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Article(id=1211002405903274742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695830400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655072904, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655072904, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655072904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655072904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002410328265512, articleId=1211002405903274742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermal calculation and numerical simulation on double-U flame slag-tap boiler that fully burning high-alkali coal, columnId=1210998031487464445, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=High proportion combustion technology for high-alkali coal, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Further research on slag-tap boiler can promote the application of fully burning high-alkali coal technology. In this study, a supercritical 350 MW once-through double-U flame slag-tap boiler is taken as the research object and the combustion chamber, slag collection tube bundle and cooling chamber are taken as the calculation units, the thermal calculation is performed from the perspective of heat balance. The flow field, temperature field and component field in the boiler under design condition and at variable loads are studied. The deviations of several flue gas temperature results obtained by thermal calculation and numerical simulation are within 40 K. At the outlet of the combustion chamber, the deviation is only 1.2 K. The temperature deviation of flue gas at the outlet of cooling chamber is 15.6 K. After verification and comparison, it is concluded that the thermal calculation method adopted can be applied to the thermal calculation on double-U flame slag-tap boiler that fully burning high-alkali coal. The flow field is well organized. The recirculation zones formed by swirling flow can increase the movement path of pulverized coal particles in the combustion chamber and promote the burning. When the flue gas flows through the slag collection tube bundle, the temperature greatly reduces. The flow field is also disturbed, which can effectively capture the ash. At variable loads, the velocity field in the boiler decreases proportionally according to the reduction ratio of the amount of coal. However, the size of the recirculation zones is basically unchanged. The temperature level in the boiler reduces, when the amount of coal reduces from 100% to 75%, the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the combustion chamber reduces by about 75 K, and the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the cooling chamber reduces by about 200 K. This study can provide reference for fully burning high-alkali coal in double-U flame slag-tap boiler.

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对液态排渣锅炉的深入研究将会推动纯燃高碱煤技术的推广。以一台超临界350 MW机组直流双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉为研究对象，以燃烧室、捕渣管束和冷却室为单元，从热平衡的角度出发展开热力计算，并借助数值模拟手段，研究了炉膛内设计工况下的流场、温度场和组分场及其在变负荷时的变化情况。热力计算和数值模拟表明，几处烟气温度结果偏差都低于40.0 ℃。燃烧室出口烟气温度偏差仅为1.2 ℃，冷却室出口烟气温度偏差为15.6 ℃。经过验证和比较，所采用的热力计算方法可以应用于双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉纯燃高碱煤热力计算。数值模拟结果显示，炉内空气动力场良好，旋流形成的回流区可以增加煤粉颗粒在燃烧室的运动路径，促进煤粉的燃尽。烟气在流经捕渣管时，温度大大降低，同时流场也受到了一定的扰动，可以有效捕捉灰渣。在变负荷工况下，炉内的速度场按负荷降低成比例下降，回流区的大小基本不变。炉内的温度水平降低，当给煤量由100%降至75%时，燃烧室出口烟温降低了约75 ℃，而冷却室出口烟温降低了约200 ℃。本研究可为双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉纯燃高碱煤提供参考。

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笪耀东（1979），男，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要研究方向为特种设备安全节能环保检测与评价、绿色低碳发展等，。
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杨家辉（1999），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为锅炉受热面安全性分析及CFD数值仿真计算，。

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杨家辉（1999），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为锅炉受热面安全性分析及CFD数值仿真计算，。

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杨家辉（1999），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为锅炉受热面安全性分析及CFD数值仿真计算，。

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Fuel, 2022, 308: 121962., articleTitle=Research on element migration and ash deposition characteristics of high-alkali coal in horizontal liquid slagging cyclone furnace, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018030969131769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［22］, rfOrder=30, authorNames=汪华剑, 马翔, 邓玲恵, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪华剑, 马翔, 邓玲恵, 等. 含有分级炉烟的双U型液态排渣锅炉低氮燃烧系统及方法: CN202011325737.2[P]. 2021-02-05[2023-09-26]., articleTitle=含有分级炉烟的双U型液态排渣锅炉低氮燃烧系统及方法: CN202011325737.2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018031057212154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［22］, rfOrder=31, authorNames=WANG Huajian, MA Xiang, DENG Linghui, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Huajian, MA Xiang, DENG Linghui, et al. Low-nitrogen combustion system and method for double-U slag-tapping boiler containing grading flue gas: CN202011325737.2[P]. 2021-02-05[2023-09-26]., articleTitle=Low-nitrogen combustion system and method for double-U slag-tapping boiler containing grading flue gas: CN202011325737.2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018031178846973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［23］, rfOrder=32, authorNames=申朋抗, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=申朋抗. 深度空气分级对旋风液态排渣锅炉燃烧特性影响研究[D]. 郑州: 华北水利水电大学, 2023: 1., articleTitle=深度空气分级对旋风液态排渣锅炉燃烧特性影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018031275315967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［23］, rfOrder=33, authorNames=SHEN Pengkang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHEN Pengkang. Study on combustion characteristics of deep-air staged contra-cyclone liquid-slag boiler[D]. Zhengzhou: North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, 2023: 1., articleTitle=Study on combustion characteristics of deep-air staged contra-cyclone liquid-slag boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018031367590657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=335, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［24］, rfOrder=34, authorNames=NI Y, HU S, ZHANG Y, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NI Y, HU S, ZHANG Y, et al. Research on the effects of the fly ash reburning on element migration and ash deposition characteristics of high-alkali coal in a full-scale slag-tapping boiler[J]. 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Standard method for thermal calculation of boiler units[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1976: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018031841547019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［27］, rfOrder=38, authorNames=周敬, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周敬. 基于超临界CO2动力循环的燃煤锅炉传热与燃烧特性研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2023: 1., articleTitle=基于超临界CO2动力循环的燃煤锅炉传热与燃烧特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211018031925433101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［27］, rfOrder=39, authorNames=ZHOU Jing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Jing. Supercritical carbon dioxide coal-fired boiler characteristics study of heat transfer and combustion based on supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2023: 1., articleTitle=Supercritical carbon dioxide coal-fired boiler characteristics study of heat transfer and combustion based on supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1211018026682552980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, awardId=2018YFB0604103, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFB0604103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1211018026783216279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, awardId=2018YFB0604103, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0604103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1211018017648021832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211018017652216137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Design parameters of the boiler (BMCR condition)

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项目数值项目数值
额定负荷/MW350给水温度/℃294
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 158再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)962
过热蒸汽压力/MPa25.8给煤量/(t·h–1)167.9
过热蒸汽温度/℃574过量空气系数1.17
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025575256683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉设计参数（BMCR工况）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
额定负荷/MW350给水温度/℃294
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 158再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)962
过热蒸汽压力/MPa25.8给煤量/(t·h–1)167.9
过热蒸汽温度/℃574过量空气系数1.17
), ArticleFig(id=1211018025667531375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405903274742, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fuel property analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析/%元素分析/%Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg-1)
war(FC)wdaf(V)war(A)war(M)war(C)war(H)war(O)war(N)war(S)
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双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉纯燃高碱煤热力计算及数值模拟研究
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杨家辉 1 , 汪瑾 1 , 马翔 2 , 邓磊 1 , 笪耀东 1, 3 , 车得福 1
热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024,53(1): 38-45
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热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024, 53(1): 38-45
双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉纯燃高碱煤热力计算及数值模拟研究
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杨家辉1 , 汪瑾1, 马翔2, 邓磊1, 笪耀东1, 3 , 车得福1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室，陕西　西安　710049
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
  • 3.中国特种设备检测研究院，北京　100029

    • 杨家辉（1999），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为锅炉受热面安全性分析及CFD数值仿真计算，。

通讯作者:

笪耀东（1979），男，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要研究方向为特种设备安全节能环保检测与评价、绿色低碳发展等，。
Thermal calculation and numerical simulation on double-U flame slag-tap boiler that fully burning high-alkali coal
Jiahui YANG1 , Jin WANG1, Xiang MA2, Lei DENG1, Yaodong DA1, 3 , Defu CHE1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309154
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摘要
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对液态排渣锅炉的深入研究将会推动纯燃高碱煤技术的推广。以一台超临界350 MW机组直流双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉为研究对象，以燃烧室、捕渣管束和冷却室为单元，从热平衡的角度出发展开热力计算，并借助数值模拟手段，研究了炉膛内设计工况下的流场、温度场和组分场及其在变负荷时的变化情况。热力计算和数值模拟表明，几处烟气温度结果偏差都低于40.0 ℃。燃烧室出口烟气温度偏差仅为1.2 ℃，冷却室出口烟气温度偏差为15.6 ℃。经过验证和比较，所采用的热力计算方法可以应用于双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉纯燃高碱煤热力计算。数值模拟结果显示，炉内空气动力场良好，旋流形成的回流区可以增加煤粉颗粒在燃烧室的运动路径，促进煤粉的燃尽。烟气在流经捕渣管时，温度大大降低，同时流场也受到了一定的扰动，可以有效捕捉灰渣。在变负荷工况下，炉内的速度场按负荷降低成比例下降，回流区的大小基本不变。炉内的温度水平降低，当给煤量由100%降至75%时，燃烧室出口烟温降低了约75 ℃，而冷却室出口烟温降低了约200 ℃。本研究可为双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉纯燃高碱煤提供参考。

高碱煤  /  液态排渣锅炉  /  纯燃  /  热力计算  /  数值模拟

Further research on slag-tap boiler can promote the application of fully burning high-alkali coal technology. In this study, a supercritical 350 MW once-through double-U flame slag-tap boiler is taken as the research object and the combustion chamber, slag collection tube bundle and cooling chamber are taken as the calculation units, the thermal calculation is performed from the perspective of heat balance. The flow field, temperature field and component field in the boiler under design condition and at variable loads are studied. The deviations of several flue gas temperature results obtained by thermal calculation and numerical simulation are within 40 K. At the outlet of the combustion chamber, the deviation is only 1.2 K. The temperature deviation of flue gas at the outlet of cooling chamber is 15.6 K. After verification and comparison, it is concluded that the thermal calculation method adopted can be applied to the thermal calculation on double-U flame slag-tap boiler that fully burning high-alkali coal. The flow field is well organized. The recirculation zones formed by swirling flow can increase the movement path of pulverized coal particles in the combustion chamber and promote the burning. When the flue gas flows through the slag collection tube bundle, the temperature greatly reduces. The flow field is also disturbed, which can effectively capture the ash. At variable loads, the velocity field in the boiler decreases proportionally according to the reduction ratio of the amount of coal. However, the size of the recirculation zones is basically unchanged. The temperature level in the boiler reduces, when the amount of coal reduces from 100% to 75%, the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the combustion chamber reduces by about 75 K, and the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the cooling chamber reduces by about 200 K. This study can provide reference for fully burning high-alkali coal in double-U flame slag-tap boiler.

high-alkali coal  /  slag-tap boiler  /  fully burning  /  thermal calculation  /  numerical simulation
杨家辉, 汪瑾, 马翔, 邓磊, 笪耀东, 车得福. 双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉纯燃高碱煤热力计算及数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 38 -45 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309154
Jiahui YANG, Jin WANG, Xiang MA, Lei DENG, Yaodong DA, Defu CHE. Thermal calculation and numerical simulation on double-U flame slag-tap boiler that fully burning high-alkali coal[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 38 -45 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309154
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以燃煤发电为主的火力发电依旧占据我国一次能源结构的主导地位[1]。我国东疆和北疆地区有着丰富的高碱煤储量资源[2]，具有极大的开发和利用价值。高碱煤是指煤灰中折算Na2O质量分数（w(Na2O)+0.66w(K2O) ）超过2.5%的煤种[3]。燃用高碱煤时，煤灰中的Na、K化合物会以气相的形式析出，并与烟气中的S、Cl化合物反应生成Na2SO4、K2SO4等碱金属盐[4-5]。煤灰中碱金属盐含量较高时，灰渣熔点将会降低[6]，灰渣易以熔融态或半熔融态粘附在高温炉膛壁面中，形成初始渣层，并不断吸附其他灰粒生长[7]。因此，普通锅炉直接燃用高碱煤会造成受热面严重的积灰结渣问题，甚至导致受热面超温爆管，影响锅炉的正常运行，这严重阻碍了高碱煤作为电站锅炉燃料的推广应用[8]。
为解决高碱煤结渣严重的问题，多数电厂采用在高碱煤中掺烧低钠煤或其他燃料的措施[9-17]。但是掺烧法增加了电厂运行的成本。液态排渣技术可以实现将低熔点灰分以熔融态形式分离排出，解决了锅炉受热面结渣严重的问题，理论上可以实现全燃高碱煤[18]。常见的液态排渣锅炉有立式旋风燃烧液态排渣锅炉、卧式旋风燃烧液态排渣锅炉等。王为术等[19]针对液态排渣锅炉烟气中热力型NOx含量高的特点，通过数值模拟研究了调整空气分级对NOx释放的影响规律。任志远等[20]针对一台液态排渣卧式旋风燃烧器，通过数值模拟的方式研究了燃烧器的最佳尺寸和二次风的最佳布置位置。Hu等人[21]通过试验方法研究了一台卧式旋风液态排渣锅炉内灰渣的生长特性和成分特性。
双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉是一种高效的液态排渣锅炉，具有容积热负荷高、尺寸小等特点，已在部分热电厂取得了应用[22]。申朋抗[23]通过数值模拟手段，研究了风量配比对双U型锅炉燃烧特性的影响。Ni等人[18,24]通过试验研究，得到了全燃高碱煤条件下，受热面的积灰结渣特性。Jing等人[25]通过便携式光谱系统研究了双U型锅炉中碱金属的化学反应路径。然而，现有的研究中，对双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉全炉膛的传热传质研究依然较少，也没有提出适用于双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉的成熟的热力计算方法。
本文针对一台双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉开展热力计算和数值模拟研究，通过对比2种计算结果，验证了使用的热力计算方法和数值模拟模型的准确性，并借助数值模拟手段，研究了炉膛内部设计工况及变负荷条件下的燃烧、传热、传质特性。
1　研究对象概况
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本文研究对象为一台超临界350 MW机组直流双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉，其几何形状和锅炉最大连续蒸发量（BMCR）工况设计参数如图1和表1所示。
锅炉结构为双U型左右对称布置，在中间冷却室两侧各布置有1个燃烧室。携带煤粉的一次风和二次风垂直下射在燃烧室内着火，流出燃烧室的高温烟气流经捕渣管后进入冷却室，继续放热。燃烧室高度（到灰斗底部）为13.934 m，冷却室高度为41.314 m，炉膛宽度为14.708 m，燃烧室深度为5.700 m，冷却室下部深度为9.300 m，冷却室上部深度为13.508 m。
锅炉两侧燃烧室上方各布置有2列、4排旋流燃烧器，共16个燃烧器。燃烧器剖面结构如图1所示。旋流燃烧器由内到外依次是为中心风通道、一次风通道、内二次风通道和外二次风通道。煤粉随一次风进入炉膛，一次风和二次风通道布置有轴向旋流叶片以在燃烧器出口产生旋流，二次风与一次风旋流方向相反，相邻燃烧器的旋流方向也相反。这种布置方式可以增强炉内的传质，强化燃烧和换热。
锅炉燃用煤种为新疆淖毛湖煤，煤质分析及灰成分分析分别见表2、表3。
2　热力计算方法
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本研究将《锅炉机组热力计算标准方法》[26]中针对双室炉的换热计算方法应用于双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉。该标准将燃烧室、捕渣管束和冷却室分别作为热力计算的基本单元，从热平衡的角度出发，对这3个计算单元分别计算辐射换热量和对流传热量，并进一步求出各单元出口烟气温度。由于该标准中所述双室炉结构与双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉具有相似性，且该计算方法中用到的各项准则和公式理论上也适用于双U型锅炉的计算，因此本研究应用该方法针对双U型液态排渣锅炉开展热力计算。
2.1　燃烧室的换热计算
燃烧室的换热计算基于传热方程式和热平衡方程式展开，其中传热方程式为：
Qf=5.7×10−11×αl⋅zsHfBp(Tφ4−Tε4)
Qd=αdHf(Tφ−Tε)Bp×10−3
式中：Qf为燃烧室内辐射换热量，kJ/kg；αl·zs为炉室折算黑度；Tε为辐射受热面污壁温度，K；Hf为辐射受热面积，m2；Bp为计算燃料消耗量，kg/s；Tφ为炉内介质有效温度，K；Qd为燃烧室内对流传热量，kJ/kg；αd为炉内对流换热系数，W/(m2·K)。
热平衡方程式为：
Qf+Qd=φ(QT−IT")
式中：Qd为燃烧室内对流传热量，kJ/kg；QT为炉内有效放热量，kJ/kg；φ为保热系数；IT"为在燃烧室或冷却室的出口温度下和相应的过量空气系数α"下，1 kg燃料燃烧产物的焓，kJ/kg。
由于燃烧室中旋流强度较大，对流传热量高，且灰渣以熔融形态粘附在受热面，增加了传热热阻，因此燃烧室中的换热计算需要重点考虑对流换热系数的计算和辐射受热面的污壁温度的修正。
燃烧室中辐射受热面的污壁温度Tε按液态渣膜外表面温度Tzm确定。《锅炉机组热力计算标准方法》[26]中给出了通过渣的黏度特性、渣膜厚度以及由燃烧器（喷嘴）流出的二次风出口速度wB确定Tzm的线算图。
对流传热系数可据燃烧室燃烧的强化程度按以下经验关系式大致确定：
αd=3.954wB
式中：wB为燃烧器（喷嘴）出口处的二次风速，m/s。
联立求解传热方程式和热平衡方程式即可求得燃烧室的出口烟温。
2.2　捕渣管束的换热计算
烟气与捕渣管束之间的辐射换热量和对流传热量按下式计算：
Qbz=(αd+αf)H(θcp−Tzm⋅bz)Bp⋅ql×10−3
式中：αf为辐射放热系数，W/(m2·K)；H为捕渣管束的受热面积，m2；Tzm·bz为液态渣膜表面温度，K，取值比燃烧室中渣膜温度低100 K；θcp为烟气平均温度，K。
2.3　冷却室的换热计算
在冷却室中，由于烟气流速较低，因此仅考虑辐射换热量。传热计算中所用的传热方程式和热平衡方程式为式(1)和式(3)。其中，冷却室中的介质有效温度按冷却室出口1.05倍确定，冷却室中的污壁温度Tε通过计算管子外表面污垢层或耐火涂料层的热阻获得。
联立求解传热方程式和热平衡方程式即可求得冷却室的出口烟温。
3　数值模拟模型
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3.1　物理建模与网格划分
选取炉膛（到屏底平面）作为研究对象，按实际尺寸构建双U型锅炉几何模型，炉膛的物理建模如图1所示。
为优化网格模型，对计算域按燃烧器区域、燃烧室区域、下冷却室区域、上冷却室区域和灰斗区域分区构建网格。根据各区域几何特性，采取不同网格技术进行网格建模。对结构复杂、传热传质剧烈的区域（燃烧器、燃烧室、下冷却室），采用非结构四面体网格来更精确地模拟流体域内部的传热传质过程，同时减小网格尺寸以适应其内部复杂的结构（旋流叶片、捕渣管等）；对形状较规则、传热传质较弱的流体域（上冷却室），采用非结构化六面体网格划分，以节约计算资源。
针对设计工况，设计了数量分别为198.2万、306.5万和361.4万的3组网格进行网格无关性验证，选取沿冷却室中心线高度方向的温度分布作为评价指标，计算结果如图2所示。当网格数量由306.5万增加至361.4万时，高度方向上各点温度结果偏差均小于1%。综合考虑计算精度和成本，选取数量为306.5万的网格进行后续研究。网格模型如图3所示。
3.2　模型设置
采用ANSYS Fluent软件进行数值模拟。在数值计算的过程中，Fluent软件依据划分的网格，建立所求物理量（能量、速度、组分等）的离散方程，并通过迭代求出每个网格内各个物理量的数值解。在本研究开展的数值计算中，采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型模拟烟气相湍流流场。SIMPLE算法稳定性好且较于相对简单的流场有较快的收敛速度，因此使用SIMPLE算法求解湍流流场。由于烟气的压力变化并不明显，且流速较低，故选择基于压力的求解器来求解，梯度选项中选取Green-Gauss Cell Based方法。控制方程采用一阶迎风格式。组分模型选择组分输运模型。材料的理化性质，包括组分质量分数及物性参数等在Fluent的Mixture模型中进行详细定义。在计算时，先迭代若干步的流场，直至结果收敛，此时得到无煤粉参与的炉膛冷态流场；再打开DPM模型以考虑离散相（煤粉颗粒）和流场之间的耦合作用，设定连续相每迭代30次，开始进行离散相的计算。
3.3　边界条件设置
边界条件是指在计算域的边界，解应该满足的条件。合理的边界条件对模拟结果的准确性起着关键的作用。在锅炉燃烧模拟中，需要重点考虑的边界条件有进出口边界流体的状态、壁面与流体的换热特性、煤粉颗粒碰撞到边界后的运动状态等。在本数值研究过程中，需要用到质量流量入口边界、充分发展流出口边界和壁面边界条件。
在本研究中，通过质量流量入口（mass flow inlet）边界来定义空气入口边界条件，根据实际的风量分配设置各入口的质量流量。出口边界条件为“充分发展流出口（outflow）”条件且出口压力为大气压，这一边界条件假定除了压力之外的所有流动变量正法向度均为0，近似于充分发展流，不能模拟最终结果存在回流的物理问题，并且只能和速度入口边界条件搭配使用。所有计算域壁面均被规定为具有无滑移速度边界条件的等温壁面。无滑移指的是切向速度和固壁面速度相等，法向速度为0。壁面温度分燃烧室、捕渣管束、冷却室等区域设置，各区域的壁面温度按热力计算得到的该区域受热面内工质进出口温度的平均值设置。出口边界条件被设置为“逃逸（escape）”条件，在此处颗粒被标记为“escaped”并终止轨道计算。其他壁面的边界条件为“反射（reflect）”条件，即颗粒一旦撞击到壁面就会被反射回流体域中。
3.4　工况设置
为获取纯燃高碱煤双U型锅炉在设计工况及变负荷工况时的传热传质特性，对BMCR、75%给煤量以及50%给煤量3个工况进行数值模拟。各工况的详细设置见表4。
4　计算结果讨论
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4.1　结果验证
对热力计算和数值模拟得到的设计工况下燃烧室出口烟气温度、捕渣管束出口烟气温度及冷却室出口烟气温度结果进行对比分析，结果见表5。
对比结果显示，热力计算和数值模拟得到的几处烟气温度结果偏差都低于40 ℃，尤其是燃烧室出口烟气温度偏差仅为1.2 ℃，冷却室出口烟气温度偏差为15.6 ℃。根据前人的研究结果[27]，可以认为本研究的数值模型是足够准确的。
4.2　炉内传热传质特性分析
组织良好的流场可以延长煤粉颗粒在炉内的停留时间，从而促进燃烧和传热传质的进行。图4为燃烧器中心纵截面和燃烧器出口下1 m处燃烧室横截面速度场分布。在旋流燃烧器出口区域附近，由于一次风和二次风通道旋流叶片的作用导致气流发生旋转，出现了回流区，增加了煤粉颗粒在燃烧室内的停留时间，从而促进了燃烧室内燃烧反应的进行。
旋流燃烧器出口的最大速度在47.6 m/s左右。随后气流进入燃烧室，速度迅速降低。但随着燃烧作用放热的影响，沿燃烧室方向气流速度逐渐升高，燃烧室出口气流速度保持在26.7 m/s。当气流流入冷却室，由于横截面积的增大以及烟气温度的下降，速度迅速降低，炉膛出口平均速度为9.4 m/s。在冷却室上部，由于结构的不对称，锅炉整体速度呈现左侧高、右侧低的趋势。
图5为从旋流燃烧器进入的气体在燃烧室和下冷却室的流线分布。由图5可见：气体在燃烧室上部形成了较强的旋流，携带着煤粉的多股气流在燃烧室内相互混合，发生强烈的物理化学反应；在燃烧室下部，旋流强度减弱。当烟气流经捕渣管束室，由于管排的布置很密集，流场受到了一定的扰动，有助于灰渣的捕集。
图6显示了炉膛温度分布。由图6可知，在燃烧室中上部区域，煤粉的燃烧反应强烈，在燃烧室中部煤粉基本燃尽，温度达到峰值，约为2 160 K。此后沿烟气流程，烟气不断与炉膛壁面换热降温。在流经冷却室下部时，受密集布置的捕渣管的影响，烟气温度迅速降低至1 800 K左右。烟气的出口温度约为1 470 K。在燃烧室的上部，热量由燃烧器喷口的中心逐渐向外扩散，形成8个温度较高的区域。在旋流的作用下，高温区域逐渐扩大，并逐渐连通，形成充满整个炉膛的完整区域。
图7显示了炉膛组分场分布。由图7可见，在燃烧室内，O2质量分数迅速减少，说明燃烧反应迅速进行。O2在燃烧室内呈对称分布，燃烧室中心和近壁区O2质量分数相对较大。因为该处烟气的速度较大，且温度较低，因此O2的消耗速度相对较慢。当烟气流出燃烧室，烟气中的O2质量分数仅为0.017，此时煤粉已基本燃尽。
在燃烧室喷口附近区域，由于此处的O2质量分数充足且温度较高，因此NOx质量分数迅速升高。在燃烧室中部区域，由于此处为还原性气氛，NOx与CO等组分发生还原反应，被快速消耗。此后沿烟气流程，NOx的质量分数基本保持不变。在屏底截面，NOx平均质量分数约为0.023。
4.3　变负荷特性分析
图8显示了给煤量分别为100%（BMCR工况，下同）、75%与50%时炉内的速度分布。由图8可以看到，当给煤量下降时，由于进入炉膛空气量下降，因此炉内速度也会按给煤量下降的比例下降，而回流区的大小基本不变。
图9为给煤量分别为100%、75%与50%时炉内的温度分布。由图9可见，当给煤量成比例下降时，由于燃烧室单位体积内燃料放热量的下降，炉内的平均温度迅速下降，屏底温度降低。燃烧室内的最高温度亦有所下降。同时由于气体流速降低，火焰中心略有上移。当给煤量由100%降至75%时，燃烧室出口烟温由1 589.7 ℃降至1 514.8 ℃，冷却室出口烟温由1 202.5 ℃降至998.9 ℃。
图10显示了给煤量分别为100%、75%与50%时炉内的O2质量分数分布。当给煤量成比例下降时，虽然过量空气系数没有发生改变，但是由于炉内各组分的绝对浓度降低，燃烧反应剧烈程度下降。在燃烧室下部，出现明显的O2质量分数增加现象，说明此时燃烧室的燃尽率降低。
图11显示了给煤量分别为100%、75%与50%时炉内的NOx质量分数分布。当给煤量成比例下降时，由于燃烧室内温度水平降低，一方面，燃烧室上部生成的热力型NOx减少，另一方面，在燃烧室中下部，NOx被还原的速率也减慢，因此，整个炉膛内的NOx质量分数趋于均匀化。随着给煤量的降低，屏底截面的NOx平均质量分数并未出现太大的波动，仅由0.023升至了0.026。
5　结论
收起
1）热力计算和数值模拟得到的几处烟气温度结果偏差都低于40.0 ℃。在燃烧室出口，烟气温度偏差仅为1.2 ℃，冷却室出口烟气温度偏差为15.6 ℃。结果表明《锅炉机组热力计算标准方法》[26]中针对双室炉的换热计算方法可以用于双U型火焰液态排渣锅炉。
2）炉内空气动力场良好，旋流形成的回流区可以增加煤粉颗粒在燃烧室的运动路径，促进煤粉燃烧反应的进行，煤粉在燃烧室内就已基本燃尽。烟气在流经捕渣管时，温度明显下降，同时流场也受到了一定的扰动，可以有效捕捉灰渣。
3）在变负荷工况下，炉内的速度场按负荷降低比例成比例下降，回流区的大小基本不变。炉内的温度水平降低，当给煤量由100%降至75%时，燃烧室出口烟温降低了约75 ℃，而冷却室出口烟温降低了约200 ℃。
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0604103)
文献
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2024年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309154
  • 接收时间：2023-09-28
  • 首发时间：2025-12-25
  • 出版时间：2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-09-28
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFB0604103)
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0604103)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室，陕西　西安　710049
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
    3.中国特种设备检测研究院，北京　100029

通讯作者:

笪耀东（1979），男，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要研究方向为特种设备安全节能环保检测与评价、绿色低碳发展等，。
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