Article(id=1211002406331093752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685894400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655073005, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655073005, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655073005, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655073005, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002409095140095, articleId=1211002406331093752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on corrosion prevention and control of the furnace of a 350 MW opposite-firing boiler burning high-alkali coal, columnId=1210998031487464445, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=High proportion combustion technology for high-alkali coal, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce fuel procurement costs and ensure fuel supply, a certain power plant in Gansu burns a large proportion of Xinjiang high-alkali Guanghui coal and Xinjiang Energy coal. After burning the high-alkali coal, the boiler experiences severe high-temperature corrosion and coking on the heating surface, and the maximum load can only be carried to 85% ECR. In order to reduce high-temperature corrosion, research has been conducted on coal quality characteristics, combustion optimization adjustment, and equipment improvement technology for boilers. The research results show that, the boiler still experiences severe high-temperature corrosion even when burning low sulfur coal, which is mainly related to the high content of alkali metals such as sodium and calcium, as well as chlorine in Xinjiang coal. By increasing oxygen content, reducing primary air volume, weakening the swirling strength of outer secondary air of the burner, and increasing wall-attached air, operation adjustment measures can improve the high-temperature corrosion characteristics of the water wall to some extent. But to completely solve this problem, it is necessary to start with the use of additives, high-temperature corrosion prevention spraying, adding soot blowers, improving wall-attached air and burner design, and other corresponding technologies. The results of this study can provide useful reference and guidance for power plants that encounter similar problems during the process of high-alkali coal burning.

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为降低燃料采购成本,保证燃料供应,甘肃某电厂大比例掺烧了部分新疆高碱的广汇煤和新疆能源煤。高碱煤掺烧后,锅炉出现较严重的受热面高温腐蚀和结焦现象,负荷最高只能带到85%ECR。为减轻高温腐蚀,对锅炉开展了煤质特性、燃烧优化调整和设备改进技术研究。结果表明:锅炉燃用较低硫份煤的情况下仍然发生较严重的高温腐蚀,主要与新疆煤中的钠、钙等碱金属及氯质量分数较高有关,通过提高氧量、降低一次风量、减弱燃烧器外二次风旋流强度和开大贴壁风等运行调整手段,可以一定程度上改善水冷壁高温腐蚀特性;彻底解决该问题,还需使用添加剂、进行防高温腐蚀喷涂、增加吹灰器、改进贴壁风和燃烧器设计等技术途径。该研究成果可为解决高碱煤掺烧过程中出现类似问题的电厂提供借鉴和参考。

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杨忠灿(1977),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭安全、清洁、高效燃烧,
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祁青福(1979),男,高级工程师,主要从事电力生产和管理工作,

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Coal quality analysis of main coal and high-alkali coal

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项目哈密煤广汇煤新疆能源煤
全水分wt(M)/%12.0017.0014.60
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%2.974.364.49
灰分wd(A)/%15.446.7310.88
挥发分wdaf(V)/%35.6432.0043.52
碳分war(C)/%58.1861.2657.96
氢分war(H)/%4.114.143.61
氧分war(O)/%9.109.4211.02
氮分war(N)/%1.071.081.41
全硫wt,ar(S)/%0.160.360.55
低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)21.8422.7622.27
灰软化温度ST/℃1 1791 1981 124
当量氧化钠wdl(Na2O)/%1.962.593.52
煤中氯war(Cl)/%0.020.260.02
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主力煤种和高碱煤煤质分析

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项目哈密煤广汇煤新疆能源煤
全水分wt(M)/%12.0017.0014.60
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%2.974.364.49
灰分wd(A)/%15.446.7310.88
挥发分wdaf(V)/%35.6432.0043.52
碳分war(C)/%58.1861.2657.96
氢分war(H)/%4.114.143.61
氧分war(O)/%9.109.4211.02
氮分war(N)/%1.071.081.41
全硫wt,ar(S)/%0.160.360.55
低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)21.8422.7622.27
灰软化温度ST/℃1 1791 1981 124
当量氧化钠wdl(Na2O)/%1.962.593.52
煤中氯war(Cl)/%0.020.260.02
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Ignition, burnout and slagging grade of test coal

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煤种着火等级燃尽等级结渣等级
哈密极易极易严重
广汇极易极易严重
新疆能源极易极易严重
), ArticleFig(id=1211002423343190353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002406331093752, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验煤种着火、燃尽、结渣等级

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煤种着火等级燃尽等级结渣等级
哈密极易极易严重
广汇极易极易严重
新疆能源极易极易严重
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某350 MW机组对冲锅炉燃用高碱煤炉膛腐蚀防治研究
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祁青福 1 , 马世城 1 , 杨忠灿 2 , 李炎 2 , 贾子秀 2 , 卢红玲 1
热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024,53(1): 91-98
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热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024, 53(1): 91-98
某350 MW机组对冲锅炉燃用高碱煤炉膛腐蚀防治研究
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祁青福1 , 马世城1, 杨忠灿2 , 李炎2, 贾子秀2, 卢红玲1
作者信息
  • 1.嘉峪关宏晟电热有限责任公司,甘肃 嘉峪关 735100
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 祁青福(1979),男,高级工程师,主要从事电力生产和管理工作,

通讯作者:

杨忠灿(1977),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭安全、清洁、高效燃烧,
Study on corrosion prevention and control of the furnace of a 350 MW opposite-firing boiler burning high-alkali coal
Qingfu QI1 , Shicheng MA1, Zhongcan YANG2 , Yan LI2, Zixiu JIA2, Hongling LU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiayuguan Hongsheng Electric Heat Co., Ltd., Jiayuguan 735100, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306086
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为降低燃料采购成本,保证燃料供应,甘肃某电厂大比例掺烧了部分新疆高碱的广汇煤和新疆能源煤。高碱煤掺烧后,锅炉出现较严重的受热面高温腐蚀和结焦现象,负荷最高只能带到85%ECR。为减轻高温腐蚀,对锅炉开展了煤质特性、燃烧优化调整和设备改进技术研究。结果表明:锅炉燃用较低硫份煤的情况下仍然发生较严重的高温腐蚀,主要与新疆煤中的钠、钙等碱金属及氯质量分数较高有关,通过提高氧量、降低一次风量、减弱燃烧器外二次风旋流强度和开大贴壁风等运行调整手段,可以一定程度上改善水冷壁高温腐蚀特性;彻底解决该问题,还需使用添加剂、进行防高温腐蚀喷涂、增加吹灰器、改进贴壁风和燃烧器设计等技术途径。该研究成果可为解决高碱煤掺烧过程中出现类似问题的电厂提供借鉴和参考。

高碱煤  /  掺烧  /  高温腐蚀  /  防治

In order to reduce fuel procurement costs and ensure fuel supply, a certain power plant in Gansu burns a large proportion of Xinjiang high-alkali Guanghui coal and Xinjiang Energy coal. After burning the high-alkali coal, the boiler experiences severe high-temperature corrosion and coking on the heating surface, and the maximum load can only be carried to 85% ECR. In order to reduce high-temperature corrosion, research has been conducted on coal quality characteristics, combustion optimization adjustment, and equipment improvement technology for boilers. The research results show that, the boiler still experiences severe high-temperature corrosion even when burning low sulfur coal, which is mainly related to the high content of alkali metals such as sodium and calcium, as well as chlorine in Xinjiang coal. By increasing oxygen content, reducing primary air volume, weakening the swirling strength of outer secondary air of the burner, and increasing wall-attached air, operation adjustment measures can improve the high-temperature corrosion characteristics of the water wall to some extent. But to completely solve this problem, it is necessary to start with the use of additives, high-temperature corrosion prevention spraying, adding soot blowers, improving wall-attached air and burner design, and other corresponding technologies. The results of this study can provide useful reference and guidance for power plants that encounter similar problems during the process of high-alkali coal burning.

high-alkali coal  /  mixed burning  /  high temperature corrosion  /  prevention
祁青福, 马世城, 杨忠灿, 李炎, 贾子秀, 卢红玲. 某350 MW机组对冲锅炉燃用高碱煤炉膛腐蚀防治研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 91 -98 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306086
Qingfu QI, Shicheng MA, Zhongcan YANG, Yan LI, Zixiu JIA, Hongling LU. Study on corrosion prevention and control of the furnace of a 350 MW opposite-firing boiler burning high-alkali coal[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 91 -98 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306086
甘肃某电厂2×350 MW机组锅炉是超临界参数、强制循环、一次中间再热、单炉膛平衡通风、固态排渣、露天布置、全钢构架的Π型直流炉,采用前后墙对冲燃烧方式,东锅旋流燃烧器前三后二布置,在主燃烧器上方布置2层燃尽风,设计燃用哈密烟煤。锅炉结构布置如图1所示。屏式过热器、高温过热器、高温再热器、低温过热器、低温再热器简称屏过、高过、高再、低过、低再。
近年来,随着来自外蒙的策克煤停供和煤炭供应形势紧张,以及电厂靠近新疆等因素,除采购部分哈密煤外,电厂还大比例采购了供应相对充足的广汇煤和新疆能源煤,据2022年统计,新疆煤的掺烧比例已从40%(质量分数,后同)提高至60%~70%。由于新疆煤的碱金属含量较高,灰熔点较低,在大比例掺烧后,锅炉除出现了其他电厂常见的结渣沾污加重[1-3],负荷受限问题外,锅炉下层燃烧器下部至还原区上部四面墙水冷壁还出现了较严重的高温腐蚀问题。如最严重的右侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀速率由1.13 mm/a大幅升高至2.12 mm/a,最高腐蚀速率达3.59 mm/a,锅炉不得不频繁大面积换管,且通过简单喷涂和燃烧优化调整无法解决,锅炉运行的安全性、经济性受到严重威胁。
本文通过煤质特性研究、燃烧优化试验、防高温腐蚀技术研究等手段,对锅炉掺烧高碱低硫时的受热面高温腐蚀特性及其防治技术进行了研究,指明了锅炉在燃用新疆高碱煤时发生高温腐蚀的原因和控制方法,研究成果可以为有类似问题的电厂提供有益的借鉴和参考。
锅炉目前主要分磨燃用哈密煤和广汇煤、新疆能源煤混煤,新疆高碱煤质量占比为60%~70%,3种煤的煤质数据见表1
表1可见,与电厂设计和常用的哈密煤相比,广汇煤水分、热值偏高,灰分和挥发分偏低,硫分偏高,新疆能源煤水分和热值略高、挥发分较高、灰分偏低、硫分偏高。从灰熔点ST来看,3种煤的灰熔点均低于1 260 ℃,都属易结渣煤种,而且广汇煤和新疆能源煤的当量Na2O质量分数(w(Na2O)=w(Na2O)+0.659w(K2O))与哈密煤相比均较高,大比例掺烧时入炉煤的碱金属质量分数增加,有可能超过锅炉所能承受的Na2O质量分数2.5%~3.0%的指标[4],导致锅炉结焦沾污风险加重,锅炉无法带满负荷。此外,广汇煤中的氯质量分数较高,严重超过我国煤中氯质量分数平均水平0.019%[5],可能会造成炉内受热面高温腐蚀和脱硫系统废水处理困难。
为进一步考察新疆高碱煤与锅炉各系统的适应性,本节对各煤种的燃烧结渣和高温腐蚀特性进行深入研究。
将各煤种的煤粉细度R90控制在18%~20%,在西安热工研究院着火炉上进行哈密煤和广汇煤、新疆能源煤的煤粉气流着火试验,在一维火焰炉上进行燃尽和结渣试验,测试3种煤的着火温度、燃尽率和结渣指数,试验结果如图2图4所示。
根据《煤粉气流着火温度的测定方法》[6]和《煤粉燃烧结渣特性和燃尽率一维火焰炉测试方法》[7],哈密煤和广汇煤、新疆能源煤的着火、燃尽、结渣等级见表2。由表2可见,3种煤均属于极易着火、极易燃尽、极易结渣煤种。在按非高碱煤设计的锅炉大比例燃用高碱煤时,将高碱煤与低灰熔点煤掺烧,可能会限制高碱煤的掺烧比例。
根据燃煤锅炉高温腐蚀原理,锅炉受热面高温腐蚀主要分为硫化物型、碱金属硫酸盐型和氯化物型3种[8]。就本文所讨论的350 MW锅炉来说,3种类型的高温腐蚀均可能发生,具体分析如下。
1)高碱煤大比例掺烧时,入炉混煤的硫分为0.5%~0.6%,低于同类机组锅炉发生严重高温腐蚀时入炉煤硫分高于1.0%的经验值。但对于对冲燃烧锅炉,由于在最外侧燃烧器与炉墙之间存在流动死滞区,该区域补风不足,同时一次风气流风速较高在炉墙中间发生碰撞扩散,容易在两侧墙中间形成贴壁燃烧,以及低氮燃烧炉内整体供风不足和现有贴壁风刚性不足等原因,都会导致锅炉水冷壁近壁区域还原性气氛体积分数较高,从而生成较高体积分数的H2S,与Fe和FeO发生化合反应,引起硫化物型高温腐蚀。
2)高碱煤大比例掺烧时,入炉煤的碱金属质量分数大幅提高至2.5%~3.0%,在炉内结焦沾污较重的情况下,炉温水平大幅提高,煤灰中碱金属量和挥发比例均大幅增加,挥发后的Na2SO4在受热面上凝结,并在SO3的作用下与受热面管氧化膜发生反应生成复合硫酸盐,从而对管材造成破坏,该化合物在550 ℃左右即呈熔融状态,可随吹灰或打焦剥落,加剧腐蚀。该种腐蚀不仅在高温对流受热面上发生,在电厂送检的水冷壁管表面沾污层中也检出了大量的Na2SO4和K2SO4,说明大比例掺烧高碱煤时,硫酸盐型腐蚀也较常发生。
3)高碱煤大比例掺烧时,入炉煤的氯质量分数也会随之大幅升高,煤中NaCl等氯化物转化生成的HCl会与Fe和FeO直接发生化合反应生成FeCl2,也会在CO的作用下与Fe2O3和Fe3O4发生反应生成FeCl2和FeO,从而破坏水冷壁表层氧化膜和金属,然后FeCl2迅速挥发,进而使管壁金属直接受到HCl的腐蚀。同时由于氧化膜受到破坏,H2S也能直接到达金属表面,加速了管壁的腐蚀速度。但有资料表明[9],当煤中氯的质量分数较高(大于0.30%)时才可能发生比较严重的氯化物型高温腐蚀,一般情况下这种腐蚀发生可能性不是很大。
总体来看,高碱煤大比例掺烧时,入炉混煤中的硫分不高,虽然碱金属和氯质量分数较高,但参考新疆地区燃用高碱煤的经验,在结焦沾污可控的情况下,并未出现严重的水冷壁和高温对流受热面高温腐蚀,因此该电厂锅炉的高温腐蚀原因和防治措施还需从燃烧优化调整和设备改进等方面加以研究。
除煤质方面的因素外,当高碱煤在锅炉上大比例掺烧时,对锅炉高温腐蚀影响较大的还包括运行氧量、一次风速、燃烧器旋流强度、燃尽风门和贴壁风门开度等,另外由于高碱煤锅炉结焦沾污速度较快、炉温水平较高,水冷壁壁温偏高也会加剧高温腐蚀速度[10]
调整试验前,首先对制粉系统运行参数进行了优化调整,将同层燃烧器一次风速偏差控制在±5%、煤粉细度R90控制在20%以内,消除一次风速不均、煤粉细度偏大问题对锅炉运行的不利影响。试验过程中,在上层B层和中层D层燃烧器标高A、B两侧墙中部布置测点,测点位置编号分别为BA、BB、DA、DB。抽取水冷壁贴壁气氛,测试其中的H2S体积分数,考察运行参数变化对高温腐蚀的影响。
在锅炉85%ECR稳定工况下,入炉煤硫分在0.52%,保持其他参数不变,改变锅炉运行O2体积分数从2.5%至3.0%,对水冷壁贴壁气氛中的H2S进行了测量,结果如图5所示。
图5中可以看出,中上层燃烧器两侧墙中间水冷壁附近烟气中的H2S体积分数均处于较高水平,这是锅炉水冷壁发生高温腐蚀的主要原因,且由于对冲锅炉结构的影响,B侧O2体积分数低于A侧,导致B侧水冷壁贴壁气氛中H2S体积分数更高,腐蚀风险更大。运行中O2体积分数从2.5%提高至3.0%时,4个点的H2S体积分数均值从845×10–6降低至691×10–6,降低17%,但仍高于发生较严重高温腐蚀的临界体积分数200×10-6,而此时锅炉受引风机出力限制O2体积分数已无法继续提高。
总体上看,O2体积分数提高有利于降低贴壁烟气中的H2S体积分数,在一定程度上改善腐蚀状况,但供风充足也会导致燃烧放热强度增加,炉内结焦加重,需注意炉膛吹灰。
试验过程中发现,为保证磨煤机稳定运行,磨煤机的通风量较设计值偏高10%左右,一次风风速较高会导致其不易被内二次风旋转气流带动,容易在炉膛中间位置发生前后墙对冲气流碰撞并扩散至两侧墙形成贴壁燃烧、结焦及高温腐蚀,不利于减轻水冷壁高温腐蚀。因此,这里在锅炉85%ECR稳定工况下,入炉煤硫分在0.62%,保持其他参数不变的情况下,通过降低一次风量至设计值附近考察一次风风速变化对水冷壁高温腐蚀的影响,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,燃烧器一次风量下降后,除DB位置外,其他位置的贴壁气氛中的H2S体积分数均呈下降趋势,4个点的H2S体积分数均值从1 748×10–6降低至1 445×10–6,降低17%,幅度较大,同时近壁中的氧量从0升高至1.5%~2.0%,贴壁气氛改善明显,十分有利于控制水冷壁的高温腐蚀。这说明,除了一次风风速降低减少了一次风在炉墙中部的碰撞扩散燃烧外,还使一次风的刚性变弱,一次风气流容易被内二次风旋转带动混合,减轻了一次风和二次风的分离,相当于补充了燃烧初期的氧气,有利于硫的氧化,减少了H2S的生成。
此外,一次风风速降低还有利于加速煤粉气流着火,降低炉膛出口烟温。但需要注意的是,一次风风速降低也可能造成燃烧器喷口结焦和烧损。
观察发现,目前该型旋流燃烧器的内二次风门已全开,有利于提供早期燃烧需要的空气,减少H2S的生成。按照设计,燃烧器采用外二次风门同时调节外二次风量和旋流强度,外二次风门大时风量大、旋流弱。电厂在实际运行过程中为抑制燃烧、降低燃烧强度一般把外二次风门开度按照60%/50%/50%/60%的小开度设置,这可能会造成靠两侧墙的燃烧器外二次风量小、旋流强度过大,容易引起供风不足和煤粉气流被带动贴墙燃烧引起结焦和腐蚀。因此,在锅炉85%ECR稳定工况下,入炉煤硫分在0.52%,保持其他参数不变的情况下,通过改变靠侧墙两燃烧器的外二次风门开度为60%、60%/80%、80%,考察外二次风门变化对水冷壁高温腐蚀的影响,结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,靠两侧墙的燃烧器外二次风门开大后,外二次风旋流下降,水冷壁近壁中的H2S体积分数均值反而从1 108×10–6升高至1 175×10–6和1 380×10–6,说明虽然外二次风旋流下降,但由于风量增加,外二次风旋转动量是增加的。由于外二次风旋转动量增加,其对一次风的卷吸带动能力增强,煤粉气流更容易被引流偏转贴墙燃烧,导致靠近两侧墙水冷壁贴壁气氛中H2S体积分数有小幅升高,不利于减缓水冷壁高温腐蚀。
同时,运行过程中还发现,外二次风门开度过大,锅炉会出现两侧墙流焦和冷灰斗拐角堆焦现象,说明外二次风门开大不利于控制结焦和高温腐蚀,因此建议中上层燃烧器外二次风门开度80%,下层燃烧器60%。
燃尽风门的主要作用是降低生成NOx质量浓度,其通过调整主燃烧器区的供风量来实现。锅炉在运行时如果过分追求较低的NOx质量浓度水平,往往会造成主燃烧器区缺风,形成较多的硫化氢。试验过程中,在锅炉85%ECR稳定工况下,入炉煤硫分在0.62%,保持其他参数不变,改变燃尽风门开度为0、30%、70%,考察燃尽风门变化对高温腐蚀的影响,结果如图8所示。由图8可以看出,锅炉在燃尽风开度分别为0、30%、70%时,对应4个点的贴壁H2S体积分数均值从1 176×10–6升高至1 614×10–6、2 245×10–6,水冷壁高温腐蚀风险加大,较低的燃尽风门开度时主燃烧器区供风更充足,有利于减轻高温腐蚀。
此外,燃尽风门开大后,NOx质量浓度从360 mg/m3逐渐下降至290、265 mg/m3,同时低再进口烟温明显升高,不利于运行安全。因此,在运行过程中考虑高温腐蚀防治和低氮燃烧的要求,燃尽风门开度宜设置为30%。
为补充锅炉两侧墙存在的流动死滞区内风量,减轻两侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀,锅炉在设计时在第3层燃烧器标高及其上方的还原区中部标高前后墙角部共设置4层贴壁风,风源取自二次风。这里在锅炉85%ECR稳定工况下,入炉煤硫分在0.52%,保持其他参数不变,改变贴壁风门开度为0、100%,考察贴壁风的防腐蚀能力,结果如图9所示。
图9可以看出,贴壁风门从全关至全开后,靠两侧墙流动死滞区内的供风增加,对应的贴壁H2S体积分数均值从1 590×10-6下降至1 125×10-6,降幅为465×10-6,水冷壁高温腐蚀倾向下降。但H2S绝对体积分数仍较高,水冷壁高温腐蚀风险仍较高。现有贴壁风的作用不明显,分析认为这主要是因为电厂目前设计的贴壁风气流刚性不足、容易扩散,因此无法起到补充炉墙中间氧气、隔绝煤粉气流火焰的作用。
电厂目前主要燃用硫分较低的哈密煤和硫分相对较高的广汇煤和新疆能源煤,通过降低新疆能源煤的比例,改变入炉混煤硫分分别为0.42%、0.52%和0.62%,在锅炉85%ECR稳定工况下,保持其他参数不变,考察硫分变化对水冷壁高温腐蚀的影响,结果如图10所示。
图10的试验结果表明,随着入炉煤种的改变和入炉煤硫分的升高,整体贴壁气氛中的H2S呈升高趋势,H2S体积分数均值从935×10–6逐渐升高至1 056×10–6、1 212×10–6,这说明较低的入炉煤硫分有利于水冷壁高温腐蚀控制。因此,在目前贴壁风条件下,建议锅炉应尽量燃用低硫煤,即增大哈密煤的比例、降低新疆能源煤的比例,分磨掺烧广汇煤和新疆能源煤时,宜将其置于下层磨煤机,该区域温度较低、供风相对较为充足,对减轻水冷壁高温腐蚀较为有利。
从上述燃烧调整试验结果可以看出,水冷壁近壁气氛中的氧量过低和H2S体积分数过高是造成锅炉发生严重高温腐蚀的主要原因。通过适当提高氧量,降低一次风量和外二次风旋转动量,关小燃尽风门,开大贴壁风门以及降低入炉煤硫分,可以在一定程度上减轻水冷壁高温腐蚀,贴壁气氛中的H2S体积分数可从1 092×10–6大幅降低至690×10–6,水冷壁高温腐蚀风险大为降低,但仍高于腐蚀界限值200×10–6,可见燃烧调整并不能从根本上解决水冷壁高温腐蚀问题。
图11为靠侧墙燃烧器流场分布。
一方面东锅旋流燃烧器在一次风和内二次风之间形成的内回流区在燃烧初期阻碍了一次风与内二次风的混合,加剧了炉膛中心区域形成强还原性氛围,煤中硫分主要被转化为H2S;另一方面,侧墙及角部的外回流区流场结构对一次风气流运动造成不利影响,即侧墙负压区将强还原性高温烟气和未燃烧完全的煤粉气流引流至侧墙水冷壁,导致侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀[11]。这2个方面是造成水冷壁近壁烟气中H2S体积分数高的主要原因。
针对前者,宜将燃烧器内二次风旋流叶片设为可调式,必要时减弱内二次风旋流、加强内二次风对煤粉气流的包裹,为燃烧初期多供风,减少CO和H2S的生成,这已在可调内二次风旋流的某电厂锅炉上得到应用[12]。针对后者,某电厂提出了增加贴壁风、燃烧器向炉膛中心偏转角度等措施,使H2S体积分数降低至安全范围内,取得了不错的防高温腐蚀效果[13]
除对燃烧器结构进行优化外,还需采用良好的喷涂材料和工艺进行防护。
在喷涂领域,热喷涂工艺是应用较为成熟且可有效防止水冷壁高温腐蚀的主要方法。该工艺又可分为火焰喷涂、电弧喷涂以及等离子喷涂等。火焰喷涂主要有粉末火焰喷涂(焊)、丝材火焰喷涂、陶瓷棒材火焰喷涂、高速火焰喷涂(HVOF)、爆炸喷涂(D-GUN)等;电弧喷涂是在2根丝状的金属材料之间产生电弧,电弧产生的热量使金属丝融化,由压缩空气气流雾化并喷向水冷壁表面形成涂层,喷涂材料必须为导电的金属或合金丝;等离子喷涂是采用由直流电驱动的等离子电弧作为热源,将金属、合金、陶瓷等材料加热到熔融或半熔融状态,并以高速喷向经过预处理的工件表面形成牢固的表面层。
目前,国内市场上各类锅炉水冷壁防腐喷涂厂家多且杂,产品质量参差不齐且价格差异非常大,采用进口材料的单价较高,国产材料的单价基本上在2 000元/m2以内。建议选取有一定应用业绩且专业的喷涂单位进行相关喷涂防腐工作。
如前所述,该锅炉虽然也设置了贴壁风,但风源取自二次风,其刚性不足、容易扩散,无法有效起到补充氧气和隔绝烟气的作用。
针对低氮燃烧后锅炉高温腐蚀频发的问题,某公司研发出了非对称高速贴壁风技术[14],该技术布置方式基本相同,区别是风源采用刚性较强的一次风,且设计具有以下特点:1)高风速、低风率,“高瘦型”矩形喷口,可做到腐蚀区域气流全覆;2)喷口风量与气流方向非对称布置,实现重点腐蚀区域定向防治;3)喷口风量与角度可调,运行可调节性高;4)适用于中高硫分煤种,可提高锅炉对硫分的适应性。
目前,该技术已在赣能丰城、国能盘山、华能沁北等电厂得到应用,辅以喷涂技术,防腐蚀效果显著,其流场如图12所示。
水冷壁结焦严重,容易造成水冷壁壁温升高,加速管壁腐蚀。有资料表明,在水冷壁壁温300~500 ℃,管壁外表面温度每升高50 ℃,腐蚀程度则增加1倍。因此,在大比例掺烧高碱煤时,采取有效措施减轻水冷壁结焦和降低水冷壁壁温是十分必要的。
参考新疆高碱煤锅炉目前的燃用经验,治理结焦沾污方面可借鉴的比较成熟的手段主要有3种:
1)对高碱煤与锅炉的适应性进行评估,并开展配煤掺烧和燃烧优化调整试验,在保证锅炉带负荷和安全稳定运行的情况下确定合适的高碱煤比例;
2)运行过程中添加5%~8%的高岭土,对高碱煤飞灰进行改性,提升其中的硅、铝质量分数,降低钠、钾质量分数,增强对钠的固化能力,减少钠、钾氧化物的挥发,基本可实现全烧高碱煤[15]
3)进行设备改造,增加炉膛蒸汽吹灰器数量,尤其注意在易结焦的燃烧器区、还原区要布置吹灰器,做到吹灰全覆盖,必要时装设水力吹灰器,同时在屏区和水平烟道受热面以及低再、低过进口增加长吹,可以起到有效控制结焦沾污的作用。对于本350 MW锅炉,炉膛建议安装的吹灰器数量不低于60只、水力吹灰器可安装4只。
本文通过煤质特性研究、燃烧优化调整试验、高温腐蚀防治技术研究,对甘肃某电厂350 MW对冲燃烧锅炉大比例燃用新疆高碱煤的锅炉的高温腐蚀特性和防治措施进行了研究,主要得到以下结论和建议。
1)该锅炉燃用的广汇煤和新疆能源煤,均属于极易着火、燃尽和结渣煤种,氯和碱金属质量分数较高,硫质量分数中等,与哈密煤大比例掺烧时,容易导致锅炉受热面出现硫化物、硫酸盐和氯腐蚀。
2)燃烧调整结果表明,水冷壁近壁气氛中的氧量过低和H2S体积分数过高是造成锅炉发生严重高温腐蚀的主要原因。通过燃烧调整手段,只能在一定程度上减轻水冷壁高温腐蚀,无法完全消除。
3)煤粉气流与二次风在燃烧早期无法充分混合以及强还原性高温烟气和未完全燃烧的煤粉气流引流至侧墙水冷壁附近贴壁燃烧,是H2S产生的主要原因,建议采取优化内二次风旋流叶片角度和燃烧器向炉内层倾向措施。
4)除减少H2S产生外,高温腐蚀防治建议还应从增加非对称高速贴壁风补充供风、采用高质量的喷涂材料和工艺、采取措施减轻炉内结焦沾污3个方面加以改进,彻底解决水冷壁高温腐蚀问题。
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2024年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306086
  • 接收时间:2023-06-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-05
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作者信息
    1.嘉峪关宏晟电热有限责任公司,甘肃 嘉峪关 735100
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

杨忠灿(1977),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭安全、清洁、高效燃烧,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202306086
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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