Article(id=1211002407232869113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694534400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655073221, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655073221, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655073221, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655073221, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002409896252186, articleId=1211002407232869113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research and application of wide load opposed firing technology for high-alkali coal fired boilers, columnId=1210998031487464445, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=High proportion combustion technology for high-alkali coal, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Xinjiang high-alkali coal is a cost-effective power coal,but when it is used in large proportions, boiler equipment is prone to severe slagging problems. The design principles of the combustion system for boilers using Zhundong coal are inconsistent with conventional technical measures to improve low-load stable combustion performance. To solve this problem, based on the mechanism of stable combustion of pulverized coal, measures such as optimized layout of tiny oil ignition burners, interlaced arrangement of middle layer burners, online adjustable coal powder concentration and burner design optimization have been studied. The technology was applied in a 350 MW unit's deep peak regulation retrofit project using Zhundong high-alkali coal as fuel, and achieved a stable combustion load of less than 18% rated condition without oil injection.

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新疆准东高碱煤是优良的动力煤种,但大比例燃用高碱煤时锅炉设备易发生严重结渣问题,燃用准东煤锅炉的燃烧系统设计原则与提高低负荷稳燃能力的传统技术措施相矛盾。为解决该问题,基于煤粉稳定燃烧机理,研究了节油点火燃烧器布置优化、中层燃烧器交错布置、煤粉浓度在线可调、燃烧器结构优化等措施。某燃用准东高碱煤的350 MW机组对冲燃烧锅炉深度调峰改造项目应用该技术,实现了不投油稳燃负荷低于18%额定负荷。

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冉燊铭(1974),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能工程与电站锅炉技术,
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邓坚(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉安全清洁高效燃烧技术,

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邓坚(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉安全清洁高效燃烧技术,

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(2023-07-19)[2023-09-10]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/fgzy/xmtjd/202111/t20211105_1303272_ext.html., articleTitle=我国可再生能源装机突破13亿千瓦, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018030864265405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=National Energy Administration, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Energy Administration. China's installed capacity of renewable energy has exceeded 1.3 billion KW[EB/OL]. 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Temperature field, CO volume fraction distribution and coal particle mass concentration distribution of fuel saving ignition burner, figureFileSmall=Db2sy+SNwas4jE+Mx8nMVg==, figureFileBig=qGACmjc8zcSbdBbhREviDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018027349438568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=CN, label=图1, caption=节油点火燃烧器温度场、CO体积分数分布和煤粉颗粒质量浓度分布, figureFileSmall=Db2sy+SNwas4jE+Mx8nMVg==, figureFileBig=qGACmjc8zcSbdBbhREviDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018027466879084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Temperature field of burner differentiation arrangement, figureFileSmall=Id8bvFfxLqprTcMXINS0Fg==, figureFileBig=GB6m0PkN4JrvYGOGtaVJTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018027559153778, 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figureFileBig=0ILB89xFgCMf2Xk6Y+BWQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018029568225427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=CN, label=图7, caption=燃烧器火焰分割器设计示意, figureFileSmall=3YJsqEek5PVOTPHgA/bEqg==, figureFileBig=0ILB89xFgCMf2Xk6Y+BWQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018029668888725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=General layout diagram of the combustion equipment after improvement, figureFileSmall=XMLNNHzB28T9H1wagxLoXg==, figureFileBig=QWEwd7jKVLY7670pDVXn1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018029773746330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=CN, label=图8, caption=改造后燃烧设备总体布置示意, figureFileSmall=XMLNNHzB28T9H1wagxLoXg==, figureFileBig=QWEwd7jKVLY7670pDVXn1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018029882798239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Pulverized coal concentration of primary air at different loads for typical projects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目一次风煤粉浓度
75%THA30%THA
某350 MW机组锅炉0.450.33
某600 MW机组锅炉0.430.32
某660 MW机组锅炉0.480.35
某1 000 MW机组锅炉0.470.34
), ArticleFig(id=1211018029987655841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型项目不同负荷一次风煤粉浓度   单位:kg/kg

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目一次风煤粉浓度
75%THA30%THA
某350 MW机组锅炉0.450.33
某600 MW机组锅炉0.430.32
某660 MW机组锅炉0.480.35
某1 000 MW机组锅炉0.470.34
), ArticleFig(id=1211018030075736228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Quality parameters of the retrofitted coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目原设计煤本次改造设计煤
全水分wt(M)/%25.6028.40
灰分war(A)/%10.173.67
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%32.1632.25
碳分war(C)/%55.0747.97
氢分war(H)/%2.812.35
氧分war(O)/%12.0010.29
氮分war(N)/%0.400.46
硫分war(S)/%0.450.40
收到基低位发热量Qnet.ar/(kJ·kg-1)19 69016 960
灰中二氧化硅w(SiO2)/%13.5440.30
灰中三氧化二铝w(Al2O3)/%5.3012.80
灰中三氧化二铁w(Fe2O3)/%9.830.80
灰中氧化钙w(CaO)/%32.2515.12
灰中氧化镁w(MgO)/%18.825.54
灰中氧化钠w(Na2O)/%4.453.74
灰中氧化钾w(K2O)/%0.560.40
灰中二氧化钛w(TiO2)/%0.290.80
灰中三氧化硫w(SO3)/%14.3511.41
灰中二氧化锰w(MnO2)/%0.1215.540
), ArticleFig(id=1211018030168010920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002407232869113, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

改造煤质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目原设计煤本次改造设计煤
全水分wt(M)/%25.6028.40
灰分war(A)/%10.173.67
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%32.1632.25
碳分war(C)/%55.0747.97
氢分war(H)/%2.812.35
氧分war(O)/%12.0010.29
氮分war(N)/%0.400.46
硫分war(S)/%0.450.40
收到基低位发热量Qnet.ar/(kJ·kg-1)19 69016 960
灰中二氧化硅w(SiO2)/%13.5440.30
灰中三氧化二铝w(Al2O3)/%5.3012.80
灰中三氧化二铁w(Fe2O3)/%9.830.80
灰中氧化钙w(CaO)/%32.2515.12
灰中氧化镁w(MgO)/%18.825.54
灰中氧化钠w(Na2O)/%4.453.74
灰中氧化钾w(K2O)/%0.560.40
灰中二氧化钛w(TiO2)/%0.290.80
灰中三氧化硫w(SO3)/%14.3511.41
灰中二氧化锰w(MnO2)/%0.1215.540
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燃用高碱煤锅炉的宽负荷对冲燃烧技术研究及应用
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邓坚 1, 2 , 冉燊铭 1, 2 , 杨章宁 1, 2 , 范贤 3 , 王杜佳 1, 2 , 郭洋洲 4 , 李艳飞 3 , 李维成 1, 2 , 高国栋 3 , 潘绍成 1, 2 , 张秀昌 1, 2
热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024,53(1): 73-81
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热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024, 53(1): 73-81
燃用高碱煤锅炉的宽负荷对冲燃烧技术研究及应用
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邓坚1, 2 , 冉燊铭1, 2 , 杨章宁1, 2, 范贤3, 王杜佳1, 2, 郭洋洲4, 李艳飞3, 李维成1, 2, 高国栋3, 潘绍成1, 2, 张秀昌1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.清洁燃烧与烟气净化四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731
  • 2.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 自贡 643001
  • 3.华电新疆准东五彩湾发电有限公司,新疆 昌吉 831700
  • 4.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 邓坚(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉安全清洁高效燃烧技术,

通讯作者:

冉燊铭(1974),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能工程与电站锅炉技术,
Research and application of wide load opposed firing technology for high-alkali coal fired boilers
Jian DENG1, 2 , Shenming RAN1, 2 , Zhangning YANG1, 2, Xian FAN3, Dujia WANG1, 2, Yangzhou GUO4, Yanfei LI3, Weicheng LI1, 2, Guodong GAO3, Shaocheng PAN1, 2, Xiuchang ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Combustion and Flue Gas Cleaning, Chengdu 611731, China
  • 2.Dongfang Boiler Group Co., Ltd., Dongfang Electric Corporation, Zigong 643001, China
  • 3.Huadian Xinjiang Zhundong Wucaiwan Power Generation Co., Ltd., Changji 831700, China
  • 4.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309147
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新疆准东高碱煤是优良的动力煤种,但大比例燃用高碱煤时锅炉设备易发生严重结渣问题,燃用准东煤锅炉的燃烧系统设计原则与提高低负荷稳燃能力的传统技术措施相矛盾。为解决该问题,基于煤粉稳定燃烧机理,研究了节油点火燃烧器布置优化、中层燃烧器交错布置、煤粉浓度在线可调、燃烧器结构优化等措施。某燃用准东高碱煤的350 MW机组对冲燃烧锅炉深度调峰改造项目应用该技术,实现了不投油稳燃负荷低于18%额定负荷。

高碱煤  /  对冲燃烧  /  超低负荷  /  稳燃技术  /  防结渣  /  工程应用

Xinjiang high-alkali coal is a cost-effective power coal,but when it is used in large proportions, boiler equipment is prone to severe slagging problems. The design principles of the combustion system for boilers using Zhundong coal are inconsistent with conventional technical measures to improve low-load stable combustion performance. To solve this problem, based on the mechanism of stable combustion of pulverized coal, measures such as optimized layout of tiny oil ignition burners, interlaced arrangement of middle layer burners, online adjustable coal powder concentration and burner design optimization have been studied. The technology was applied in a 350 MW unit's deep peak regulation retrofit project using Zhundong high-alkali coal as fuel, and achieved a stable combustion load of less than 18% rated condition without oil injection.

high-alkali coal  /  opposed combustion  /  ultra low load  /  stable combustion technology  /  anti slagging  /  engineering application
邓坚, 冉燊铭, 杨章宁, 范贤, 王杜佳, 郭洋洲, 李艳飞, 李维成, 高国栋, 潘绍成, 张秀昌. 燃用高碱煤锅炉的宽负荷对冲燃烧技术研究及应用. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 73 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309147
Jian DENG, Shenming RAN, Zhangning YANG, Xian FAN, Dujia WANG, Yangzhou GUO, Yanfei LI, Weicheng LI, Guodong GAO, Shaocheng PAN, Xiuchang ZHANG. Research and application of wide load opposed firing technology for high-alkali coal fired boilers[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 73 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309147
我国可再生能源装机已超过煤电,突破13亿kW[1]。以风电、光伏为主的新能源发电具有明显的随机性、间歇性,储能掣肘也并未消除,现阶段电源结构决定了我国未来电源灵活性的主体仍然是煤电[2],其承担基础保障性和系统调节性电源作用[3]。为提升调峰能力和实现“双碳”目标,国家要求煤电机组开展灵活性制造与改造[4],且应改尽改。
新疆准东高碱煤储量巨大、开采成本低,是经济性良好的动力煤种[5]。与国内其他动力煤相比,准东高碱煤中碱金属及碱土金属含量更高,具有严重的沾污、结渣特性[6-7]。锅炉在大比例燃用准东高碱煤时容易发生水冷壁和受热面沾污结大渣、燃烧器喷口结渣堵塞等问题,严重影响到锅炉运行的安全性、稳定性及经济性[8-10]
为防控锅炉结渣以更好地利用高碱煤,许多学者开展了研究。杨忠灿[11]、白杨[12]等对准东煤的研究表明,对冲燃烧锅炉通过均匀分配燃烧器热负荷、旋流燃烧器适当提高一次风速和降低外二次风旋流强度可以减轻结渣。宋国良[13]、Wang[14]等人研究表明,降低炉膛出口烟温可缓解沾污问题。赵朋山[15]、朱驾[16]等对燃准东高碱煤锅炉研究,结果表明适当降低锅炉热负荷参数是提高高碱煤掺烧比例的关键。
在煤粉锅炉稳定燃烧方向,徐旭常等[17]研究提出煤粉火焰稳定的“三高区”原理,即高着火区温度、高煤粉浓度、高烟气回流量可以强化初始阶段燃烧,提高稳燃能力。阎维平[18]、王学斌[19]、周俊虎[20]等研究表明,所有的煤粉火焰均存在最佳煤粉浓度。许开龙等[21]对旋流燃烧的研究表明,高一次风速度不利于形成群燃火焰,对燃烧器自身稳燃不利。王小龙等[22]的研究表明,一次风速过大时会破坏燃烧器炉膛内大回流区,使得二次风与煤粉的混合被削弱,不利于煤粉稳定着火。周科等[23]研究表明,旋流燃烧器三次风旋流强度过大时,卷吸能力下降并会有飞边现象,不利于稳燃和防结渣。
上述研究表明,锅炉要安全稳定地大比例燃用高碱煤,燃烧侧可通过燃烧器布置优化调整降低区域热负荷和降低炉膛温度,以及提高旋流燃烧器一次风速、减弱二次风旋流强度强化风包粉并降低高温烟气回流等措施来保证;而要提高煤粉锅炉的稳燃能力则可从提高着火区域温度、提高煤粉浓度、降低一次风速、强化高温烟气卷吸回流等措施来入手。可见提高稳燃能力的方法与燃用高碱煤时防结渣采用的措施存在矛盾。在火电灵活性运行大趋势下,开发燃用高碱煤锅炉的稳燃技术具有现实意义。
本文在现有研究基础上,从炉膛热负荷和温度控制、旋流燃烧器流场优化以及提高燃烧器入口煤粉浓度(以质量比表示,下同)等方面入手,进一步研究并提出可行的燃用高碱煤对冲燃烧锅炉超低负荷稳燃技术。在新疆某超临界350 MW机组对冲燃烧锅炉上改造应用,实现大比例燃用高碱煤18%额定工况(ECR)超低负荷不投助燃稳燃,助力电厂参与新疆电网系统深度调峰辅助服务以获得相应补贴[24]
在煤粉锅炉中,将煤粉气流从初温加热到着火所需的温度为着火温度,加热到着火温度所需的热量为着火热,用Qzh表示;炉内高温烟气实际传递给一次风及燃煤的热量称为着火供热,用Qgr表示。
若要使燃煤着火,则:
m=Qgr/Qzh1
式中:m为稳燃指数[25]m值越大,着火越稳定。
从式(1)分析可知:降低着火热Qzh可以提高煤粉气流的着火稳定性;当制粉系统和燃料确定时,主要考虑加强着火供热。
炉内煤粉燃烧的着火供热Qgr主要分2部分:一是高温烟气对煤粉颗粒的辐射热,用Qr表示;二是煤粉气流卷吸周围高温烟气的对流换热,用Qh表示。则:
Qgr=Qr+Qh
从式(2)分析可知,想提高着火供热Qgr,就要提高煤粉对烟气的辐射吸热量Qr和对流换热量Qh
相比满负荷工况,锅炉在低负荷运行时一次风率提高和煤粉浓度降低,导致含有同样质量流量煤粉的风粉两相流所需着火热量增加,而且煤粉燃烧释放热量减少,导致炉内烟气温度降低,着火供热不足,组织连续、稳定火焰会变得困难;同时由于炉膛温度降低,煤粉气流从炉膛中获取的对流换热量和辐射换热量均减少,不利于煤粉气流着火和稳燃。
为改善低负荷燃烧状况,可以通过合理的燃烧器布置提高炉膛内火焰充满度和区域热负荷均匀性来稳定炉内燃烧并防止结渣,通过提高煤粉浓度来降低煤粉着火热Qzh,通过合理的旋流燃烧器设计实现高的热烟气回流量来提高着火供热Qgr
基于以上思路,依据常规炉膛型式构建一个典型室燃炉对冲燃烧炉膛模型,在煤粉粒径和一、二次风温度和流量不变的前提下,采用数值模拟方法,研究不同燃烧组织方式下的防结渣和稳燃性能,主要从燃烧器布置、结构和参数3方面进行优化以提高燃用准东高碱煤锅炉的低负荷稳燃能力。
对冲燃烧锅炉的节油点火燃烧器与旋流煤粉燃烧器相比,在相同风温、风速参数下回流区要小、煤粉着火慢、火焰行程更长[26]。对燃用高碱煤锅炉,长行程火焰对撞易导致火焰集中推高尖峰温度,同时颗粒脱离主气流向壁面扩散,加剧炉膛结渣。
研究节油点火燃烧器前后墙同一标高对冲(方案1)和前墙下层、后墙中层的错层布置(方案2)2种方案,均按照同标高2层燃烧器进行锅炉满负荷数值模拟计算,选取下层投运燃烧器截面温度场、靠侧墙CO体积分数、煤粉颗粒质量浓度、侧墙温度场作为考察面进行分析,结果如图1所示。
从2个方案的温度场、冷灰斗处CO和煤粉颗粒的分布可以看出:
1)当前后墙同层均为节油点火燃烧器时,存在以下情况:燃烧器出口气流喷射距离远,其气流在炉膛中间对冲剧烈;高温区距喷口位置远、尖峰温度高、燃烧存在延迟,高温区集中并且集中在炉膛中心各燃烧器火焰端部区域,不利于煤粉的着火、稳燃。
2)节油点火燃烧器错层布置时,火焰温度场更均匀,炉膛中心热负荷更均匀,靠墙面的温度更低,炉膛内火焰充满度良好;方案2尖峰温度1 792 K,低于方案1(1 836 K);同时从冷灰斗处CO体积分数和颗粒质量浓度场可看出,错层布置时冷灰斗处CO体积分数和颗粒质量浓度降低,靠侧墙的CO体积分数和颗粒质量浓度分别下降了12.4%和15.5%,这有利于缓解燃高碱煤的结渣问题。
对冲燃烧煤粉锅炉通过节油点火燃烧器错层布置优化,有利于燃烧流场组织,使炉膛壁面热负荷更加均匀、尖峰温度及近壁面烟气温度下降,能在不显著牺牲煤粉着火稳燃能力的同时降低高碱煤的结渣风险,且局部热负荷下降对于NOx控制有利。
燃用高碱煤时为防止炉膛严重结渣,需要降低燃烧器区域壁面热负荷。对于在役机组锅炉,由于其炉膛尺寸已经确定,扩大断面难以实施,而调整燃烧器间距是可行的手段。
研究中层燃烧器前后墙对冲(方案1)和交错布置(后墙燃烧器抬高约1.5 m,方案2)2种方案,选取燃烧器截面温度场作为考察面进行分析,结果如图2所示。
对比2个方案的温度场,发现中层燃烧器交错布置后,有利于减轻对冲燃烧强度。方案2的燃烧器至燃尽风范围壁面热流密度为146.4 kW/m2,低于方案1(161.4 kW/m2),表明火焰适当拉开有效降低燃烧器层壁面热负荷,一定程度上降低了炉膛结渣的风险;同时燃烧组织交错后增强了烟气的扰动,炉内烟气混合更均匀、火焰充满度好。
通过国内典型项目中速磨煤机直吹式制粉系统设计统计(表1),当锅炉运行在30%THA(热耗率验收工况)以下工况时,磨煤机出口煤粉浓度明显低于高负荷(75%THA);加之炉膛内温度水平下降,虽然燃烧器一般会设置有煤粉浓缩装置,但由于整体煤粉浓度过低,会出现稳燃能力下降、燃尽差等问题。
研究表明,较高浓度煤粉燃烧时能起到减少着火热使煤粉气流提前着火,释放的热量可以为后续煤粉提供有利的燃烧条件,实现燃烧器自稳燃[27]
为此,提出了煤粉气流预浓缩稳燃技术,通过主燃烧器的煤粉分离器把经过的煤粉气流分离成浓淡2股气流,具体如图3所示。
为验证煤粉浓度变化对燃烧的影响,按常规燃烧器(煤粉浓度按0.32 kg/kg)和乏气分离燃烧器(乏气分离后煤粉浓度按0.42 kg/kg)2种方案进行20%THA负荷下(2台磨煤机运行)的数值模拟计算。计算时,设置燃烧器结构一致,乏气喷口与主燃烧器的中心距离大于1.5DD为燃烧器喷口直径),以避免对主燃烧器火焰产生扰动。统计距离燃烧器出口1.0 m内、距离燃烧器中心标高向上向下各1.8 m的截面温度数据,得到结果分别如图4图5所示。
对比2个方案的燃烧器出口烟气温度可知,采用煤粉气流预浓缩技术后,燃烧器附近区域的温度有明显升高,越靠近燃烧器差值越大,说明通过提高主燃烧器煤粉浓度来降低所需着火热后,煤粉气流着火温度降低,着火进程提前,使着火区域温度提高,达到了强化煤粉初期着火目的,能有效提升燃烧器的自稳燃能力。为了协调设置煤粉预浓缩后对低负荷稳燃与满负荷准东煤的适应,外置分离淡侧管道设置有自动控制调节挡板,在低负荷状态下开大调节挡板,实现主燃烧器煤粉浓度的提高;在高负荷状态下关小调节挡板,通过控制合理的一次风速度,达到低负荷稳燃、高负荷防结渣效果。
旋流燃烧器采用了煤粉气流浓淡分离、旋流二次风卷吸高温烟气、火焰内还原NOx技术,稳燃能力强。煤粉气流在燃烧器一次风管内通过高效浓缩完成径向分离;中心设有中心风,用于辅助调节出口的中心回流区;内外二次风扩锥和旋流叶片在燃烧器喷口处形成负压区引导热烟气自回流形成烟气回流区,通过强化对流传热来促进前期着火燃烧。燃烧器喷口外形成的回流区如图6所示。内二次风为手动调节,为控制排烟CO体积分数和燃烧NOx生成水平,其开度推荐维持100%;外二次风门配有电动执行器,当40%ECR以上负荷时,需增强分级风对煤粉火炬的包覆作用,以防止回流区增大导致喷口结渣,推荐开度为100%;当40%ECR以下负荷时,需增强烟气回流来提高稳燃能力,推荐开度为70%。
高碱煤旋流燃烧器在一次风出口设置4块火焰分割器[28]图7),将煤粉气流分成4股,着火、燃烧后形成4股独立的火焰。较之传统的火焰,分散火焰可提高火焰锋面与配风的接触面积[29],并增加燃烧器火焰内烟气自卷吸及向水冷壁辐射热量的面积,从而有效降低火焰尖峰温度,有利于燃烧器喷口的结渣控制。
如要保证燃用高碱煤时稳燃,燃烧器入口煤粉浓度一般推荐不低于0.37 kg/kg,低负荷时应采取措施提高煤粉质量分数改造气流的着火与稳燃特性。
有观点认为燃用强结渣煤需将旋流燃烧器一次风速在行业规范基础上再提高10%~25%[30],而采用火焰分割技术的旋流燃烧器降低了火焰尖峰温度,能更好地适应燃用高碱煤,一次风速提高的幅度可以更小,从而间接提高稳燃性能。
应用对象为新疆某在役超临界350 MW燃煤纯凝机组锅炉。该锅炉配套采用中速磨煤机冷一次风正压直吹式制粉系统,共5台磨煤机。锅炉采用前、后墙对冲燃烧方式,总共20只旋流煤粉燃烧器分前墙3层、后墙2层布置,每层4只旋流煤粉燃烧器,在前、后墙旋流煤粉燃烧器的上方布置有1层燃尽风(OFA)喷口。为适应灵活性调峰,需进行改造以实现20%额定负荷调峰目标。
改造设计煤质为准东高碱煤(表2),热值比原设计煤质更低,改造方案除考虑提升稳燃能力外,还要兼顾高碱煤适应性。
改造前经试验确定,该项目锅炉无助燃最低稳燃负荷为117 MW(约33%额定负荷),无法达到最低稳燃负荷要求,需要对锅炉进行改造以提升稳燃能力,同时不降低高碱煤适应能力。提出改造方案如下:
1)保持原煤粉燃烧器数量和层数不变,更换全部20只煤粉燃烧器。改造后,煤粉燃烧器分前3后2共5层布置在前、后墙上,其中有2层微油点火燃烧器。
2)通过2层微油点火燃烧器的错层布置和中层燃烧器的交错布置来控制局部热负荷、优化炉内燃烧流场,适应宽负荷燃用准东高碱煤。受现场条件限制,后墙中层燃烧器仅能上移不到500 mm。
3)采用高效低氮OPCC高碱煤旋流燃烧器,设置4块火焰分割器;原燃烧器未针对高碱煤设计,一次风速取值约25.6 m/s,改造方案将设计一次风速提高,按27.0 m/s选取,接近燃用烟煤推荐风速的上限(28.0 m/s)[31]
4)采用煤粉预浓缩技术并实现煤粉浓度在线可调,其通过调节乏气管上电控调节挡板获得不同的乏气分离度(即煤粉浓度),可实现煤粉浓度1.0~1.3倍在线可调,达到主燃烧器设计工况(锅炉最大连续蒸发量工况)一次风速20.0~28.0 m/s可调可控目的,兼顾高负荷防结渣和低负荷稳燃。
改造项目实施后燃烧设备总体布置如图8所示。
本项目改造后,在45%~100%BRL(锅炉额定出力)负荷段进行了燃烧优化调整,随后开展了20%ECR深度调峰稳燃试验,包括20%ECR负荷燃烧优化调整试验和20%ECR负荷以下投油稳燃试验。试验中,机组以不高于2 MW/min的速度逐渐降低负荷至105 MW左右,切换为2台磨煤机运行(对应前、后墙最下层燃烧器),接着以不高于2 MW/min的速度逐渐降低负荷至约70 MW,然后继续减煤减负荷,在62.8 MW(18%额定负荷)无助燃情况下稳定运行4.5 h后主动投入微油点火助燃继续降负荷至55 MW,稳燃能力优于20%额定负荷不投油稳燃的改造目标。试验期间,煤质保持稳定,为准东露天矿高碱煤+8%高岭土;锅炉30%ECR负荷以下时,乏气调节挡板推荐100%开度,其余负荷推荐全关。
高负荷下炉内结渣沾污状况与改造前相当。综合日常长时间高负荷和深度调峰的锅炉运行表现,改造后锅炉能兼顾高负荷结渣沾污防控及超低负荷稳燃,可较好满足机组灵活性运行的实际需要。在2023年2月—9月,机组根据电网调度需要完成了29次70 MW深度调峰,累计时长约200 h,历次深度调峰期间均未采取助燃措施。
1)虽然旋流燃烧器提高稳燃能力的方法与烧高碱煤时防结渣采用高的一次风速、弱卷吸和降低着火区域温度等措施存在矛盾,但通过合理的燃烧器布置和设计能够实现安全燃用高碱煤的同时大幅提升锅炉低负荷稳燃能力。
2)针对燃用高碱煤对冲燃烧锅炉深度调峰需求,研究了以节油点火燃烧器错层布置、中层燃烧器交错布置、煤粉浓度在线可调、燃烧器结构优化为主要措施的宽负荷燃烧技术。采用该技术对新疆某350 MW纯凝机组锅炉进行灵活性改造后,实现了大比例燃用高碱煤最低不投油稳燃负荷不高于18%额定负荷。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100800)
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2024年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309147
  • 接收时间:2023-09-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-13
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National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100800)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100800)
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    1.清洁燃烧与烟气净化四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731
    2.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 自贡 643001
    3.华电新疆准东五彩湾发电有限公司,新疆 昌吉 831700
    4.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

冉燊铭(1974),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能工程与电站锅炉技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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