Article(id=1211002412341523073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202305066, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683648000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655074438, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655074438, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655074438, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655074438, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=175, endPage=182, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002416837817078, articleId=1211002412341523073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Simulation and experimental study on the burnout characteristics of pulverized coal in a 600 MW opposed combustion boiler by mixing grinding and burning, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the effects of mixed coal combustion on reducing the carbon content of fly ash in a subcritical 600 MW natural circulation balanced draft boiler, three types of coal with significant differences in characteristics were used, and numerical simulations were combined with experiments to study the mechanism of mixed coal combustion and its relationship with fuel characteristics, burnout rate, and carbon content in fly ash in the stratified combustion process of the balance boiler. Based on the results, a set of coal blending principles are proposed to improve the combustion characteristics of coal powder in power station boilers. Firstly, three extreme operating conditions were set up, and high-quality coal was respectively focused on the upper, middle, and lower layers of the burner for combustion. And then, through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, it was found that when the coal powder airflow of the balance combustion boiler flowed upward, and the high-quality coal was distributed in the upper layer of the combustion chamber while the poor-quality coal was distributed in the lower layer, the residence time of poor-quality coal in the furnace increased significantly, allowing it to fully combust in the high-temperature area of the upper layer, resulting in a low carbon content in fly ash. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the heat value, volatile matter and ash content of coal powder in different combustion layers under various working conditions, it was found that the difference in heat value and ash content is the main factor influencing combustion characteristics. Based on the actual operating conditions of the coal-fired power plant, a more realistic set of coal blending scenarios was established, and numerical simulations and on-site experiments were conducted, which showed that the overall combustion characteristics of coal powder under each working condition followed the aforementioned rules, and the carbon content in the fly ash reduced compared with the original operating conditions. Finally, the coal blending principles were established, which take into full consideration of the actual operating conditions of the power plant, recommend high-quality coal with low ash content to be used in the upper and middle layers of the combustion chamber while poor-quality coal with high ash content should be used in the middle and lower layers of combustion burner.

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针对亚临界600 MW自然循环对冲燃烧锅炉燃用3种差异性较大的煤种,通过数值模拟结合现场试验研究了分磨配煤掺烧对降低飞灰含碳量的作用机制,建立了对冲锅炉分层燃烧混煤的燃料特性与燃尽率、飞灰含碳量的关联性,并提出了改善电站锅炉中煤粉燃尽特性的配煤原则。首先设定了3种极端的工况,以优质煤为主分别集中在燃烧器的上、中、下3层燃烧器中进行燃烧;再通过计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟发现优质煤在上层燃烧器分布且劣质煤在下层分布时,劣质煤在炉内的停留时间显著增加,其在上层高温区充分燃烧,飞灰含碳量低。同时,根据不同工况下各层燃烧器煤粉的热值、挥发分、灰分进行分析,发现热值差异性是影响其燃尽特性的主要影响因素;然后基于燃煤电厂实际运行条件,设置了更切合实际的配煤工况,并进行了数值模拟与现场试试验研究,发现各工况下呈现的煤粉总体燃尽特性符合上述规律,飞灰含碳量相比于电厂原始运行工况下降。最后得到配煤原则为:在充分考虑电厂实际运行条件的情况下,将高热值的煤种向中、上层燃烧器布置,而低热值的煤种向中、下层燃烧器分布。

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刘小伟(1981),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃煤污染物控制,
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彭昭雄(1980),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂节能提效技术及生产管理,

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彭昭雄(1980),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂节能提效技术及生产管理,

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彭昭雄(1980),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂节能提效技术及生产管理,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=配煤掺烧), Keyword(id=1211018023050277829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=煤质), Keyword(id=1211018023125775306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=燃尽率), Keyword(id=1211018023205467087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=飞灰含碳量)], refs=[Reference(id=1211018027760480380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=23, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=邢振中, journalName=电站系统工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邢振中. 300 MW机组锅炉配煤掺烧试验研究[J]. 电站系统工程, 2019, 35(6): 23-26., 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Study on combustion characteristics of blended coal in 600 MW boiler[D]. Baoding: North China Electric Power University, 2019: 1., articleTitle=Study on combustion characteristics of blended coal in 600 MW boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018032684593408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=71, issue=9, pageStart=4260, pageEnd=4269, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=陈胜, 于敦喜, 吴建群, journalName=化工学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈胜, 于敦喜, 吴建群, 等. 新疆高钙煤混烧对灰中含钙矿物熔融特性影响[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(9): 4260-4269., articleTitle=新疆高钙煤混烧对灰中含钙矿物熔融特性影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018032776868099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=71, issue=9, pageStart=4260, pageEnd=4269, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=40, authorNames=CHEN Sheng, YU Dunxi, WU Jianqun, journalName=Journal of Chemical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Sheng, YU Dunxi, WU Jianqun, et al. 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Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2013: 1., articleTitle=Research on the technology of low NOx combustion system of the power plant boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018034257457425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=45, authorNames=李路, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李路. 电站锅炉燃烧优化在线控制策略研究[D]. 保定: 华北电力大学(保定), 2014: 1., articleTitle=电站锅炉燃烧优化在线控制策略研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018034370703637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=46, authorNames=LI Lu, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Lu. Research on strategy of combustion optimization online control of utility boiler[D]. Baoding: North China Electric Power University (Baoding), 2014: 1., articleTitle=Research on strategy of combustion optimization online control of utility boiler, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1211018027483656302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, awardId=U22A20211, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Project of the Joint Fund of the National Foundation of China(U22A20211), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1211018027563348082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, awardId=U22A20211, language=CN, fundingSource=国家基金委联合基金重点项目(U22A20211), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1211018020630164257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211018020634358563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The characteristics of coal types in actual combustion of boilers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素分析工业分析
war(C)/%war(H)/%war(O)/%war(Na)/%war(S)/%war(M)/%war(A)/%war(FC)/%wdaf(V)/%Qnet,ar/(kJ·kg–1)
设计煤种51.202.702.4301.062.3908.1032.1246.4222.3519 900
煤种170.954.421.5491.130.73110.9110.3148.4638.4927 463
煤种230.043.080.9660.933.2843.3358.3725.4233.6313 739
煤种355.623.687.7130.480.46728.713.3344.9633.8418 943
混煤44.533.512.2400.912.1809.4637.1834.4434.8818 037
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026133090351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉实际燃烧煤种特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素分析工业分析
war(C)/%war(H)/%war(O)/%war(Na)/%war(S)/%war(M)/%war(A)/%war(FC)/%wdaf(V)/%Qnet,ar/(kJ·kg–1)
设计煤种51.202.702.4301.062.3908.1032.1246.4222.3519 900
煤种170.954.421.5491.130.73110.9110.3148.4638.4927 463
煤种230.043.080.9660.933.2843.3358.3725.4233.6313 739
煤种355.623.687.7130.480.46728.713.3344.9633.8418 943
混煤44.533.512.2400.912.1809.4637.1834.4434.8818 037
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026246336565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The main operating parameters of benchmark conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
一次风量/(kg·s–1)136.0
一次风温/K353.0
二次风量/(kg·s–1)386.8
二次风温/K598.0
燃尽风量/(kg·s–1)95.1
燃尽风温/K598.0
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026334416954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基准工况的主要运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
一次风量/(kg·s–1)136.0
一次风温/K353.0
二次风量/(kg·s–1)386.8
二次风温/K598.0
燃尽风量/(kg·s–1)95.1
燃尽风温/K598.0
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026430885952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Design and simulation values of temperature at various parts of the reference working condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炉膛出口烟气屏式过热器出口高温过热器出口
设计值/℃9841 097984
模拟/℃1 0271 1681 019
误差/%4.372.483.56
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026531549253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基准工况各部位温度设计与模拟值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炉膛出口烟气屏式过热器出口高温过热器出口
设计值/℃9841 097984
模拟/℃1 0271 1681 019
误差/%4.372.483.56
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026678349902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The coal blending ratios under condition 1~7

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃烧器工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6工况7
EF燃烧器(上)0:10:20:10:210:0:23:7:26:6:03:7:35:8:0
BD燃烧器(中)0::11::210:0:20:10:23:7:22:8:34:8:05:8:0
AC燃烧器(下)10::0::20:11:20:11:23:7:22:8:33:7:30:6:6
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026804179027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

工况1-工况7煤种配比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃烧器工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6工况7
EF燃烧器(上)0:10:20:10:210:0:23:7:26:6:03:7:35:8:0
BD燃烧器(中)0::11::210:0:20:10:23:7:22:8:34:8:05:8:0
AC燃烧器(下)10::0::20:11:20:11:23:7:22:8:33:7:30:6:6
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026888065111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The burnout rate and carbon content of fly ash under condition 1~7

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6工况7
燃尽率96.996.499.994.898.396.298.7
飞灰含碳量11.97.60.13.51.74.81.1
), ArticleFig(id=1211018027022282846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002412341523073, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

工况1-工况7燃尽率以及飞灰含碳量   单位:%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6工况7
燃尽率96.996.499.994.898.396.298.7
飞灰含碳量11.97.60.13.51.74.81.1
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The carbon content of fly ash and slag from experiments under four coal blending conditions

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现场工况工况4工况5工况6工况7
飞灰含碳量1.911.832.251.63
大渣含碳量1.471.202.040.75
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4种配煤工况现场试验的飞灰、大渣含碳量   单位:%

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现场工况工况4工况5工况6工况7
飞灰含碳量1.911.832.251.63
大渣含碳量1.471.202.040.75
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600 MW对冲燃烧锅炉分磨掺烧煤粉燃尽特性的模拟和试验研究
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彭昭雄 1 , 刘兵兵 1 , 范多文 1 , 刘磊 2 , 刘小伟 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(1): 175-182
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(1): 175-182
600 MW对冲燃烧锅炉分磨掺烧煤粉燃尽特性的模拟和试验研究
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彭昭雄1 , 刘兵兵1, 范多文1, 刘磊2, 刘小伟2
作者信息
  • 1.中国华电集团四川广安发电有限责任公司,四川 广安 638017
  • 2.华中科技大学能源动力与工程学院煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 彭昭雄(1980),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂节能提效技术及生产管理,

通讯作者:

刘小伟(1981),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃煤污染物控制,
Simulation and experimental study on the burnout characteristics of pulverized coal in a 600 MW opposed combustion boiler by mixing grinding and burning
Zhaoxiong PENG1 , Bingbing LIU1, Duowen FAN1, Lei LIU2, Xiaowei LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Huadian Co., Ltd., Sichuan Company, Guang’an 638017, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion and Low Carbon Utilization, School of Power and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305066
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针对亚临界600 MW自然循环对冲燃烧锅炉燃用3种差异性较大的煤种,通过数值模拟结合现场试验研究了分磨配煤掺烧对降低飞灰含碳量的作用机制,建立了对冲锅炉分层燃烧混煤的燃料特性与燃尽率、飞灰含碳量的关联性,并提出了改善电站锅炉中煤粉燃尽特性的配煤原则。首先设定了3种极端的工况,以优质煤为主分别集中在燃烧器的上、中、下3层燃烧器中进行燃烧;再通过计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟发现优质煤在上层燃烧器分布且劣质煤在下层分布时,劣质煤在炉内的停留时间显著增加,其在上层高温区充分燃烧,飞灰含碳量低。同时,根据不同工况下各层燃烧器煤粉的热值、挥发分、灰分进行分析,发现热值差异性是影响其燃尽特性的主要影响因素;然后基于燃煤电厂实际运行条件,设置了更切合实际的配煤工况,并进行了数值模拟与现场试试验研究,发现各工况下呈现的煤粉总体燃尽特性符合上述规律,飞灰含碳量相比于电厂原始运行工况下降。最后得到配煤原则为:在充分考虑电厂实际运行条件的情况下,将高热值的煤种向中、上层燃烧器布置,而低热值的煤种向中、下层燃烧器分布。

燃煤锅炉  /  配煤掺烧  /  煤质  /  燃尽率  /  飞灰含碳量

In order to explore the effects of mixed coal combustion on reducing the carbon content of fly ash in a subcritical 600 MW natural circulation balanced draft boiler, three types of coal with significant differences in characteristics were used, and numerical simulations were combined with experiments to study the mechanism of mixed coal combustion and its relationship with fuel characteristics, burnout rate, and carbon content in fly ash in the stratified combustion process of the balance boiler. Based on the results, a set of coal blending principles are proposed to improve the combustion characteristics of coal powder in power station boilers. Firstly, three extreme operating conditions were set up, and high-quality coal was respectively focused on the upper, middle, and lower layers of the burner for combustion. And then, through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, it was found that when the coal powder airflow of the balance combustion boiler flowed upward, and the high-quality coal was distributed in the upper layer of the combustion chamber while the poor-quality coal was distributed in the lower layer, the residence time of poor-quality coal in the furnace increased significantly, allowing it to fully combust in the high-temperature area of the upper layer, resulting in a low carbon content in fly ash. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the heat value, volatile matter and ash content of coal powder in different combustion layers under various working conditions, it was found that the difference in heat value and ash content is the main factor influencing combustion characteristics. Based on the actual operating conditions of the coal-fired power plant, a more realistic set of coal blending scenarios was established, and numerical simulations and on-site experiments were conducted, which showed that the overall combustion characteristics of coal powder under each working condition followed the aforementioned rules, and the carbon content in the fly ash reduced compared with the original operating conditions. Finally, the coal blending principles were established, which take into full consideration of the actual operating conditions of the power plant, recommend high-quality coal with low ash content to be used in the upper and middle layers of the combustion chamber while poor-quality coal with high ash content should be used in the middle and lower layers of combustion burner.

coal-fired boiler  /  coal blending  /  coal quality  /  burnout rate  /  carbon content of fly ash
彭昭雄, 刘兵兵, 范多文, 刘磊, 刘小伟. 600 MW对冲燃烧锅炉分磨掺烧煤粉燃尽特性的模拟和试验研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 175 -182 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305066
Zhaoxiong PENG, Bingbing LIU, Duowen FAN, Lei LIU, Xiaowei LIU. Simulation and experimental study on the burnout characteristics of pulverized coal in a 600 MW opposed combustion boiler by mixing grinding and burning[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 175 -182 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305066
为减少煤炭的消耗量,调整燃煤锅炉的运行参数并优化锅炉内的燃烧状况,是提高机组发电效率的一种有效技术手段[1-2]。机组锅炉中的飞灰含碳量是反映燃煤锅炉燃烧效率的重要技术指标和主要运行经济指标,机组正常运行应控制飞灰含碳量在合适的范围内[3-4]。近年来,煤炭市场紧张,国内大部分燃煤机组不得已燃用偏离设计工况的煤种,如高灰分、低挥发分的劣质煤种,这造成了飞灰含碳量增加且机组效率严重下降[5-6]。煤粉的不充分燃烧使炉膛中火焰中心位置上移,炉内还原气氛增强还会导致锅炉存在爆管、烟气出口超温、水冷壁和过热器结焦等问题,此外飞灰含碳量过高还将降低除尘器效率,造成环境污染[7-8]
为解决燃煤机组飞灰含碳量过高问题,国内外学者进行了大量的研究,认为燃用混煤是一种有效的解决方式[9-12]。早在1993年华中科技大学的邱建荣、马毓义等对混煤的燃烧特性进行了研究,一系列的试验结果表明分级燃烧可以有效改善混煤的燃尽特性[13]。Baek等人对混煤的结渣特性和NOx的排放等进行了研究,发现合理的分配混煤可以有效降低飞灰含碳量,同时也能在一定程度上改善锅炉结渣等问题[10]。这些研究表明配煤掺烧可有效改善锅炉在非设计煤种下的燃烧特性,降低飞灰的含碳量,提高机组的经济效益。同时,配煤方式分为多种,段学农等指出,分磨制粉后送入炉膛内燃烧(分磨掺烧)的方式对各种燃烧系统都有很强的适应性,可改善煤粉的燃烧特性[14]。国内电厂普遍采用了分磨掺烧的方式,不同磨煤机对应了不同层的燃烧器,可以将不同煤种的煤粉分别输入不同层的燃烧器进行燃烧[15],以避免混煤燃烧过程中的“抢风现象”,使难燃尽煤在高氧分压条件下燃烧。
为保证经济效益与安全性,燃煤电厂在分磨掺烧时常使用煤质差异性较大的煤[16],由于煤的组分复杂,理化特性差异大的煤种掺混时,其燃烧特性可能会存在较大差异[17],单一的配煤方案不具有普适性,探索不同煤种以及不同配比影响飞灰含碳量的共性参数极具意义[18-20]。同时各个电厂的实际条件不同,分磨掺烧的技术关键是设计合理的掺配比例并进行现场调控。然而燃煤电厂每天消耗成千上万吨煤,在不影响其正常运行的情况下,进行多工况的全面试验操作难度较大。
因此本研究首先采用数值模拟的方式,对燃煤机组的不同配煤方案进行模拟研究,遴选出重要的试验工况,探究混煤分层燃烧燃料特性与飞灰含碳量之间的相关性,找到不同煤种以及不同配比影响飞灰含碳量的共性参数。基于此,优化试验工况,降低操作难度。同时在数值模拟提出的配煤方案上,开展现场试验对数值模拟得到的结果进行进一步验证。
本文研究对象为亚临界600 MW自然循环锅炉,锅炉型号DG2028/17.45-Ⅱ5,最大连续蒸发量(BMCR)为2 028 t/h,采用前后墙对冲燃烧方式、一次中间再热、单炉膛、平衡通风、固态排渣、尾部双烟道、全钢构架的Π型汽包炉,再热汽温采用烟气挡板调节,空气预热器置于锅炉主柱内。锅炉共配有30只旋流式煤粉燃烧器,30只燃烧器分3层分别布置在锅炉前后墙水冷壁上,每层各有5只燃烧器。燃烧器层间距为4 400 mm,列间距为3 680 mm,上层燃烧器中心线距屏底距离为18 947 mm,下层燃烧器中心线距冷灰斗拐点距离为3 250 mm,最外侧燃烧器中心线与侧墙距离为2 990 mm。该电厂燃用3种不同的煤,3种煤的燃烧特性见表1。煤种1是一种优质煤具有较高的热值(27 463 kJ/kg)和较低的灰分(10.31%),价格偏高;煤种2是一种热值偏低(13 739 kJ/kg),灰分超过50%的劣质煤种,价格低廉;煤种3易沾污结渣,燃烧特性介于煤种1和煤种2之间。3种煤的热重曲线如图1所示。由图1可以发现:煤种1的着火温度为410 ℃,燃尽温度为568 ℃;煤种3的着火温度为360 ℃,燃尽温度为510 ℃,相比于煤种1更容易着火燃尽;而煤种2的着火温度和燃尽温度高达477 ℃和684 ℃,与煤种1和煤种2存在着较大的差异。由于3种煤的燃烧特性具有很大的差异性,盲目的投入炉内将影响锅炉的安全运行[21-22]。为保证锅炉安全、经济地运行,电厂长期将上述3种煤按一定的比例投入炉内燃烧。煤种1:煤种2:煤种3的质量比为3:7:2,且混煤的热值、灰分接近于设计煤种(表1)。煤种3占比小,避免了锅炉严重的沾污结渣[23-24],煤种2的占比大,保证了燃用该混煤的经济性。
本文基于计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)对煤粉在锅炉内的燃烧过程进行数值模拟计算。炉膛模型网格采用QUAD划分四边形网格、采用HEX划分六面体网格,本模型一共有3 849 166个网格,倾斜度小于0.5的为98.29%,具体如图2所示。磨煤机给煤出口及对应燃烧器分为上、中、下3层,分别对应为AC燃烧器、BD燃烧器、EF燃烧器,CDE对应前墙位置,ABF对应后墙位置,且燃烧器从右侧墙向左侧墙按照1~5排列。除此之外,数值模拟过程中,基准工况的燃煤质量流量为78.7 kg/s,输入的燃煤总热量为19 900 kJ/kg,其他工况燃煤总热量为18 037 kJ/kg,基础工况的粒径为50 µm,其他工况按实际测量所得的平均粒径70 µm,空气过量系数统一为1.18,燃烧器出口旋流强度旋流角度设置为40°,旋流的速度根据二次风比例进行分配,煤的反应动力学设定为挥发分模型选择单速率模型,指前因子E设置为1.8×107,活化能设置为1.046×108,燃烧模型为kinetics/ diffusion-limited。
试验主要依据国家标准《电站锅炉性能试验规程》(GB 10184—1988)进行。所有的测量、测试数据均以算术平均值引入相关计算。每个试验工况在调整后稳定30 min以上进行测量,试验期间不进行可能干扰试验工况的任何操作,包括排污、吹灰、打渣等,试验期间机组负荷稳定,锅炉蒸发量偏差控制在±3%、主蒸汽压力偏差控制在±5%、主蒸汽温度偏差控制在[–10 ℃,5 ℃]。试验开始前,在给煤机处进行原煤采样,进行全水分分析、工业分析、元素分析及发热量分析。根据国标方法在除尘器前采集飞灰样品,每个工况采集一次;在捞渣机排放口接取大渣样品,每个工况采集一次。采集的飞灰和大渣样品缩分后送化验中心进行可燃物含量分析。
对锅炉基准工况(TRL工况)进行煤粉燃烧数值模拟计算,所使用的煤种为锅炉的设计煤种。首先对模拟结果进行合理性分析,然后进一步与试验出口参数进行比较,判断数值计算的模型与边界条件是否合理,基准工况的主要运行参数见表2,其中,A、B、C、D、E、F 6台磨煤机运行时各燃烧器煤粉量、各次风风量均匀分配。表3为基准工况下,锅炉的炉膛出口烟气温度、屏式过热器出口温度、高温过热器出口温度的设计值与模拟值的对比。由表3可以发现,数值模拟得到的各个部位温度值与设计值误差在5%以内。
图3为基准工况炉膛中心界面的速度与温度分布。由图3a)基准工况下炉膛中心截面的速度分布可以看出,在前后墙燃烧器对冲下形成主要向上的气流,在燃烧器出口处的气流速度最大,射流刚性较强;燃尽风的刚性较强,增强燃尽区湍流强度,有利于煤粉颗粒的燃尽。燃烧器出口射流刚性较强,受对冲向上气流的影响,下层燃烧器的射流刚性较强,中层燃烧器次之,上层燃烧器的射流刚性较弱;燃烧器中心风气流刚性较强,其两侧存在回流区域,速度较小,基准工况下中心风过大对回流区的范围有所影响。由图3b)可以看出:基准工况下炉膛火焰充满度较好,煤粉颗粒在炉膛中心区域剧烈燃烧,高温区集中在炉膛中心;煤粉燃烧主要可以分为主燃区和燃尽区,煤粉主要在主燃区燃烧,此区域温度较高,可达到2 000 K;燃尽区主要是未燃尽碳和燃烧生成CO的燃烧,温度较低,烟气温度沿炉膛高度方向迅速降低,出口烟温在合理范围内,炉膛的高温区主要在中、上层燃烧器区域。
此外基准工况下炉膛中心截面氧气、一氧化碳体积分数云图如图4所示。由图4可知,燃烧器区域的氧气量较低,这是由于煤粉燃烧消耗大量的氧量;在燃尽区域的氧气体积分数较高,这是由于燃尽风的补入;受对冲气流的影响,前后墙燃烧器附近区域的氧气体积分数较高。由于燃烧器区域的空气过量系数小于1,煤粉缺氧不完全燃烧,燃烧器区域的CO体积分数较高,CO在燃尽区燃烧生成CO2,燃尽区的CO体积分数较低;采用低NOx旋流燃烧器具有空气分级的作用,因此煤粉燃烧前期氧量是特别不充分的,挥发分析出先燃烧抢占了大量氧,在缺氧条件下,焦炭燃烧生成大量的CO,使燃烧器出口处CO体积分数较高,之后CO燃烧生成CO2,CO体积分数下降。燃烧器出口区域的燃尽率为98.34%,可以根据计算得到出口处的飞灰含碳量为2.40%。
上述研究结果表明,所建立的几何模型与网格划分、采用的计算模型与设置的边界条件均能较好的、合理的描述煤粉在锅炉内的燃烧过程,为开展配煤掺烧的数值模拟研究奠定基础。
首先设定了较为极端的3个工况(表4)以探究混煤掺烧位置、燃烧热性对其飞灰含碳量的影响,且在保证总体掺烧质量比为煤种1:煤种2:煤种3为3:7:2的条件下,将较为优质的煤种1集中在同一层,劣质煤平均分布在另外2层。表4中煤种的配比为煤种1、煤种2、煤种3间的质量比,工况1—工况3分别为优质煤在下、中、上层燃烧器喷射燃烧时的工况。工况1—工况3炉膛出口的燃尽率以及飞灰含碳量的结果见表5。由表5可以发现,随着优质煤和劣质煤在上、中、下3层燃烧器中的极端分布,燃尽率和飞灰含碳量呈现出一定的规律。当优质煤集中在下层燃烧器燃烧(工况1),燃烧效果最差,燃尽率和飞灰含碳量分别为96.9%、11.9%;随着优质煤在中、上层分布(工况2、工况3),燃烧效果有着显著的提升,工况2(优质煤中层)的燃尽率与飞灰含碳量为96.4%、7.6%,含碳量下降了4.3%;各个煤种在工况3(优质煤上层)下完全燃烧,燃尽率高达99.9%,飞灰含碳量为0.1%。
为深入分析不同比例混煤燃料特性与飞灰含碳量的关联性,将不同层燃烧器的煤粉热值、挥发分以及灰分进行了计算,图5给出了3种工况下,上(EF)、中(BD)、下(AC)3层燃烧器中煤粉热值、挥发分、灰分的加权平均值。由图5a)可以看出,热值主要受优质煤分布的影响。这是由于优质煤1具有较高的热值(27 463 kJ/kg),而煤种2和煤种3热值分别为13 739、18 943 kJ/kg,当优质煤集中在同一层燃烧器燃烧时,该层燃烧器燃烧的煤粉具有较高的热值(26 043 kJ/kg),高出余下2层约12 000 kJ/kg。前3个工况中,灰分变化规律与热值一致,优质煤所处的一层灰分是最高的(18.3%),其余2层分别为12.5%、11.8%(图5c))。值得注意的是,尽管各层燃烧器处煤粉的热值和灰分有着很大的差异,但挥发分的变化相对较小,优质煤集中所处的该层燃烧器位置挥发分为37.7%,劣质煤种集中所处的燃烧器位置挥发分33.7%。挥发分过低将影响煤粉的着火和燃尽,经过配煤燃烧后,煤的挥发分分布与热值分布呈现相似的趋势[14,23],但是所有的挥发分均为31%~38%,各层燃烧器的挥发分差异不大。这表明热值是导致工况1—工况3产生差异的主要原因,与热值相比,挥发分对煤粉燃尽的影响较小。
图6为工况1—工况3下炉膛模型中心界面处的温度与氧体积分数分布情况。
图6可以发现,整体上随着高度的变化温度先增加后减小,温度在高度45 m的区域达到峰值。这是因为锅炉中对冲火焰的形成会导致煤粉向上流动并在燃烧器的上部区域进行燃烧。下、中、上层燃烧器所处的高度分别为22、26、31 m,在这3个位置温度有着明显的突变,这可能是煤粉从燃烧器喷出后挥发分着火燃烧所导致的。在图6a)中还发现工况3在约45 m位置的温度最高,为1 720 K,高于工况2和工况1约69 K。从图6b)可以看出,氧体积分数在炉膛内与温度呈现出相似的规律,随着高度的变化先增大后减小,在燃烧器高度区域有明显的突变;工况3的氧体积分数随着炉膛高度的变化整体较为均匀,没有产生突变的位点,工况1氧体积分数随着高度变化分布不均,可见氧体积分数突变的高度,这不利于煤粉的充分燃烧。上述结果表明,具有高热值的优质煤于上层燃烧且低热值的劣质煤于下层燃烧时,更有利于降低飞灰含碳量,这是由于对冲燃烧方式中煤粉从燃烧器喷出向上层高温区域流动,劣质煤从下层燃烧器喷出流动到上层高温区的过程有利于充分燃烧,同时该布置方式提高了劣质煤在炉内的停留时间。
配煤掺烧需满足燃煤电厂的安全、经济运行[25-26],这需要依据电厂的实际情况尽可能的调配煤种。各层燃烧器中煤粉特性差异性不宜过大,否则容易引起炉膛熄火、过热器超温等一系列问题。尽管工况3在本模拟条件下可以实现完全燃烧,但在实际运行中难以实现。因此根据其结果进行了混煤比例的优化,具体见表4中的工况4—工况7。在混煤比例3:7:2的基础上,工况4首先进行了各层燃烧器均匀配煤燃烧,工况5、工况6、工况7在工况4的基础上将煤种进行调动。调动原则为热值低的煤种分布在上层燃烧器中,而热值高的煤种分布在下层燃烧器中。
针对优化后的工况4—工况7,燃尽率以及飞灰含碳量已在表5中给出。结果表明,工况7具有最高的燃尽率和最低的飞灰含碳量,分别为98.7%和1.1%,工况5次之。图5也统计了其上、中、下3层燃烧器煤粉热值和灰分,可以发现与工况1—工况3不同的是,工况5和工况7燃烧较为充分且飞灰含碳量低,上、中2层燃烧器的煤粉热值高于下层,而灰分则呈现出相反的趋势,这说明混煤的灰分对燃尽特性没有太大的关联;工况4中3层燃烧器平均分配煤种,各层燃烧器的热值保持相同,该工况下飞灰含碳量较高且燃尽率低,分别为3.5%和94.8%;工况6在其基础上将热值高的煤种向下层燃烧器分配,发现含碳量提高至4.8%。工况4—工况7很好地验证了工况1—工况3的模拟结果,同时也为现场的配煤调试提供了更多切实可行的选择。
为进一步对最优配煤工况进行验证,在600 MW燃煤电厂中进行了现场的配煤掺烧试验,在不同的配煤工况下对飞灰和大渣进行了取样与可燃物含量的测试,所取的飞灰与大渣样本如图7所示。
试验期间,通过检测机组各部分参数,发现各个运行工况下参数稳定,磨煤机的煤量维持在48.4~49.6 t/h,呈现出略微下降趋势,风量在57.1~61.3 kN·m3/h波动,风门开度保持稳定,冷、热风门开度分别为0.2%、98.8%,磨煤机出、入口温度轻微上升,在271.1~292.3 ℃、65.9~77.0 ℃波动,风压保持在7.18~7.02 kPa、电流从47.0 A下降至44.8 A。这表明本文所采用的所有试验工况不但没有对系统的安全运行造成影响,反而在一定程度保证了系统的稳定运行。对图7中飞灰与大渣进行可燃物测试,其结果见表6。由表6可知,总体上,现场工况4—工况7与数值模拟试验工况4-工况7趋势一致,现场试验得到各个工况下的飞灰含碳量结果要高于模拟结果。这是由于数值模拟仅仅考虑了炉膛的结构与燃烧方式,在所提供的限制条件下,煤粉进行了较为理想的燃烧,因此得到的飞灰含碳量也更低,这对探究最佳的配煤工况影响不大,可忽略这部分的影响。由表6同时可以发现,工况7飞灰和大渣含碳量最低为1.63%和0.75%,工况5、工况4、工况6飞灰和底渣含碳量依次升高,最高分别为2.25%、2.04%,这很好地验证了数值模拟得到的结果,进一步表明了本文在数值模拟基础上所提出的配煤原则的可行性。
以某亚临界600 MW自然循环锅炉为研究对象,该电厂燃用3种质量差异较大的煤。依据热值、灰分等特性对3种煤按3:2:7的质量比进行掺混燃烧。通过数值模拟和现场试验研究了该比例下,分磨掺烧对燃尽率及飞灰含碳量的影响,为机组的安全经济运行提供理论支撑,主要研究结论如下。
1)在600 MW对冲燃烧锅炉中分磨掺烧时,混煤的燃料特性中热值是影响其燃尽率的关键性参数。
2)在保证投入煤总热值不变的情况下,高热值、易燃尽的煤粉向中、上层燃烧区集中时,混煤的燃尽率高,飞灰含碳量低。
  • 国家基金委联合基金重点项目(U22A20211)
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305066
  • 接收时间:2023-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-10
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Key Project of the Joint Fund of the National Foundation of China(U22A20211)
国家基金委联合基金重点项目(U22A20211)
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    1.中国华电集团四川广安发电有限责任公司,四川 广安 638017
    2.华中科技大学能源动力与工程学院煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

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刘小伟(1981),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃煤污染物控制,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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