Article(id=1211002405139911405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686931200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655072722, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655072722, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655072722, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655072722, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002405366403824, articleId=1211002405139911405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Based on the study of variable operating conditions and experimental verification of a small-scale ORC with a scroll expander, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a fundamental component of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), the scroll expander's operating characteristics critically influence the ORC's overall performance. Initially, we establish a three-dimensional transient simulation model of the scroll expander. This allows us to systematically analyze the effects of various operating conditions on aspects such as suction pressure, exhaust pressure, rotational speed, and the output power and isentropic efficiency of the scroll expander, using numerical simulation. Following this, we study the effect of different operating conditions on the transient performance and mechanical properties of the scroll expander, and achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved. Ultimately, we verify the accuracy of our numerical model using a laboratory-built test bench of the ORC low-temperature waste heat oil-free power generation system. The close correlation between the experimental results and numerical simulation outcomes authenticates the reliability and applicability of our numerical simulation method. In conclusion, this research's findings offer significant referential value for the design and optimization of the scroll expander.

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涡旋膨胀机作为有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)核心部件之一,其运行特性直接影响了ORC的性能。首先,建立了涡旋膨胀机的三维瞬态仿真模型,通过数值模拟的方法,系统地分析了不同工况下吸气压力、排气压力、转速和对涡旋膨胀机输出功率和等熵效率的影响;其次,分析了不同工况对涡旋膨胀机瞬态性能的影响,较为全面地分析了其中的机理;最后,通过实验室搭建的ORC低温余热无油发电系统试验台验证了数值模型的准确性,实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好,验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性和适用性。研究结果对涡旋膨胀机的设计和优化具有重要的参考价值。

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彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和低温余热发电,
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石磊(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和数值模拟,

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Geometric parameters of the scroll expander

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项目数值
基圆半径R/mm4.647
偏心距r/mm9.600
涡旋齿高h/mm42.500
涡旋齿壁厚t/mm5.000
渐开线发生角a/(°)30.767
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涡旋膨胀机几何参数

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项目数值
基圆半径R/mm4.647
偏心距r/mm9.600
涡旋齿高h/mm42.500
涡旋齿壁厚t/mm5.000
渐开线发生角a/(°)30.767
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Time-averaged performance of vortex expanders with different numbers of grid

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网格等级网格总数质量流量/(kg·s–1)驱动力矩/(N·m)等熵效率/%时间/h
A185万0.124 585.4237.8216
A2110万0.127 965.6438.1624
A3150万0.131 245.8338.6433
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不同网格数量下涡旋膨胀机的时均性能

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网格等级网格总数质量流量/(kg·s–1)驱动力矩/(N·m)等熵效率/%时间/h
A185万0.124 585.4237.8216
A2110万0.127 965.6438.1624
A3150万0.131 245.8338.6433
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Parameters of different suction pressures

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工况编号吸气
压力/MPa
吸气温度/K排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)
T10.84000.252 000
T21.14000.252 000
T31.44000.252 000
T41.74000.252 000
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不同吸气压力参数

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工况编号吸气
压力/MPa
吸气温度/K排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)
T10.84000.252 000
T21.14000.252 000
T31.44000.252 000
T41.74000.252 000
), ArticleFig(id=1211018027731129018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405139911405, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of different exhaust pressures

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工况编号进气压力/MPa进气温度/K排气
压力/MPa
转速/(r·min–1)
S11.24000.152 000
S21.24000.302 000
S31.24000.452 000
S41.24000.602 000
), ArticleFig(id=1211018027823403708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405139911405, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同排气压力参数

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工况编号进气压力/MPa进气温度/K排气
压力/MPa
转速/(r·min–1)
S11.24000.152 000
S21.24000.302 000
S31.24000.452 000
S41.24000.602 000
), ArticleFig(id=1211018027919872704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1211002405139911405, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Different exhaust pressure parameters

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工况编号进气压力/MPa进气温度/K排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)
11.24000.251 200
21.24000.251 500
31.24000.251 800
41.24000.252 100
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不同转速参数

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工况编号进气压力/MPa进气温度/K排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)
11.24000.251 200
21.24000.251 500
31.24000.251 800
41.24000.252 100
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基于小型ORC涡旋膨胀机变工况特性研究及实验验证
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石磊 , 赵亚珑 , 彭斌
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(1): 115-123
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(1): 115-123
基于小型ORC涡旋膨胀机变工况特性研究及实验验证
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石磊 , 赵亚珑, 彭斌
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学机电工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 石磊(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和数值模拟,

通讯作者:

彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和低温余热发电,
Based on the study of variable operating conditions and experimental verification of a small-scale ORC with a scroll expander
Lei SHI , Yalong ZHAO, Bin PENG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306095
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涡旋膨胀机作为有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)核心部件之一,其运行特性直接影响了ORC的性能。首先,建立了涡旋膨胀机的三维瞬态仿真模型,通过数值模拟的方法,系统地分析了不同工况下吸气压力、排气压力、转速和对涡旋膨胀机输出功率和等熵效率的影响;其次,分析了不同工况对涡旋膨胀机瞬态性能的影响,较为全面地分析了其中的机理;最后,通过实验室搭建的ORC低温余热无油发电系统试验台验证了数值模型的准确性,实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好,验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性和适用性。研究结果对涡旋膨胀机的设计和优化具有重要的参考价值。

有机朗肯循环  /  涡旋膨胀机  /  数值模拟  /  变工况  /  实验验证

As a fundamental component of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), the scroll expander's operating characteristics critically influence the ORC's overall performance. Initially, we establish a three-dimensional transient simulation model of the scroll expander. This allows us to systematically analyze the effects of various operating conditions on aspects such as suction pressure, exhaust pressure, rotational speed, and the output power and isentropic efficiency of the scroll expander, using numerical simulation. Following this, we study the effect of different operating conditions on the transient performance and mechanical properties of the scroll expander, and achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved. Ultimately, we verify the accuracy of our numerical model using a laboratory-built test bench of the ORC low-temperature waste heat oil-free power generation system. The close correlation between the experimental results and numerical simulation outcomes authenticates the reliability and applicability of our numerical simulation method. In conclusion, this research's findings offer significant referential value for the design and optimization of the scroll expander.

ORC  /  scroll expander  /  numerical simulation  /  variable operating conditions  /  experimental verification
石磊, 赵亚珑, 彭斌. 基于小型ORC涡旋膨胀机变工况特性研究及实验验证. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306095
Lei SHI, Yalong ZHAO, Bin PENG. Based on the study of variable operating conditions and experimental verification of a small-scale ORC with a scroll expander[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306095
2020年,中国政府宣布2030年前二氧化碳排放达到峰值,2060年前实现碳中和[1-2]。实现这一目标的一个可行方法是提高能源效率。现有的研究表明有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)可以将低品位热能转化为高品位电能,被认为是利用低温余热资源的最有效途径之一[3]。膨胀装置是ORC的核心部件,膨胀机输出功率和等熵效率是评价其性能的核心指标。涡旋式膨胀机具有运行平稳、噪声低、效率高、压缩比小等优点,是小型ORC的较好选择[4]
随着对涡旋膨胀机的深入研究,越来越多的学者试图通过型线的组合和结构的改变来提升涡旋膨胀机的性能。彭斌等[5]建立了变壁厚涡旋膨胀机的数学模型,分析了基圆变径系数对涡旋膨胀机性能的影响。Garg等人[6]开发了一个多功能模型,能够生成适合任何ORC规格的有效涡旋膨胀机的几何模型。Fanti等人[7]使用2种配置研究了齿侧间隙57 μm和165 μm时对涡旋膨胀机性能的影响。结果显示,当齿侧间隙为57 μm时,等熵效率达到最高50.5%。Alshammari等人[8]利用数值建模和多目标优化来改善涡旋膨胀机的外形,使输出功率增加10.68%,等熵效率增加5.59%。Gao等人[9]开发了一种新的对置式旋转活塞膨胀机,与传统膨胀机相比,体积更小,效率更高(绝热效率为79.5%)。
随着CFD技术的发展,研究人员通过数值模拟的手段对涡旋膨胀机进行深入且全面的研究。Emhardt等人[10]开发了一个可变壁厚涡旋膨胀机的CFD模型。文献[11]利用CFD分析了可变壁厚对小型ORC涡旋膨胀机空气动力性能的影响。其他研究人员,如Singh等人[12]使用CFD方法研究CO2作为制冷剂在涡旋膨胀机中的流动特性。Song等人[13]基于CFD对不同进口位置的涡旋膨胀机进行了三维数值模拟,揭示了取决于进口位置的气体力和扭矩波动的变化。Du等人[14]建立了T-CO2工作条件下涡旋膨胀机的可靠的三维CFD模型,比较了T-CO2和R123的性能差异。Feng等人[15]利用数值模拟对进口温度、膨胀比和转速对膨胀机性能的影响进行了深入研究。Song等人[16]为涡旋膨胀机引入了一种新型的双边对称排放结构,并利用CFD方法将其与单层排放结构进行比较。Liu等人[17]为余热回收系统中的涡流膨胀机建立了一个单向流动-热-固体数值耦合模型研究涡旋盘的变形。
随着实验条件的改善,学者们越来越关注对涡旋膨胀机的实验研究。Zhang等人[18]对热源温度在64.8~98.2 ℃不同内置体积比的涡旋膨胀机进行了实验研究。Fanti等人[7]比较了涡旋膨胀机和转子膨胀机在ORC方面的性能差异。Hsieh等人[19]开发了一种新的ORC,使用变速双排膨胀机,并通过实验研究了不同热源温度下的循环性能。Oh等人[20]开发了一个新的涡旋膨胀机的数值模型,通过将模拟模型与实验数据耦合,确定了2个关键的未知参数。在使用R245fa作为工作流体的1 kW规模的ORC试验台上进行了实验,仿真模型的误差在5%以内。Xi等人[21]在相同的热源条件下对各种系统结构和不同吸气量的膨胀机进行了实验比较。Gao等人[22]研究了不同吸气口位置的涡旋膨胀机对ORC的影响,并根据主要设备的子模型建立了ORC的热力学和传热模型。Kosmadakis等人[23]开发了一种新型的开放式驱动涡流膨胀器,并将其纳入小型ORC发动机。Lu等人[24]建造并测试了一个涡旋膨胀机试验台,以模拟吸收式热电联产系统在类似操作条件下的性能。Giuffrida等人[25]通过一个半经验模型研究了用低GWP流体替代原始工作流体(R245fa)时2 kW密封涡旋膨胀机的性能。
输出功率和等熵效率是评估涡旋膨胀机运行性能的主要指标,这2个关键参数不是独立存在的,而是受到各种因素的影响,如进气压力、排气压力、转速和涡旋膨胀机的具体几何形状。然而,现有研究往往集中在考察单个因素对涡旋膨胀机性能的影响,并且对涡旋膨胀机的瞬态性能和力学性能仍然没有充分的探索和了解,缺乏对涡旋膨胀机变工况的系统性研究。
本文首先建立了涡旋膨胀机的三维瞬态模型;然后通过数值模拟研究了不同运行工况对涡旋膨胀机的入口和出口质量流速、驱动扭矩、输出功率、等熵效率和3种气体力的影响;最后在所构建的ORC低温余热发电平台上验证了该模型的准确性。
涡旋膨胀机的几何模型构成了后续数值模拟研究的基础。本文所研究的ORC涡旋膨胀机,是由奥特佳wx-40无油涡旋压缩机改造而来。其主要工作区域由多对月牙形的膨胀腔构成,这种特别的构造方式是通过使用2个相同的型线参数、偏心距和相位角度差为180°的动静涡盘组合形成的。此涡旋膨胀机的型线采用的是圆渐开线,通过对齿头型线进行双圆弧修正得到了涡旋膨胀机的精确几何模型。图1给出了涡旋膨胀机的几何模型,表1列出了具体的几何参数。
在该模拟中,利用来自NIST REFPROP数据库的制冷剂R245fa的实际气体模型来模拟工作流体的热力学和传输性质。R245fa在膨胀机中的湍流流动需要遵循Navier-Stokes方程。
连续方程为:
ρt+ρux+ρvy+ρwzSadd =0
式中:ρ为密度;t为时间;uvw分别为沿着xyz轴方向的速度;Sadd为添加到连续源和任何用户定义源的质量,默认值为0。
能量守恒方程为:
t(ρ(U+v22))+(ρv(h+v22))=(λeffTjhjJj+τeffv)+Svolume 
U=hpop+pρ,h=cpdT+pρ
式中:λeff为有效电导率;Jj为物质j的扩散通量;U为材料的内能;h为显热焓;τeff为应力张量;pop为操作压力;p为表压;Svolume为体积热源。
动量方程为:
t(ρv)+(ρvv)+p=μ[(v+vT)23vξ]+Sf
式中:μ为分子黏度;ξ为单位张量;p为静压;Sf为源相。
ANSYS Fluent软件提供的RNG k-ε模型能够通过适当修改湍流黏度μ来考虑旋流和旋转的影响。因此,本研究采用RNG k-ε模型。模型的传输方程如下:
t(ρk)+xi(ρkui)=xj[σkμeffkxj]+Ek+Ebρε(1+2Mt2)DM+Sk
t(ρε)+xi(ρεui)=xj[σεμeffεxj]+C1εεk(Ek+C3eEb)C2ερε2kRε+Sε
式中:Ek为由于平均速度梯度而产生的湍流动能;Eb为由浮力而产生的湍流动能,当忽略气体质量时Eb=0;∂k和∂ε分别为kε的逆效应普朗特数,在高雷诺数极限下,∂k=ε=1.393;SkSε为用户定义的源项;当选择RNG k-ε模型时,C1ε=1.42,C2ε=1.68,C3ε是一个变量,为模型受浮力影响的程度,当流动方向垂直于重力方向时,C3ε=0。
作为ORC系统的重要组成部分,涡旋膨胀机的工作性能对整个系统的效能产生着显著的影响。因此,对其进行精确且深入的受力分析至关重要,这为可靠性评估、动态平衡设计以及强度设计提供了理论基础。具体计算如下:
Fr=Fxcos(wt)+Fysin(wt)
Ft=Fycos(wt)+Fysin(wt)
Fa=Fz
涡旋膨胀机通过偏心轴输出的输出功率为:
M¯=tt+TMt(t)dt=tt+TFtrdt
W=2πn60M¯
式中:n为转速;M¯为动涡旋盘的驱动力矩的时间平均值;Ft为动涡旋盘受到的切向力;Fa为轴向气体力;Fr为径向气体力;r为动涡旋盘的回转半径。
涡旋膨胀机等熵效率为:
η=H1H2H1H2=Wm¯(hin hout )
式中:m¯为单位时间工作流体的质量流率;hin为工作流体入口的比焓;hout为工作流体出口的比焓。
通常,对涡旋膨胀机流体区域模型的划分采用混合网格策略,这意味着在非工作腔中,采用结构化网格进行描述,而在工作腔中,使用非结构化网格拉伸方法。这种混合方式的网格划分旨在最大程度上反映涡旋膨胀机内部的流体流动特性。图2展示了网格模型。
为选取合适的计算域网格尺度与数量,对比了特定工况下3种不同数量网格模型的数值计算结果,见表2
对网格A2与网格A1进行比较发现,它们在质量流量、驱动力矩和等熵效率上的偏差分别为2.6%、3.9%和0.89%;将网格A2与网格A3进行对比,可以观察到质量流量、驱动力矩和等熵效率的偏差分别为2.5%、3.6%和1.2%。综合考虑准确性和效率,网格A2在进行涡旋膨胀机的数值模拟计算时,已经满足了网格独立性和计算精度的要求。
在分析吸气压力对涡旋膨胀机性能的影响时,涡旋膨胀机的工质进口温度保持恒定,而吸气压力发生变化。模拟工况参数见表3,不同吸气压力的等熵效率和输出功率如图3所示。由图3可以看到,随着吸气压力的增加,输出功率呈现线性增加的趋势,当吸气压力从0.8 MPa增加到1.7 MPa时,输出功率从1.074 kW增加到了3.056 kW,增加了1.982 kW,增加趋势较为明显。这是由于当吸气压力增加时,气体密度会增加,从而导致质量流量增加。这将使得涡旋膨胀机可从气体中提取更多的能量,从而输出功率也随之增加。当吸气压力为0.8~ 1.1 MPa时,随着吸气压力的增加,等熵效率呈现缓慢上升趋势;当吸气压力为1.1~1.7 MPa时,等熵效率呈下降趋势,从37.6%下降到32.1%,下降了5.5百分点,这是因为吸气压力增加时,涡旋膨胀机的入口热力状态发生变化。理论上,高压气体在等熵膨胀过程中具有更高的能量转换效率。但在实际过程中,由于摩擦、湍流等原因,能量损失可能增加。因此,从热力学角度来看,吸气压力增加可能会提高等熵效率,但实际能量损失的增加也可能抵消这一效果。高压气体可能导致涡旋膨胀机内部的气动损失、摩擦损失和泄漏损失增加,从而导致等熵效率略有降低。
图4给出了不同吸气压力下进出口质量流量瞬态变化趋势。由图4可以看出:在不同吸气压力下,膨胀机进口质量流量变化趋势较平稳,出口质量流量波动幅度较大;同时,随着吸气压力的增加,进、出口质量流量均呈现递增的趋势。主要原因在于它们受到的影响因素及波动机制不同。涡旋膨胀机进口质量流量的波动主要受制于进口速度,而进口速度波动的根源在于动涡旋齿的齿头对吸气口的遮挡作用。在各种吸气压力条件下,这种遮挡作用相对稳定,因此吸气压力升高时,进口质量流量的波动并未表现出显著的增长趋势。相较之下,涡旋膨胀机出口质量流量的波动受膨胀机背压腔以及排气通道内压力波动的制约。随着吸气压力的提高,上下游腔室间的压力梯度同样呈上升趋势。在排气阶段,若吸气压力充足,工质在气动排气口排出后的压力将超过排气背压。这种情形下,气体惯性力与正压差相互作用,使得工质加速流出排气通道,从而导致出口质量流量波动增大。
图5给出了不同吸气压力下涡旋膨胀机驱动力矩的瞬态变化。
图5可以看出,随着吸气压力的增大,驱动力矩呈现递增的趋势,且吸气压力从1.1 MPa增加到1.4 MPa时,驱动力矩增加趋势明显。涡旋膨胀机吸入的气体在工作腔膨胀时,会对涡旋齿施加作用力。吸气压力越高,进入膨胀机的气体密度越大,膨胀过程中对涡旋齿的作用力也就越大。因此,在瞬态变化图上,随着吸气压力的增加,驱动力矩曲线会整体向上移动。
图6给出了不同吸气压力下涡旋膨胀机输出功率的瞬态变化。由图6可以看出,随着吸气压力的增加,输出功率呈现出上升的趋势。当吸气压力增加时,进入涡旋膨胀机的流体质量流量增加,单位时间内有更多的流体参与膨胀过程,这意味着更多的压力能被转化为动涡旋盘的旋转能,从而提高了涡旋膨胀机的输出功率。
排气压力对涡旋膨胀机的输出功率、效率、泄漏损失、机械负荷以及启动和运行稳定性等方面具有重要影响。为保证涡旋膨胀机的高效稳定运行,需要根据具体的应用场景选择合适的排气压力。为探究排气压力对涡旋膨胀机性能的影响,选取了4种不同排气压力来进行进一步探究,具体工况见表4
图7给出了不同排气压力下涡旋膨胀机等熵效率和输出功率的变化。由图7可以看出,随着排气压力的增加,输出功率和等熵效率呈现出相反的趋势,输出功率呈现下降的趋势,而等熵效率则呈现上升的趋势,输出功率下降了47.17%,而等熵效率增加了73.94%。这是因为涡旋膨胀机的输出功率与进口侧和出口侧的压力差有关。当排气压力增加时,进出口压力差减小,在较小的压力差下,气体在膨胀过程中能量转换为机械功的能力有限,从而导致涡旋膨胀机的输出功率降低,同时理论等熵膨胀过程的输出功率也会减小。然而,涡旋膨胀机内部存在摩擦损失、泄漏损失等,通常这些损失不会随排气压力的增加而线性减小。但在某些情况下,涡旋膨胀机内部的损失可能随排气压力的增加而降低,这是因为在较高的排气压力下,内部流动可能变得更加稳定,摩擦损失和泄漏损失相对较小。此外,由于理论等熵膨胀过程的输出功率减小,损失相对于理论功率的比例降低,从而导致等熵效率的提高。
图8给出了不同排气压力下涡旋膨胀机输出功率瞬态变化。由图8可以看出,当排气压力从0.15 MPa增加到0.60 MPa时,输出功率瞬态曲线呈现向下平移的趋势。排气压力对气体在涡旋膨胀机内的膨胀程度产生显著影响,从而影响输出功率。在较低排气压力条件下,气体膨胀程度较大,释放更多能量,导致输出功率增加。反之,在较高排气压力条件下,气体膨胀程度减小,释放能量减少,输出功率降低。因此,在不同的排气压力条件下,输出功率瞬态变化的波动幅度和平均输出功率可能有所差异。
转速对涡旋膨胀机性能的影响主要体现在输出功率、效率、稳定性、磨损和寿命方面。在设计和运行涡旋膨胀机时,需仔细考虑转速的选择,以实现最佳的性能和耐用性。实际应用中,可能需要根据具体的工况和涡旋膨胀机类型来确定最佳的转速。为了探究转速对涡旋膨胀机性能的影响,选取了4种不同的转速来进行进一步探究,具体工况见表5
图9给出了不同转速对涡旋膨胀机等熵效率与输出功率的影响。
图9可以看出,当转速处于1 200~ 2 100 r/min时,输出功率从1.27 kW增加到2.07 kW,增加63.0%,等熵效率从25.5%增加到37.7%,增加47.8%。
图10给出了不同转速下涡旋膨胀机输出功率瞬态曲线。由图10可以看出:在低速下,输出功率在1.9π到2.2π波动较小,整体趋势平稳;但在高速下,输出功率波动幅度较大,且下降趋势明显。涡旋膨胀机低转速阶段,气体膨胀较慢,内能下降较多,使得输出功率随转速的提升而逐步上升;当涡旋膨胀机进入中转速阶段,气体膨胀速度加快,内能降低幅度减小,此时输出功率瞬态曲线表现为缓慢增长且逐渐趋于平稳;而在高转速阶段,气体膨胀速度过快,内能降低幅度有限,导致输出功率在达到峰值后随转速升高而下降,且下降趋势明显。
为验证涡旋膨胀机数值模拟结果的准确性,将数值预测结果与实验平台的重新结果进行了比较。图11展示了试验平台的详细布局。
图12描述了实验的原理。实验实施过程严格遵守《有机郎肯循环发电装置》(JB/T 13305—2017)中的规定,确保实验和数据采集的准确性和可靠性。
首先,通过改变工质泵的工作频率来调整进入涡旋膨胀机的吸气压力,这是因为吸气压力的变化直接影响到涡旋膨胀机的性能。
其次,实时监测流经涡旋膨胀机的电压、电流以及进出口质量流量,根据这些参数计算出涡旋膨胀机的输出功率。
最后,将不同吸气压力下的实验输出功率值与模拟值进行比较。这种比较有助于了解涡旋膨胀机在不同条件下的性能变化,并验证仿真模型的准确性。
图13显示了在不同的吸气压力下进口质量流量实验值与模拟值的对比。由图13可知:模拟值与实验值的最大误差发生在吸气压力为1.3 MPa时,最大误差为14.3%;最小误差发生在0.6 MPa,最小误差为5.1%。
图14显示了在不同的吸气压力下出口质量流量实验值与模拟值对比。由图14可知:模拟值与实验值最大误差发生在吸气压力为0.9 MPa时,最大误差为15.7%;最小误差发生在1.5 MPa时,最小误差为4.8%。
图15为不同的吸气压力下流经涡旋膨胀机的电压和电流的实验值。
图16为不同的吸气压力下,实验和模拟的输出功率值之间的比较。
图16可知,在吸气压力为1.1 MPa时,输出功率的最大偏差为10.86%。总的来说,模拟值和实验结果间的偏差在3%~11%,相对偏差较小。
综上所述,通过对比不同吸气压力下涡旋膨胀机进、出口质量流量和输出功率的实验值模拟值之间的差异,可以发现,实验值与模拟值误差为3%~16%,这充分说明所建立模型的可靠性和适用性,该模型可以有效地模拟涡旋膨胀机在不同工况的运行特性。
1)随着吸气压力的增加,涡旋膨胀机的输出功率呈现线性增加的趋势,但是等熵效率则先增加后减小。当吸气压力从0.8 MPa增加到1.7 MPa时,输出功率增加了1.982 kW,等熵效率则下降了约5.5百分点。
2)随着排气压力的增加,输出功率和等熵效率表现出相反的趋势,输出功率下降了47.17%,而等熵效率增加了73.94%。当转速在1 200~2 100 r/min时,等熵效率和输出功率都随着转速的上升而增加。
3)吸气压力、排气压力及转速对输出功率的影响依次减弱,而对于等熵效率则呈现出相反的趋势。通过实验室搭建的ORC低温余热发电平台,对建立的数值模型进行了验证,模拟值的误差为3%~16%,这说明建立的模型具有较好的精确性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51675254; 51966009)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(SQ2020YFF042098)
  • 甘肃省科技计划项目(20YF8GA057)
  • 甘肃省优秀博士生项目(22JR5RA235)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306095
  • 接收时间:2023-06-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51675254; 51966009)
国家自然科学基金项目(51675254; 51966009)
National Key Research and Development Program(SQ2020YFF042098)
国家重点研发计划项目(SQ2020YFF042098)
Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(20YF8GA057)
甘肃省科技计划项目(20YF8GA057)
Excellent Doctoral Program of Gansu Province(22JR5RA235)
甘肃省优秀博士生项目(22JR5RA235)
作者信息
    兰州理工大学机电工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730000

通讯作者:

彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和低温余热发电,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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