Article(id=1211002406805041681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695398400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655073119, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655073119, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655073119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655073119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=64, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002409044800026, articleId=1211002406805041681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Operational optimization on fully burning and high proportion blend burning high-alkali coal in boiler with slag-tap furnace, columnId=1210998031487464445, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=High proportion combustion technology for high-alkali coal, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to understand the key parameters and operating experience on fully burning and high proportion blend burning high-alkali coal in boiler with slag-tap furnace, long-term engineering tests were conducted based on a 300 MW boiler with slag-tap furnace in a power plant. An analysis was conducted on the possible combustion organization, nitrogen oxide control, slag flow, and ash deposition issues. Modifications were made to the combustion system, thermal modification system, and slag flow system. So long-term operational data and key parameter records were conducted, after fully burning and high proportion blending burning of 300 000 tons of high-alkali coal, all operating parameters of the boiler were normal. Based on recent operations and comprehensive tests, the optimized boiler with slag-tap furnace in a specific power plant demonstrates strong adaptability to high-alkali coal. Within the control range of coal ash components with w(Al2O3)<25%, w(Fe2O3)<15%, 12%<w(CaO)<30%, silica-alumina ratio>1.7, acid/alkali ratio>0.5, the normal operation of the boiler can be ensured without obvious ash deposition. Burning high-alkali coal can effectively reduce the inlet flue gas temperature of the first-level heating surface to below the design value, effectively avoiding the occurrence of slagging on the first-level heating surface of the boiler, and the generation of nitrogen oxides is also reduced by more than 30% compared with using the original design coal.

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为掌握液态排渣锅炉全烧和大比例掺烧高碱煤的关键参数和运行经验,基于某电厂300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉进行了长期工程试验,对可能存在的燃烧组织、NOx控制、排渣和沾污等问题进行分析,针对性的对燃烧系统、热物改性系统和排渣系统进行了改造。并进行了长期的运行数据记录和关键参数记录,在全烧和高比例掺烧高碱煤30万t后,锅炉各项运行参数正常。工程试验证明:该电厂300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉经升级优化后对高碱煤的的适应能力极强,在燃煤组分w(Al2O3)<25%、w(Fe2O3)<15%、12%<w(CaO)<30%、硅铝比大于1.7、碱酸比大于0.5时均可以保证机组正常运行且没有明显沾污;燃用高碱煤后可有效降低第一级受热面入口烟气温度至设计值以下,避免锅炉第一级受热面结渣情况,NOx生成量也较燃用原设计煤种下降超30%。

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周昊(1988),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液态排渣锅炉和固废综合利用,

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周昊(1988),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液态排渣锅炉和固废综合利用,

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周昊(1988),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液态排渣锅炉和固废综合利用,

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Ash composition of anomalous coal types

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项目常用煤种高铁煤高铝煤
w(SiO2)/%57.6740.7249.16
w(Al2O3)/%21.8714.9331.38
w(Fe2O3)/%5.7618.844.40
w(CaO)/%5.1714.556.36
w(MgO)/%1.461.450.88
w(TiO2)/%0.870.751.20
w(K2O)/%2.231.860.98
w(Na2O)/%2.001.090.36
w(P2O5)/%0.160.080.36
w(SO3)/%2.625.33.16
硅铝比2.64 2.73 1.57
碱酸比0.21 0.67 0.16
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025424261732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

异常煤种灰成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目常用煤种高铁煤高铝煤
w(SiO2)/%57.6740.7249.16
w(Al2O3)/%21.8714.9331.38
w(Fe2O3)/%5.7618.844.40
w(CaO)/%5.1714.556.36
w(MgO)/%1.461.450.88
w(TiO2)/%0.870.751.20
w(K2O)/%2.231.860.98
w(Na2O)/%2.001.090.36
w(P2O5)/%0.160.080.36
w(SO3)/%2.625.33.16
硅铝比2.64 2.73 1.57
碱酸比0.21 0.67 0.16
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025487176296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Property analysis of high-alkali coal in Naomao Lake, Xinjiang from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
工业分析war(M)/%22.60
war(A)/%11.02
war(V)/%30.15
war(FC)/%36.23
元素分析war(C)/%50.46
war(H)/%3.32
war(O)/%11.46
war(N)/%0.67
war(St)/%0.47
Qb,ad/(MJ·kg–1)20 000
变形温度DT/℃1 140
软化温度ST/℃1 160
半球温度HT/℃1 180
流动温度FT/℃1 190
w(SiO2)/%16.64
w(Al2O)/%16.02
w(CaO)/%30.26
w(Fe2O3)/%12.53
w(SO3)/%16.24
w(MgO)/%1.02
w(K2O)/%0.47
w(TiO2)/%0.77
w(Na2O)/%3.78
w(P2O5)/%0.08
其他/%2.19
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025575256684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021—2023年度新疆淖毛湖高碱煤煤质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
工业分析war(M)/%22.60
war(A)/%11.02
war(V)/%30.15
war(FC)/%36.23
元素分析war(C)/%50.46
war(H)/%3.32
war(O)/%11.46
war(N)/%0.67
war(St)/%0.47
Qb,ad/(MJ·kg–1)20 000
变形温度DT/℃1 140
软化温度ST/℃1 160
半球温度HT/℃1 180
流动温度FT/℃1 190
w(SiO2)/%16.64
w(Al2O)/%16.02
w(CaO)/%30.26
w(Fe2O3)/%12.53
w(SO3)/%16.24
w(MgO)/%1.02
w(K2O)/%0.47
w(TiO2)/%0.77
w(Na2O)/%3.78
w(P2O5)/%0.08
其他/%2.19
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025667531374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Physicochemical characteristics of commonly used coal types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种硅铝比碱酸比DT/℃ST/℃HT/℃FT/℃
设计煤种(大柳塔)2.580.461 1301 1601 2101 260
大柳塔3.110.251 1441 2201 2351 256
布尔台2.850.221 1371 2561 2621 277
哈拉沟3.340.721 1531 1561 1601 165
高头窑3.160.211 1961 2291 2501 281
红柳河1.861.001 2011 2361 2501 267
柳沟1.960.971 1971 2221 2261 234
淖毛湖1.041.441 1401 1601 1801 190
喀谷2.350.871 2261 2381 2421 253
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025759806064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

常用煤种理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种硅铝比碱酸比DT/℃ST/℃HT/℃FT/℃
设计煤种(大柳塔)2.580.461 1301 1601 2101 260
大柳塔3.110.251 1441 2201 2351 256
布尔台2.850.221 1371 2561 2621 277
哈拉沟3.340.721 1531 1561 1601 165
高头窑3.160.211 1961 2291 2501 281
红柳河1.861.001 2011 2361 2501 267
柳沟1.960.971 1971 2221 2261 234
淖毛湖1.041.441 1401 1601 1801 190
喀谷2.350.871 2261 2381 2421 253
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025839497843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Maximum flue gas temperature in front of the first-level heating surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烟气最高温度设计煤种(大柳塔)掺烧高灰分经济煤种全烧高碱煤大比例掺烧高碱煤
改造前1 1091 244
改造后1 0461 1659891 027
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025956938360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

第一级受热面前烟气最高温度   单位:℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烟气最高温度设计煤种(大柳塔)掺烧高灰分经济煤种全烧高碱煤大比例掺烧高碱煤
改造前1 1091 244
改造后1 0461 1659891 027
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026078573180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of nitrogen oxides generation for different coal types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种(大柳塔)全烧高碱煤
A侧B侧A侧B侧
O2体积分数/%1.010.961.632.46
NOx质量浓度(折算值)/(mg·m–3)452478290288
CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)598598323323
), ArticleFig(id=1211018026179236481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406805041681, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同煤种NOx生成量对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种(大柳塔)全烧高碱煤
A侧B侧A侧B侧
O2体积分数/%1.010.961.632.46
NOx质量浓度(折算值)/(mg·m–3)452478290288
CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)598598323323
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液态排渣锅炉全烧和大比例掺烧高碱煤运行优化
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周昊 1 , 李辉 2 , 马翔 3 , 李丹 1 , 张海东 1 , 刘笑 3 , 邓月海 1 , 吴连东 1 , 刘宇 1
热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024,53(1): 64-72
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热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024, 53(1): 64-72
液态排渣锅炉全烧和大比例掺烧高碱煤运行优化
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周昊1 , 李辉2, 马翔3, 李丹1, 张海东1, 刘笑3, 邓月海1, 吴连东1, 刘宇1
作者信息
  • 1.天津华能杨柳青热电有限责任公司,天津 300380
  • 2.华能国际电力股份有限公司,北京 100031
  • 3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 周昊(1988),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液态排渣锅炉和固废综合利用,

Operational optimization on fully burning and high proportion blend burning high-alkali coal in boiler with slag-tap furnace
Hao ZHOU1 , Hui LI2, Xiang MA3, Dan LI1, Haidong ZHANG1, Xiao LIU3, Yuehai DENG1, Liandong WU1, Yu LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin Huaneng Yangliuqing Power Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
  • 2.Huaneng Power International Inc., Beijing 100031, China
  • 3.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309162
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为掌握液态排渣锅炉全烧和大比例掺烧高碱煤的关键参数和运行经验,基于某电厂300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉进行了长期工程试验,对可能存在的燃烧组织、NOx控制、排渣和沾污等问题进行分析,针对性的对燃烧系统、热物改性系统和排渣系统进行了改造。并进行了长期的运行数据记录和关键参数记录,在全烧和高比例掺烧高碱煤30万t后,锅炉各项运行参数正常。工程试验证明:该电厂300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉经升级优化后对高碱煤的的适应能力极强,在燃煤组分w(Al2O3)<25%、w(Fe2O3)<15%、12%<w(CaO)<30%、硅铝比大于1.7、碱酸比大于0.5时均可以保证机组正常运行且没有明显沾污;燃用高碱煤后可有效降低第一级受热面入口烟气温度至设计值以下,避免锅炉第一级受热面结渣情况,NOx生成量也较燃用原设计煤种下降超30%。

高碱煤  /  液态排渣锅炉  /  运行优化  /  沾污  /  结渣

In order to understand the key parameters and operating experience on fully burning and high proportion blend burning high-alkali coal in boiler with slag-tap furnace, long-term engineering tests were conducted based on a 300 MW boiler with slag-tap furnace in a power plant. An analysis was conducted on the possible combustion organization, nitrogen oxide control, slag flow, and ash deposition issues. Modifications were made to the combustion system, thermal modification system, and slag flow system. So long-term operational data and key parameter records were conducted, after fully burning and high proportion blending burning of 300 000 tons of high-alkali coal, all operating parameters of the boiler were normal. Based on recent operations and comprehensive tests, the optimized boiler with slag-tap furnace in a specific power plant demonstrates strong adaptability to high-alkali coal. Within the control range of coal ash components with w(Al2O3)<25%, w(Fe2O3)<15%, 12%<w(CaO)<30%, silica-alumina ratio>1.7, acid/alkali ratio>0.5, the normal operation of the boiler can be ensured without obvious ash deposition. Burning high-alkali coal can effectively reduce the inlet flue gas temperature of the first-level heating surface to below the design value, effectively avoiding the occurrence of slagging on the first-level heating surface of the boiler, and the generation of nitrogen oxides is also reduced by more than 30% compared with using the original design coal.

high-alkali coal  /  boiler with slag-tap furnace  /  operational optimization  /  contamination  /  slagging
周昊, 李辉, 马翔, 李丹, 张海东, 刘笑, 邓月海, 吴连东, 刘宇. 液态排渣锅炉全烧和大比例掺烧高碱煤运行优化. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309162
Hao ZHOU, Hui LI, Xiang MA, Dan LI, Haidong ZHANG, Xiao LIU, Yuehai DENG, Liandong WU, Yu LIU. Operational optimization on fully burning and high proportion blend burning high-alkali coal in boiler with slag-tap furnace[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309162
新疆地区预测煤炭储量高达2.19万亿t,占全国的39.3%,其中大部分为高碱煤[1]。由于高碱煤煤灰成分中SiO2、Al2O3质量分数低,以及CaO、Na2O、K2O质量分数高[2],其沾污性较强,导致固态排渣锅炉全烧或大比例掺烧高碱煤普遍存在严重沾污情况[3-5],影响了新疆资源在更大范围上的高效清洁利用。
液态排渣锅炉是一种燃烧强度高、捕渣率高、烟气含尘量少的锅炉型式,可有效克服固态排渣锅炉燃用易结渣煤种时炉膛水冷壁结渣、受热面沾污等缺点[6-8]。但目前国内在役大型电站液态排渣锅炉数量较少,开展相关研究存在一定困难。
本文基于某电厂300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉流渣、结渣、沾污和NOx生成等实际运行情况进行分析[9-10],针对全烧和大比例掺烧高碱煤中可能存在问题逐一进行了工程优化,并长期积累了大量的运行数据测试分析和锅炉设备状态记录,可为开发适合全烧新疆高碱煤液态排渣锅炉提供有效的工程依据。
某电厂3期机组为2×300 MW燃煤发电机组,锅炉由德国巴高克(BABCOCK)公司制造。锅炉型式(图1)为亚临界、一次中间再热、直吹式制粉系统、双燃烧室(双U型火焰)、100%飞灰复燃、液态排渣、塔式直流炉,锅炉左右对称布置2个熔渣室、1个燃尽室和1个竖直烟道,构成双U形炉膛。在每个熔渣室顶部双列错位布置了8只单调风低NOx旋流燃烧器,一次风煤粉和二次风I、II垂直下射着火,在熔渣室下方侧墙水平喷入三次风Ⅰ后完成大部分燃烧,形成高温烟气经捕渣屏后拐弯交汇流入燃尽室,由前后墙加入三次风Ⅱ充分燃尽后上升进入竖直烟道,向上依次流过受热面、烟道转向后向下经环保设备由烟囱排向大气。熔渣室内敷卫燃带减少水冷壁吸热量,形成较高的燃烧温度。部分灰渣形成液态渣汇集到熔渣室底部通过排渣口进入渣池被捞渣机捞走。该锅炉特殊的燃烧方式和液态排渣特性,导致对燃用煤种要求较为苛刻,且NOx生成量较大。
该锅炉设计燃用神华煤挥发分高达40%,极易着火和燃尽,灰熔点低。为方便处理灰渣,采用了液态排渣方式,设计能在27.3%BMCR以上的负荷范围内燃烧时液态排渣燃烧系统运行正常,即煤种所提供的灰分可以在该负荷加热到渣的流动温度以上。
在未燃用高碱煤时,随着近期煤炭市场的变化,渣口发生了多次堵渣情况,严重影响了锅炉的经济、安全运行。在本项研究开展初期,电厂技术人员主要参考燃煤工业分析指标判断流渣的适应性,未考虑煤灰中不同元素组分会较大影响流渣的特性[11]。但频繁出现低流动温度煤种堵渣的情况,后经燃煤的元素分析发现,导致流渣异常的煤种煤灰组分均与常用煤种煤灰组分区别较大。图2图3分别为含铁量及含铝量高煤种堵渣示意,表1为异常煤种灰成分。
图2图3可以看出,燃煤熔渣落入渣室底部高温熔融渣池后,在熔融渣池的高温渣液包裹下保持熔融状态或晶体状态被携带流出流渣口形成含晶体的渣块。煤灰中Fe2O3质量分数较高时,在渣块内部体现为绿色含铁硅酸盐和黑色液态渣层叠形态[12],在渣块外部为红色氧化铁薄膜。煤灰中Al2O3质量分数较高时,液态渣表面存在明显金属色泽,且硬度明显上升。因此,为保证液态排渣锅炉流渣顺畅,对于燃煤煤灰进行元素分析就十分必要,同时也要考虑石灰石粉等助溶剂[13-14]
由于该锅炉液态排渣的特点,其炉膛温度较高,飞灰在炉膛内全部熔融后在辐射受热面区域冷却,如果辐射换热情况出现较大波动,或炉膛热负荷过高,会导致第一级受热面烟气温度高于燃煤煤灰软化温度,造成结渣。根据多年的运行经验,在冬季连续大负荷期间锅炉结渣较为严重(图4)。
近年来该锅炉大量掺烧高灰分的低热值煤种后,结渣尤为严重。通过高温红外测温仪对观火孔范围最高温度进行测量,发现机组额定负荷全烧设计煤种工况下第一级受热面(悬吊管汇集受热面)前烟气温度约为1 050 ℃,与设计烟气温度一致。在进行低热值高灰分煤种掺烧后,由于燃烧组织发生变化,且高灰分会极大影响炉膛辐射换热系数,根据现场经验,掺烧比达到20%以上时上述位置烟气温度可达到1 150 ℃,掺烧比例达到40%时上述位置烟气温度可以达到1 240 ℃,远高于燃煤煤灰的软化温度,甚至达到部分煤种煤灰的流动温度。
根据20年以上的运行经验,该锅炉由于全年平均灰分低于14%且捕渣率约为50%,实际受热面区域灰分相当于燃用灰分低于7%的燃煤,因此受热面沾污、磨损等情况少有发生。
电厂技术人员对燃煤煤灰和液态渣元素分析研究过程中发现,部分元素在液态渣形成过程中有富集和流失现象[15]。在液态排渣锅炉运行中,煤灰中某些低熔点的物质,如S、K、Na等元素的化合物析出后会成为气态,随烟气至低温区再转为固态化合物。而某些高熔点的物质如Si、Fe等元素的化合物,会大量存留于液态渣内[16-19]。因此液态排渣锅炉的煤灰、液态渣和飞灰的理化特性差距较大。
由于该锅炉液态排渣的特点,其炉膛温度高于一般固态排渣锅炉,产生较多的热力型NOx[20]。在设计上该锅炉采用了低氮燃烧技术,燃烧系统由燃烧器系统与三次风系统组成。其中燃烧器出口(一次风、中心风、二次风Ⅰ和二次风Ⅱ)过量空气系数为0.90,送入三次风Ⅰ后过量空气系数提高至1.05,补充三次风Ⅱ后,过量空气系数提高至1.15。这种分级送风燃烧方式保证了熔渣室内的缺氧燃烧以及燃烧后期的充分燃尽,在抑制NOx生成降低NOx排放的同时,保证了煤粉的充分燃尽,提高了锅炉效率,实现了全炉膛的空气分级。但由于该锅炉设计的三次风Ⅱ总量较少,在机组240 MW以上负荷时三次风Ⅱ风门全部开满,为保证燃烧充分,只能提高主燃区过量空气系数,导致分级效果变差。因此即使燃用高挥发分的烟煤,机组额定负荷下烟气选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝系统入口NOx质量浓度(标准状况下)也约600 mg/m3,随着SCR催化剂性能下降,SCR脱硝系统出口NOx可能高于50 mg/m3,存在环保超标风险。
为解决该锅炉存在的上述问题,扩大液态排渣锅炉煤种适应范围,提升机组安全、环保、经济运行能力,该电厂申请参与国家重点研发计划煤炭清洁高效利用和新型节能技术重点专项——新型高碱煤液态排渣锅炉关键技术项目,并组织完成了该项目的工业示范工程。
由于国内绝大部分燃煤锅炉为固态排渣锅炉,炉温一般控制在燃煤灰熔点附近即1 300 ℃左右,因此国内大部分低氮燃烧技术研究是针对1 300 ℃以下的低氮燃烧规律进行的[9,21]。而本文液态排渣锅炉燃烧室温度高于1 500 ℃,导致产生的NOx要高于其他燃烧方式锅炉,故液态排渣锅炉高温情况下的NOx生成特性会有较大不同。
前期研究表明,当主燃区过量空气系数小于1时,燃尽区出口NOx随着温度的升高而逐渐降低。产生这一现象的主要原因是:增大主燃区温度使煤的热解程度加强,煤中更多的氮转化成挥发分氮,此时随着主燃区过量空气系数的进一步降低,会显著促进煤气化反应的发生,使煤粉火焰中产生更多的碳氢还原基(CxHy),从而加速碳氢还原基与NOx的均相还原反应,使大量挥发分氮和已生成NOx还原成N2,且主燃区温度越高,还原性气氛程度越强,还原越有效。除此之外,还原性气氛下,提高温度还能促进煤焦异相还原NOx反应的进行,使烟气中部分已生成NOx在煤焦表面得到还原[22-23]。因此可以看出高温还原性是高温液态排渣锅炉低NOx燃烧的核心。
综上所述,煤燃烧过程中通过创造高温强还原性气氛条件能够显著地降低烟气中污染物NOx的生成量。本文锅炉虽然已经具备了一定的炉膛空气分级,但空气分级效果不明显,高温还原性条件没有建立,因此机组仍存在控制燃烧中NOx生成的裕量,在保证锅炉燃烧稳定、流渣顺畅的基础上,可以进一步加强锅炉的空气分级。
1)更换低NOx燃烧器,优化一次风旋流角度和二次风流通面积,增加燃烧旋流强度,改善旋流燃烧器组织煤粉着火的性能。
2)在原有三次风Ⅱ风道旁接入新增三次风Ⅱ旁路风道,增加三次风Ⅱ风量。
3)完成燃烧调整,降低满负荷工况下二次风量,控制燃烧器出口过量空气系数为0.85,控制三次风Ⅰ后过量空气系数为1.00,三次风Ⅱ后过量空气系数仍控制为1.15。
4)将上述燃烧配风控制策略优化至热控逻辑系统,并新增单组燃烧器过量空气系数调整操作逻辑。
5)对制粉系统进行优化,优化改造磨煤机分离器、液压装置等运行参数和结构,保证磨煤机处于良好的运行状态,使煤粉细度尽量靠近设计值。
本文锅炉原设有飞灰复燃系统,包括了输灰系统以及飞灰复燃风系统,其中输灰系统将飞灰由除尘灰斗输送至飞灰复燃喷口前,由飞灰复燃风裹挟进入炉膛内部,由于飞灰复燃喷口距离燃烧器喷口较近,飞灰复燃风被卷吸入二次风气流中,与煤粉气流一同混和均匀,飞灰进入炉膛后可立刻与煤粉火焰充分混合急速升温形成熔融状态,保证了飞灰或其他掺烧介质与煤粉气流的均匀混和[10,24]
本文结合高碱煤的理化特性,利用原飞灰复燃系统的收集仓、输灰管道、风道以及喷口,增加料仓、称重式输送机、压缩空气输送系统和相关阀门(图5)。改造后可根据运行和试验要求将符合条件的添加物送入炉膛进行掺烧,对燃煤颗粒进行调质,从组分上改变灰渣颗粒的熔融特性。
燃煤颗粒在液态排渣锅炉燃烧过程中,通过“热”的方式实现高温熔融和组分迁移,同时通过调质手段从“物”的组分结构上实现灰渣的熔融特性变化,进而完成对燃煤灰渣的热物改性。
本文锅炉原设计具备熔渣粒化功能,可以在溶渣下落过程中使其受到急剧冷却而被破碎成较小颗粒,该功能主要通过渣井和粒化水系统来实现。
根据全烧高碱煤后锅炉燃烧工况变化判断,排渣系统不能满足当前工况需求。主要体现在渣量降低后渣井温度大幅上升,渣量降低后渣柱频繁摆动使得原粒化水喷嘴无法覆盖,全烧高碱煤后会大幅提高粒化水中氯离子浓度,而粒化水系统阀门均为铸铁无法满足需求[25]。为解决这些问题,设计如下改造方案:
1)提升渣井保温材料等级,由原绝缘耐火浇注料和高铝耐火浇注料分层保温的方式,全部提升为刚玉耐火浇注料。
2)在原渣口粒化水喷口下方增加1组渣口粒化水喷口及水箱,由循环水提供补水,该组喷口中心聚焦至流渣口正下方,进一步增加冷却效果。
3)在渣井内增加1组激流喷口,粒化池底部增设激流喷嘴。射流水来自粒化水补水泵,喷嘴为渐缩形,将压力能转为速度能,形成高速射流和幕状水流,以利于渣的快速冲走,增强渣的冷却效果。
4)更换粒化水系统阀门为316L不锈钢材质,确保系统运行稳定。
自2021年起,该电厂全烧和高比例掺烧高碱煤共约30.0万t,其中2021年约8.4万t,2022年约14.7万t,2023年前8月约6.9万t。该高碱煤煤质分析结果见表2
受限于运力,高碱煤难以实现更大量的燃用,高碱煤到厂期间掺烧比例普遍不低于50%。燃用高碱煤期间,锅炉带负荷能力、主蒸汽温度、再热蒸汽温度等指标均未发生明显变化,高碱煤未对锅炉运行产生影响。同时,相较于其他市场节约燃料采购成本超3 000万元,经济效益明显。
液态排渣锅炉配煤除满足机组带负荷所需热值外,最为核心的是满足流渣能力。图6为该电厂近期常用煤种的元素分析,表3为该电厂近期常用煤种的硅铝比、碱酸比和灰熔点等理化特性。
根据图6表3数据分析,该电厂常用煤种大柳塔、哈拉沟、布尔台和高头窑主要参数可以满足设计煤种的组分要求,但红柳河、柳沟、淖毛湖和喀谷中的Al2O3和Na2O远远超出设计煤种组分范围且硅铝比和碱酸比也有大幅偏差。燃用高碱煤时渣量较少,流渣黏度也较低,现场流渣情况如图7所示。
因此高碱煤扩展了液态排渣锅炉的燃煤组分控制范围。同时结合过往因燃煤煤灰中Al2O3质量分数过高等原因造成的堵渣口问题,电厂优化了配煤掺烧措施。
1)建立煤种组分台账
针对不同供应商、矿区等进行灰组分分析,并建立台账作为掺烧依据。
2)根据不同组分进行精准掺配
依据燃煤组分台账,选取适宜煤种进行精准掺配,尽可能保证混煤质量分数为:w(Al2O3)<25%、w(Fe2O3)<15%、10%<w(CaO)<30%,硅铝比大于1.7。如碱酸比不能满足大于0.5,由燃料掺配小组讨论启动预混掺盐。
3)预混方案
对已进行燃煤灰组分分析的燃煤,根据其组分特性,在上煤过程中通过煤场预混按比例添加相应比例的石灰石块(石灰石粉),以调和碱酸比,原则上碱酸比不大于0.3,且w(CaO)≥25%。
4)应急处置方案
如已经发生流渣不畅,由燃料掺配小组确认后启动热物改性系统。处理已经发生的流渣不畅应优先选用Na2CO3,添加量为0.5~1.0 t/h,原则上不能超过异常渣室燃料量的2%,且应根据流渣情况及时调整添加量。由于煤场条件不能预混时,应根据燃煤组分合理配比添加物,经燃料掺配小组讨论后启动热物改性系统。
通过燃烧系统的优化改造后,锅炉运行稳定,锅炉效率等各项参数满足设计要求,且炉膛温度、NOx生成量均得到有效控制。
燃烧系统优化前后,使用高温红外测温仪进行现场测试,由于燃烧室温度波动较大,仅列出第一级受热面前看火孔处测量的最高烟气温度,结果见表4
根据现场测试,炉膛温度得到明显控制,普遍下降超过50 ℃。同时,相比燃用设计煤种工况,全烧高碱煤和大比例掺烧高碱煤时第一级受热面前烟气温度得到明显下降,且均低于燃煤的软化温度,可以有效控制第一级受热面结渣情况。在2022—2023年供热季期间,锅炉结渣情况如图8所示。
图8可以看出,在连续高负荷运行的工况下锅炉结渣仍控制在较好水平,燃烧系统改造后对高碱煤和其他煤种的适应性均得到了有效提升。
通过强化分级燃烧,锅炉NOx生成量得到有效控制。由于高碱煤总量有限,且受当前电力市场影响,该电厂高灰分低热值燃煤掺烧比例逐年上升。因此,为客观分析高碱煤对NOx的影响,仅列举全烧设计煤种和全烧高碱煤的NOx生成量见表5
根据表5数据可以发现:通过优化燃烧初期组织、深度分级燃烧,锅炉燃烧工况好转;且根据对第一级受热面前烟气最高温度的测量,全烧高碱煤后炉膛温度得到有效控制,进一步降低了热力型NOx的生成。总体上,锅炉全烧高碱煤工况较设计煤种工况NOx生成量下降超过30%。
试验锅炉2021年9月在全烧高碱煤168 h试验期间,由第三方进行了锅炉效率测试,试验结果为93.16%。该锅炉在2022年4月由第三方进行了大修前性能试验,试验结果为92.81%。可以看出,在机组设备相近情况下,全烧高碱煤未对锅炉效率产生负面影响。
自2021年后,每次受热面检查均对各级受热面沾污情况进行了记录和总结,全烧和大比例掺烧高碱煤并未对液态排渣锅炉受热面沾污情况产生影响,且沾污清理难度也未加剧。
图9图12为各主要受热面全烧高碱煤前后的沾污情况。由图9图12可以看出,全烧高碱煤前后受热面沾污情况无明显变化,在机组后续检修中也进行了检查,受热面沾污情况基本类似,可以判定液态排渣锅炉全烧高碱煤和大比例掺烧高碱煤对受热面沾污情况影响较少。
根据自2021年起全烧和高比例掺烧高碱煤的运行现场和第一级受热面烟温测试、灰渣组分测试、烟气组分测试等试验结果综合分析,可以得出以下结论:
1)该电厂300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉经燃烧系统和飞灰改性系统升级优化后对高碱煤的适应能力极强,锅炉主蒸汽、再热蒸汽参数均无明显变化。尤其在当前电力和煤炭市场的大幅波动下,大比例掺烧高碱煤有利于进一步拓展液态排渣锅炉煤种适应性。
2)高碱煤完全满足优化后的300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉运行需求,燃煤组合质量分数控制经验范围为:w(Al2O3)<25%、w(Fe2O3)<15%、12%<w(CaO)<30%,硅铝比大于1.7,碱酸比大于0.5。Na2O和K2O总量在当前使用煤种范围内并不需要控制。
3)通过增强燃烧器旋流强度、增加分级燃烧和调整过量空气系数等方式,优化后的300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉可以完全适应高碱煤全水和挥发分较大、灰分较小特性。燃用高碱煤后增强了辐射受热面换热量,降低第一级受热面入口烟气温度至设计值1 050 ℃以下,可以有效避免结渣情况发生,NOx生成量也较使用原设计煤种下降超30%。
4)长时间燃用高碱煤后液态排渣锅炉各级受热面未发生明显沾污现象。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0604105)
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2024年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309162
  • 接收时间:2023-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-23
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National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFB0604105)
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0604105)
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    1.天津华能杨柳青热电有限责任公司,天津 300380
    2.华能国际电力股份有限公司,北京 100031
    3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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