBMBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020298036572704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Dimensionless entropy generation rate per unit volume at rotor root section, figureFileSmall=cc+E0oTy7B8KICRepiOPOw==, figureFileBig=Pg1YGwMEfolJblbz7t2ApA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020298107875873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图15, caption=动叶叶根截面单位体积无量纲熵产率, figureFileSmall=cc+E0oTy7B8KICRepiOPOw==, figureFileBig=Pg1YGwMEfolJblbz7t2ApA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020298166596130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Dimensionless entropy generation rate per unit volume at rotor tip section, figureFileSmall=Hac+JDVdvXuMjfyAQuHRpA==, figureFileBig=oVzLh9KzZv0Rok3AXBkb3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020298221122083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图16, caption=动叶叶顶截面单位体积无量纲熵产率, figureFileSmall=Hac+JDVdvXuMjfyAQuHRpA==, figureFileBig=oVzLh9KzZv0Rok3AXBkb3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020298275648036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Dimensionless entropy generation rate per unit volume near the leading edge of rotor, figureFileSmall=6hkyf+JoPjg8bSIaNLk0MQ==, figureFileBig=808TZUPd59uZZjqhBESbuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020298330173989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图17, caption=动叶前缘附近单位体积无量纲熵产率, figureFileSmall=6hkyf+JoPjg8bSIaNLk0MQ==, figureFileBig=808TZUPd59uZZjqhBESbuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020298397282854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Dimensionless entropy generation rate per unit volume and streamlines in the rotor passage, figureFileSmall=NFao8yJt9LF7SZp9yAnm+g==, figureFileBig=hAP7fTokroUjxMlm+/YmKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020299584270887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=图18, caption=动叶通道内单位体积无量纲熵产率及流线, figureFileSmall=NFao8yJt9LF7SZp9yAnm+g==, figureFileBig=hAP7fTokroUjxMlm+/YmKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211020299651379752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric parameters of the blade

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项目数值
静叶叶高l1/mm54.60
平均弦长bm1/mm26.37
展弦比xAR12.07
叶片数64
动叶叶高l2/mm60.06
平均弦长bm2/mm34.66
展弦比xAR21.73
叶片数50
), ArticleFig(id=1211020299714294313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

叶片几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
静叶叶高l1/mm54.60
平均弦长bm1/mm26.37
展弦比xAR12.07
叶片数64
动叶叶高l2/mm60.06
平均弦长bm2/mm34.66
展弦比xAR21.73
叶片数50
), ArticleFig(id=1211020299768820266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Boundary conditions

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项目数值
工质CO2
进口总温Tt0/K816.94
进口总压pt0/MPa10.430
出口静压p2/MPa8.676
转速n/(r·min–1)7 100
), ArticleFig(id=1211020299827540523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
工质CO2
进口总温Tt0/K816.94
进口总压pt0/MPa10.430
出口静压p2/MPa8.676
转速n/(r·min–1)7 100
), ArticleFig(id=1211020299898843692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Maximum error of relative velocity at outlet under different grid conditions

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误差最大值/%
网格2→网格1网格3→网格2
近似相对误差ea1.530.62
外推相对误差eext1.380.56
密网格收敛指数GCIext1.500.60
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不同网格的出口相对速度最大误差

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误差最大值/%
网格2→网格1网格3→网格2
近似相对误差ea1.530.62
外推相对误差eext1.380.56
密网格收敛指数GCIext1.500.60
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Overall losses of the turbine stage

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项目占级可用能比例/%占级总损失比例/%
泄漏损失3.2938.23
静叶损失1.2314.34
混合平面损失0.252.87
动叶损失3.8444.56
总损失8.61100.00
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透平级的总体损失情况

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项目占级可用能比例/%占级总损失比例/%
泄漏损失3.2938.23
静叶损失1.2314.34
混合平面损失0.252.87
动叶损失3.8444.56
总损失8.61100.00
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Part of parameters of the first and last stage

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项目第1级末级
静叶动叶静叶动叶
负荷1.570.93
展弦比1.181.102.071.73
间隙相对叶高0.0210.0180.0120.010
叶片最大厚度比弦长0.340.260.330.28
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第1级和末级部分参数对比

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项目第1级末级
静叶动叶静叶动叶
负荷1.570.93
展弦比1.181.102.071.73
间隙相对叶高0.0210.0180.0120.010
叶片最大厚度比弦长0.340.260.330.28
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Losses comparison between the first and last stage

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项目占级可用能比例/%占级总损失比例/%
第1级末级第1级末级
泄漏损失4.643.2942.1938.23
静叶损失2.431.2322.1514.34
混合平面损失0.210.251.892.87
动叶损失3.713.8433.7644.56
总损失10.988.61100.00100.00
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第1级和末级各项损失对比

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项目占级可用能比例/%占级总损失比例/%
第1级末级第1级末级
泄漏损失4.643.2942.1938.23
静叶损失2.431.2322.1514.34
混合平面损失0.210.251.892.87
动叶损失3.713.8433.7644.56
总损失10.988.61100.00100.00
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Leakage losses in the turbine stages

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项目占级可用能比例占泄漏损失比例占级总损失比例
隔板密封1.8957.3921.94
叶顶密封1.4042.6116.29
总泄漏损失3.29100.0038.23
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透平级内的泄漏损失   单位:%

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项目占级可用能比例占泄漏损失比例占级总损失比例
隔板密封1.8957.3921.94
叶顶密封1.4042.6116.29
总泄漏损失3.29100.0038.23
), ArticleFig(id=1211020300582515254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Each loss in stator passage

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项目占级可用能比例占静叶损失比例占级总损失比例
端壁损失0.1512.501.79
型面损失0.8367.509.68
尾迹损失0.2520.002.87
静叶总损失1.23100.0014.34
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静叶栅通道内的各项损失   单位:%

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项目占级可用能比例占静叶损失比例占级总损失比例
端壁损失0.1512.501.79
型面损失0.8367.509.68
尾迹损失0.2520.002.87
静叶总损失1.23100.0014.34
), ArticleFig(id=1211020300725121592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002413138440835, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Details of losses in rotor passage

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项目占级可用能比例占动叶损失比例占级总损失比例
端壁损失1.2733.0714.73
型面损失1.3234.5515.39
尾迹损失1.2432.3814.43
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动叶栅通道内的各项损失   单位:%

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项目占级可用能比例占动叶损失比例占级总损失比例
端壁损失1.2733.0714.73
型面损失1.3234.5515.39
尾迹损失1.2432.3814.43
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超临界二氧化碳轴流透平级流动损失评估
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张磊 1, 2 , 石赜 1, 2 , 舒伟林 3 , 杨锐 3 , 杨国英 4 , 邓清华 4
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(1): 134-144
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(1): 134-144
超临界二氧化碳轴流透平级流动损失评估
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张磊1, 2 , 石赜1, 2, 舒伟林3, 杨锐3, 杨国英4, 邓清华4
作者信息
  • 1.国能国华(北京)电力研究院有限公司,北京 102209
  • 2.国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209
  • 3.上海汽轮机厂有限公司,上海 200240
  • 4.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 张磊(1982),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为清洁高效发电技术,

通讯作者:

邓清华(1975),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为叶轮机械气动热力学,
Flow loss assessment for a supercritical carbon dioxide axial turbine stage
Lei ZHANG1, 2 , Ze SHI1, 2, Weilin SHU3, Rui YANG3, Guoying YANG4, Qinghua DENG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Guoneng Guohua (Beijing) Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
  • 2.CHN Energy New Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
  • 3.Shanghai Turbine Works Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200240, China
  • 4.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305063
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为进一步探究超临界二氧化碳透平内部的损失机制,针对某透平级采用数值方法研究了其流动特性,将静叶与动叶通道内的损失进行分解,定量计算了各项损失大小及其占比,明晰了超临界二氧化碳透平级的损失大小序列。结果表明,超临界二氧化碳介质密度大和透平叶高小导致其隔板密封和叶顶密封的泄漏损失巨大,级负荷为0.93,静叶间隙相对高度为0.012,动叶间隙相对高度为0.010时,泄漏损失占级总损失的38.23%,其中隔板密封泄漏损失占比为21.94%,叶顶密封泄漏损失占比为16.29%。除泄漏损失外:静叶栅通道内,叶片平均最大厚度比弦长为0.33,展弦比为2.07时,型面损失远高于端壁损失和尾迹损失,占级总损失的9.68%;动叶栅通道内,叶片平均最大厚度比弦长为0.28,展弦比为1.73时,型面损失、端壁损失和尾迹损失相差不大,型面损失仍然占比最高,达到级总损失的15.39%;动叶通道内的二次流影响范围更大,导致其端壁损失远高于静叶端壁损失,其壁面附近流体的黏性耗散和马蹄涡、通道涡等造成的二次流损失是端壁损失的主要来源。研究结果可为超临界二氧化碳透平的优化设计提供方向指引和数据支撑。

二氧化碳  /  透平级  /  熵产率  /  流动损失

In order to further investigate the loss mechanism in supercritical carbon dioxide turbines, the flow characteristics in a turbine stage were studied by numerical method. The losses in the passage of stator and rotor blades were decomposed, and the various loss values and their proportions were quantitatively calculated. The loss sequence of the supercritical carbon dioxide turbine stage was clarified. The results show that, the high density of supercritical carbon dioxide and low blade height result in a very large leakage loss in turbine stage. When the stage load coefficient is 0.93, the relative height of the stator clearance is 0.012 and the relative height of the rotor clearance is 0.010, the leakage loss accounts for 38.23% of the total loss, including 21.94% of the diaphragm seal leakage loss and 16.29% of the tip seal leakage loss. Except for leakage loss, when the average maximum thickness divided by chord length is 0.33 and the aspect ratio is 2.07 in stator passage, the profile loss is much higher than the endwall loss and trailing edge loss, accounting for 9.68% of the total loss. In rotor passage, when the average maximum thickness divided by chord length is 0.28 and the aspect ratio is 1.73, the difference among endwall loss, profile loss, and trailing edge loss is not significant, and the profile loss has the highest proportion, accounting for 15.39% of the total loss. The influence range of secondary flow in rotor is even wider, and its endwall loss is much higher than that of the stator. The main sources of endwall loss are viscous dissipation of fluid near the end wall and secondary loss caused by horseshoe vortices, passage vortices, etc. The research results will provide direction guidance and data support for the design and optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide turbines.

carbon dioxide  /  turbine stage  /  entropy generation rate  /  flow loss
张磊, 石赜, 舒伟林, 杨锐, 杨国英, 邓清华. 超临界二氧化碳轴流透平级流动损失评估. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305063
Lei ZHANG, Ze SHI, Weilin SHU, Rui YANG, Guoying YANG, Qinghua DENG. Flow loss assessment for a supercritical carbon dioxide axial turbine stage[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305063
透平内存在的泄漏流动、动静间非定常干涉、湍流等流体动力学现象,导致其内部流动异常复杂。一般地,研究人员将透平内部的气动损失分为型面损失、端壁损失、冷却/混合损失、泄漏损失和尾迹损失等。然而,将其中一项与另一项分离并不容易,这是因为不同的损失同时发生,且存在相互作用。因此,设计者倾向于依靠各种经验公式(损失模型)估计各项流动损失大小。几十年来,学者们做了大量努力以提高损失模型的计算精度,取得了一定进展[1-3]
传统损失模型通常依赖损失系数来确定空气动力学损失,但Denton[4]讨论了透平损失的来源和影响,认为透平级内的损失应通过熵增而不是损失系数来计算。然而,熵增只能表示在特定位置处累积的总损失量,并不能表示局部损失的大小,因此熵产率被引入以标识透平级内局部损失的大小。事实上,熵产率的概念早在1983年就已经被Moore等人[5]提出,但由于当时的技术限制,只能应用于简单结构。
随着计算流体动力学的发展,熵产率的计算才变得简单并被广泛应用。Zlatinov等人[6]利用熵增和熵产率,通过数值模拟研究了透平级中封严冷气的影响,将相关损失分解为冷气和主流之间的剪切损失、与通道涡流的相互作用损失、湿汽损失和叶顶间隙损失4个部分,发现封严冷气可使透平损失增加12%,大约50%的损失是由主流和冷气之间的剪切造成的。Denton等人[7]采用数值方法研究了轴流透平端壁损失的来源,通过不同位置处的熵产率,将端壁损失分解为多个部分,结果表明端壁附近吸力侧马蹄涡和压力侧马蹄涡汇合处损失最大。Yoon等人[8]通过比较整个透平级的熵增,将透平级的损失进行分解,探究了每列叶栅通道内的叶栅损失、泄漏损失、端壁损失和尾迹损失,发现动叶尾迹损失最大,占总损失的1/3以上。其后众多学者也使用熵产率来揭示损失机制和计算空气动力学损失[9-11]
二氧化碳的临界温度为31.2 ℃,临界压力为7.38 MPa,较容易达到临界状态,而且密度大、黏性低[12],将其作为布雷顿循环工质可以减小叶轮机械设备尺寸,提升循环效率[13-14]。因此,近些年来受到广泛关注[15-18]
透平为超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)布雷顿循环的关键部件,对系统运行的高效性具有重要影响,近些年也受到了国内外学者的高度重视。徐前[19]通过数值模拟研究了某S-CO2透平直叶片级内的流动状况,认为损失较大的位置在静、动叶尾缘处,且静叶内的损失小于动叶内的损失。Kumaran等人[20]研究了某5 MW S-CO2高压透平第1级平均截面处的型面损失,通过对比分析数值模拟、实验和损失模型发现,所使用的Craig和Cox损失模型并不能准确估计激波损失。应祺煜等[21]设计了1台4级S-CO2轴流透平并数值研究了其内部的流动特性,发现动叶叶顶泄漏损失严重影响了该透平级的气动性能。Salah等人[22]从结构和气动2个角度确定最佳透平设计参数,开发了1台100 kW单级S-CO2轴流透平,并在设计中引入Soderberg(SB)损失模型以及Ainley和Mathieson(AM)损失模型以评估透平的性能,结果表明,考虑最小允许叶片高度和平均直径后,此方法在低流量系数(<0.2)和高负荷系数(>2.8)条件下设计效率较高。
高效透平的设计优化需要深度了解其内部的损失机制。尽管近些年来S-CO2透平的研究受到了高度关注,但是由于其发展时间不长,S-CO2透平设计和优化主要还是依赖于传统的损失模型,其适用性存疑。本文基于文献[8]提出的定量评估透平级各项损失的数值模拟方法,采用熵增和熵产率,针对某S-CO2轴流透平级,研究其动、静叶通道内的型面损失、端壁损失、尾迹损失、泄漏损失等各项损失及其占比,以明晰S-CO2透平级的损失大小序列,为其透平级设计优化奠定基础。
本文几何模型来源于某20 MW S-CO2再热透平末级,弯扭叶片结构,通流部分尺寸如图1所示,叶片几何参数见表1。透平中部反动度约为0.48,其3个叶高位置处的叶型如图2所示。
计算边界条件见表2。由于原始透平为4级,本文透平级的进口给定了第3级出口的平均总温、总压参数。为消除第3级的影响,其进口边界条件为均匀入口条件。
数值计算软件采用NUMECA FINE/Turbo,利用多重网格技术以及隐式残差光顺方法加速收敛,时间项的求解采用四阶龙格库塔法(Runge-Kutta)。流体域两侧边界条件为旋转周期条件,基础模型的壁面边界设置为无滑移光滑绝热。工质为S-CO2真实气体,其物性数据来自NIST物性数据库。
在透平级叶栅通道内,损失主要分为型面损失、端壁损失、尾迹损失和泄漏损失。基于文献[8]提出的各项流动损失评估方法:对于泄漏损失,可通过数值模拟计算带密封以及无密封之间的效率差获得;对于端壁损失和型面损失,可通过去除流体在壁面的黏性来消除壁面上的边界层,进而消除由端壁和叶型边界层流动影响带来的损失。需要说明的是,将相应的壁面边界设置为对称边界,可去除黏性对壁面附近流动的影响。对于尾迹损失,通过总损失与其他各项损失之和的差值获得。
对于定常计算,在级通道内除了静叶和动叶通道内的各种损失外,还有混合平面损失,由动静交界面处的数据传递产生,可用来表示动静叶轴向间隙处的混合损失。
级通道内的损失变化通过计算不同轴向位置的熵增获得,其损失占可用能比例Δη由式(1)评估:
Δη=T¯t2Δsh0h2s
同时:
Δη=1η
式中:T¯t2为出口实际总温与等熵总温的平均值,K;Δs为当地熵与进口熵的差值,即熵增,kJ/(K∙kg);h0为进口总比焓,kJ/kg;h2s为出口等熵总比焓,kJ/kg;η为总效率。
因此,损失分解流程为:
1)计算基础模型;
2)去掉密封结构;
3)去除静叶端壁处的黏度;
4)去除静叶叶片表面的黏度;
5)去除动叶端壁处的黏度;
6)去除动叶叶片表面的黏度。
文中利用单位体积熵产率来表示局部损失的大小,根据文献[6],透平内的黏性耗散熵产率可以表示为:
S˙vics=μeffT{(uy+vx)2+(uz+wx)2+(vz+wy)2+2[(ux)2+(vy)2+(wz)2]}
式中:µeff为有效动力黏度,Pa∙s;T为温度,K;uvw分别为xyz方向的分速度,m/s。
将其转化为单位体积无量纲熵产率为:
S˙¯visc=T˜2S˙visc12(ρVx3cx)rowin
式中:T˜2为出口总温和出口等熵总温的平均值,K;下标rowin表示叶栅进口;Vx为轴向速度,m/s;cx为叶片平均轴向弦长,m。
采用GCI方法[23]验证网格独立性。GCI方法的基本思想是选择3组尺寸差异较大的网格(较粗网格的高度与较密网格的高度差大于1.3)来计算目标变量值,并从3个网格计算的结果递归推导其外推值,然后计算外推值与最密集网格结果之间的偏差。如果偏差在一定范围内(小于10%),则完成网格独立性验证。
计算域采用结构化网格剖分,其细节如图3所示,前缘、尾缘、叶片表面、端壁和密封壁面均进行了加密。根据GCI方法,所用的3套网格节点数量分别约为75万(网格1)、225万(网格2)和600万(网格3)。第1层的网格厚度为0.000 5 mm,y+小于5。本文采用SST k-ω湍流模型(与后文湍流模型验证结果一致)。
不同网格对中截面处动叶出口相对速度的影响结果如图4所示。由图4可以看出,不同网格计算结果的变化趋势一致,其中225万、600万以及外推值的差别较小,75万网格计算的结果与他们相差较大。外推值与600万网格的计算结果比较接近,曲线基本重合,说明网格数达到600万以上时,计算结果的差别将非常小。
不同网格下相对速度最大误差见表3。由表3可以看出,无论是外推值还是GCI值,最大误差均小于2%,远低于10%。
综上可知,用600万网格计算可得网格无关解。
尽管不同透平叶型不一致,但是其内部流场特征有一定的相似性,文献[24]和文献[25]均证明了使用SST k-ω湍流模型计算得到的气动性能参数与实验值较为接近,其中文献[25]的数值结果与实验结果对比如图5所示,其中静压系数定义为:
Cp=plocal,sp1sp0*p1s
式中:plocal,s为当地静压,Pa;p1s为出口静压,Pa;p0*为进口总压,Pa。
为进一步验证S-A、k-ε Yang-Shih、V2F、SST k-ω 4种湍流模型的预测精度,基于本文几何模型,对比不同湍流模型下静叶栅90%叶高处静压系数分布曲线,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,不同湍流模型计算结果相差较小,其中V2F模型和k-ε模型结果相差最大,二者最大偏差仅为1.51%。与前文类似,不同湍流模型模拟得到的叶片前半部分压力面静压系数从大到小依次为V2F模型、S-A模型、SST k-ω模型和k-ε模型。因此本文选用SST k-ω模型。
首先计算了基础模型的气动性能,然后去掉静叶隔板密封和动叶叶顶密封结构,通过计算确定泄漏损失。同时,根据式(1)计算级通道内损失沿轴向的变化。表4给出了透平级的损失情况。
表4可以看出:动叶内损失占比最高,为44.56%;其次是泄漏损失,占比达到了38.23%。尽管本文模型为再热透平的末级,泄漏损失占比依旧非常大,原因主要有2方面:1)S-CO2透平整体叶高较小,静叶展弦比仅为2.07,而动叶展弦比甚至小于2,意味着动叶片相对较低,主流流场受泄漏流影响较大;2)二氧化碳密度较大,泄漏流量较大,经统计,泄漏量占总流量的比例为4.54%。
为进一步说明损失占比关系,计算了该透平第1级叶片的各项损失,对比结果见表5表6
表5表6可以看出:与末级相比,第1级叶片负荷和间隙相对叶高均更大,因此泄漏损失占比更大,达到了42.19%;相对于动叶,第1级静叶的展弦比比末级更低,故第1级静叶端壁损失增加较多,因此第1级静叶损失占比会上升。第1级与末级的共同点在于泄漏损失和动叶损失占比均较大。
泄漏损失可进一步分为隔板密封泄漏损失和叶顶密封泄漏损失。表7展示了泄漏损失占比。值得注意的是,静叶间隙相对高度为0.012,动叶间隙相对高度为0.010。其中隔板密封泄漏损失占级总损失比例为21.94%,叶顶密封泄漏损失占比为16.29%,二者均比较大。隔板密封泄漏损失高于叶顶密封泄漏损失,这主要是由于反动度沿叶高逐渐增加,且平均反动度约为0.48,小于0.5(图7)。因此,静叶根部隔板密封的压比(出口压力/入口压力)小于动叶顶部密封的压比,隔板泄漏量较大。此外,从前文可知,隔板密封只有3齿,叶顶密封为4齿,隔板密封对于气流的阻塞作用相对较弱。
图8展示了子午面密封附近马赫数和流线分布。由图8可以看出:密封出口泄漏流斜射入主流,对主流流场有影响,流线产生了一定程度的弯曲;密封内部生成了多个涡核,动叶顶部密封为4齿,内部产生的涡核多于静叶隔板密封,因此对气流的阻塞作用较强;泄漏流对静叶出口流场的影响大于动叶出口。
为进一步分析泄漏流沿径向与周向的变化,图9给出了叶片出口单位体积无量纲熵产率云图。由图9可以看出:静叶叶根及动叶叶顶均出现了较大范围的高熵产率区域,这是由泄漏涡导致的;静、动叶出口附近的影响范围分别达到了8.2%相对叶高、6.7%相对叶高,影响范围均较大,进一步说明泄漏流造成的损失较大,且隔板密封的泄漏损失大于叶顶密封泄漏损失。
在静叶栅通道内,损失主要为端壁损失、型面损失、尾迹损失。此时静叶平均最大厚度比弦长为0.33,展弦比为2.07。表8展示了静叶栅通道内的各项损失。由表8可以看出,在静叶的3类损失中:型面损失占比最大,达到了静叶损失的67.50%,总损失的9.68%;静叶端壁损失和尾迹损失占比均较小,其中尾迹损失主要是吸力面气流和压力面气流在尾缘后脱落与主流混合产生的。静叶没有转速,因此周向和径向气流流动状况没有动叶复杂,去除静叶端壁和叶型处的气流黏性后,壁面边界层将不存在,流动状况更简单,尾迹脱落和与主流混合所造成的损失自然也较小。值得注意的是,这仅仅是去除了端壁和叶型表面的黏性影响,流体黏性仍然存在。
图10展示了无密封(记为BM)、去除静叶端壁黏性(记为NSE)、去除静叶端壁和叶型黏性3种情况下损失沿轴向的积累情况,图中记无密封总损失为100.00%。由图10可以看出,去掉静叶端壁黏性后,损失沿轴向的变化仅比无密封略低,且进口附近二者损失基本没有增加,说明端壁损失比较小。进一步去除叶型黏性后,损失从静叶尾缘附近开始增加,且与前二者相比损失显著降低,说明型面损失占比较大。
图11展示了静叶效率沿叶高分布。
静叶效率ηs定义为:
ηs=h0*h1h0*h1s
式中:h1为静叶出口静比焓,kJ/kg;h1s为静叶出口等熵静比焓,kJ/kg。
图11可以看出:去掉静叶端壁黏性后,静叶效率沿叶高的变化与无密封的结果相差较小,但端壁附近(90%叶高和10%叶高)的二次流对效率的影响基本消失,说明端壁附近的二次流受端壁附近边界层影响较大;而去除静叶端壁和叶型黏性的结果与前二者相比,静叶效率提升显著,增加了约2.5%;叶型对主流和端壁附近的效率均有影响,因此整个叶高方向效率均有提升。
图12展示了静叶叶根截面单位体积无量纲熵产率的变化。由图12可以看出:对于无密封和去除静叶端壁黏性,高熵产率区域主要出现在叶片表面和尾缘附近,且二者结果相差不大,说明损失主要集中在叶片表面,即型面损失占比较大,而端壁损失占比较小;去除端壁和叶型黏性的结果与前二者相比,叶片表面的高熵产率区域已经消失,基本只在尾缘附近出现,说明此时型面损失及端壁损失的影响均已不存在,仅有尾迹损失;尾缘高熵产率区域非常小,说明尾迹损失占比较小。此外,静叶叶顶的结果基本与叶根的基本一致,不再赘述。
图13为静叶通道内单位体积无量纲熵产率及流线变化。当去除端壁黏性后,端壁附近的高熵产率区域即端壁边界层消失,损失降低。同时端壁附近的通道涡也基本消失,由其造成的二次流损失必然降低。当再去除叶型粘性后,端壁附近的通道涡已经完全消失,说明端壁附近通道涡的形成与端壁和叶型表面的边界层相关,且主要受端壁的影响。另外,尾迹高熵产率区域大幅减小,即损失进一步降低且幅度较大,型面损失占比较大。
与静叶栅通道内损失类似,动叶栅通道内的损失主要为端壁损失、型面损失和尾迹损失。此时动叶平均最大厚度比弦长为0.28,展弦比为1.73。与静叶不同,动叶内的流动状况比较复杂,3类损失占比均较大,分别占总损失的14.73%、15.39%和14.43%,见表9。相对而言,动叶型面损失最大,占动叶总损失的15.39%,其次是端壁损失。值得注意的是,型面损失不能简单地将去除端壁和叶型黏性的损失与仅去除端壁黏性得到的损失相减得到,这是因为动叶的型面损失除了包括叶型表面的黏性耗散外,还有一部分是入口气流撞击前缘所造成的冲击损失,这部分损失不可忽略。
图14展示了无密封、去除动叶端壁黏性(记为NRE)、去除动叶端壁和叶型黏性(记为NREP)3种情况下损失沿轴向的积累情况(记无密封总损失为100.00%)。
图14可以看出:当去除动叶端壁黏性后,动叶前半部分的损失变化并不大,损失变化较大的部分主要在动叶尾缘及出口附近,说明端壁主要影响尾缘和出口附近的二次流;当去除动叶端壁和叶型黏性后,与去除动叶端壁黏性的结果相比,损失变化较大的部分主要在动叶的后半部分,原因是动叶的轴向弦长并不固定,在此处叶顶尾缘附近,尾迹损失已经开始出现;尽管端壁和叶型黏性均已去除,但动叶前缘附近损失仍有增大,这就是动叶的前缘冲击损失,根据计算,这部分损失约占动叶总损失的3.10%,占总损失的1.29%。
图15图16展示了动叶叶根和叶顶截面单位体积无量纲熵产率。
图15图16可以看出,无论其位置,3种情况下,动叶前缘附近均存在高熵产率区域,即使去除了动叶叶型黏性也不例外。这是由于流体分子撞击动叶前缘产生了能量损失,与静叶不同,这部分损失不可忽略。对于无密封和去除动叶端壁黏性的结果,高熵产率区域主要出现在叶片表面和尾缘附近。去除端壁和叶型黏性的结果与前二者相比,叶片表面的高熵产率区域已经消失,基本只在尾缘附近出现,说明此时仅有尾迹损失。
图17为动叶前缘附近单位体积无量纲熵产率。由图17可以明显看到:无论是叶根还是叶顶,前缘附近的高熵产率区域均存在,其范围仅在前缘附近;尽管去除叶型和端壁黏性后,数值和范围均有减小,但仍比较明显,说明这部分损失占有一定比例,不可忽略。
图18为动叶通道内单位体积无量纲熵产率及流线变化。与前文静叶结果对比可以发现,动叶内部马蹄涡和通道涡等二次流均比较明显,即动叶内的流动状况更复杂,损失更大,这与前文的损失统计结果一致。当去除端壁黏性后,端壁附近的高熵产率区域即端壁边界层消失,损失降低。同时端壁附近的通道涡也已经基本消失,由此造成的二次流损失降低。这说明端壁损失的来源主要有2部分:一是壁面附近流体的黏性耗散,二是马蹄涡和通道涡等二次流造成的二次流损失。另外,动叶内部的二次流范围更大,使得其端壁损失远高于静叶端壁损失。当再去除叶型黏性后,尾迹高熵产率区域减小,即损失进一步降低。
图18还可以看出,尽管前缘部分的冲击损失不可忽略,但并未明显向下游传递,即该部分损失影响的区域较小,仅在前缘附近。
本文基于熵增和熵产率,采用数值方法对某S-CO2轴流透平级内的损失特性进行探究,将动静叶内部的损失进行了分解,定量评估了各项损失数值以及占比,明晰了S-CO2透平级的损失大小序列。主要结论如下:
1)级负荷为0.93,静叶间隙相对高度为0.012,动叶间隙相对高度为0.010时,泄漏损失占比非常大,达到38.23%,其中隔板密封泄漏损失占比为21.94%,叶顶密封泄漏损失占比为16.29%。这是由于二氧化碳密度大和S-CO2透平叶高总体较小导致。因此,在S-CO2透平级气动设计时,应采取有效措施降低泄漏损失。
2)除泄漏损失外,级负荷为0.93的前提下,静叶栅通道内,叶片平均最大厚度比弦长为0.33,展弦比为2.07时,型面损失远高于端壁损失和尾迹损失,占总损失的9.68%;动叶栅通道内,叶片平均最大厚度比弦长为0.28,展弦比为1.73时,端壁损失、型面损失和尾迹损失相差不大,型面损失占比最高,达到总损失的15.39%。因此,在气动设计和优化时,应尝试减小叶片厚度来减小型面损失。
3)无论是动叶还是静叶,端壁损失的来源均主要有2部分:一是壁面附近流体的黏性耗散,二是马蹄涡和通道涡等二次流造成的二次流损失。动叶通道内的二次流范围更大,使得其端壁损失远高于静叶端壁损失。
4)动叶型面损失的主要来源除了叶型表面流体的黏性耗散形成的损失外,还有来流撞击叶片前缘造成的损失,其占总损失的1.29%。在进行工况较稳定透平级的动叶设计时,应尝试降低前缘半径以减小这部分损失。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金(U20A20303)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0601804)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305063
  • 接收时间:2023-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-13
基金
Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20303)
国家自然科学基金联合基金(U20A20303)
National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFB0601804)
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0601804)
作者信息
    1.国能国华(北京)电力研究院有限公司,北京 102209
    2.国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209
    3.上海汽轮机厂有限公司,上海 200240
    4.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

邓清华(1975),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为叶轮机械气动热力学,
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