Article(id=1211002403957109227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202308132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692720000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766655072440, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766655072440, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766655072440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766655072440, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211002404179407341, articleId=1211002403957109227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=An overview of the research on heating surface coking of boilers burning high-alkali coal and its prevention, columnId=1210998031487464445, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=High proportion combustion technology for high-alkali coal, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Although the reserves of high-alkali coal represented by Zhundong coal is huge, the problem of coking on heating surface of the boiler is prominent during co-firing high-alkali coals in thermal power units, which not only reduces the boiler thermal efficiency, but also seriously threatens the safe, stable and economic operation of the unit. In order to solve this problem and promote the utilization of high-alkali coal, this paper reviews the researches on coking of the heating surface of high-alkali coal boilers and the prevention. Up to now, extensive researches have been carried out at home and abroad on the characteristics of coking on the heating surface of coal-fired boilers, coking mechanism, influencing factors, prevention and control measures, and so on, and fruitful research results have been achieved. On the basis of controlling the quality of coal, improving boiler structure, and optimizing boiler operation, the preparation of coating on the heating surface of boilers has also become an important technical path for preventing and controlling coking. In the future, the coating should possess excellent comprehensive properties such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, thermal conductivity, thermal fatigue and so on, while having outstanding coking resistance. Meanwhile, the coating also should have desirable preparation economy and preparation efficiency, especially the on-site applicability.

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以准东煤为代表的高碱煤虽储量巨大,但火电机组掺烧高碱煤过程中造成锅炉受热面结焦问题突出,不仅降低锅炉热效率,而且严重威胁机组安全、稳定、经济运行。为解决结焦技术难题,促进高碱煤掺烧利用,对燃用高碱煤锅炉受热面结焦及其防治研究进行了综述。截至目前,国内外围绕燃煤锅炉受热面结焦特征、结焦机理、影响因素、防治措施等已经开展了广泛研究并取得了丰硕的研究成果。在控制燃煤质量、改善锅炉结构、优化锅炉运行等措施基础上,在锅炉受热面制备涂层成为防治结焦的重要技术途径。在未来研究过程中,涂层在具备突出抗结焦性能的同时,须兼具优良的耐高温、抗腐蚀、耐磨损、导热性、热疲劳等综合性能,且具有良好的制备经济性、制备效率,特别是现场适用性。

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李太江(1973),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为先进焊接与表面工程,
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李巍(1979),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为电站设备全寿命周期智能检测及延寿,

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李巍(1979),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为电站设备全寿命周期智能检测及延寿,

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李巍(1979),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为电站设备全寿命周期智能检测及延寿,

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1—CaSO4;2—CaO;3—SiO2;4—Fe2O3;5—CaAl2O4;6—Ca(OH)2;7—K2Ca2(SO4)3;8—Na(Si3Al)O8;9—3Al2O3·2SiO2

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The components and melting points of ashes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤粉灰成分w/%灰熔融温度/℃
SiO2Fe2O3MgOTiO2P2O5Al2O3CaOSO3MnO2Na2OK2ODTSTFT
A60.253.850.532.571.0219.504.832.790.451.652.561 2501 3101 390
B28.0718.061.040.410.0110.2530.786.990.412.420.631 1501 1701 200
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灰成分及其熔融温度对比

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煤粉灰成分w/%灰熔融温度/℃
SiO2Fe2O3MgOTiO2P2O5Al2O3CaOSO3MnO2Na2OK2ODTSTFT
A60.253.850.532.571.0219.504.832.790.451.652.561 2501 3101 390
B28.0718.061.040.410.0110.2530.786.990.412.420.631 1501 1701 200
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燃用高碱煤锅炉受热面结焦及其防治研究概述
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李巍 1 , 李太江 1 , 娄正计 1 , 李志强 2 , 高壮 3 , 许冬亮 2 , 刘贺佳 3 , 周昊 4 , 李聚涛 1
热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024,53(1): 13-23
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热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024, 53(1): 13-23
燃用高碱煤锅炉受热面结焦及其防治研究概述
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李巍1 , 李太江1 , 娄正计1, 李志强2, 高壮3, 许冬亮2, 刘贺佳3, 周昊4, 李聚涛1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能(天津)煤气化发电有限公司,天津 300452
  • 3.河北邯峰发电有限责任公司,河北 邯郸 056200
  • 4.天津华能杨柳青热电有限责任公司,天津 300380
  • 李巍(1979),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为电站设备全寿命周期智能检测及延寿,

通讯作者:

李太江(1973),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为先进焊接与表面工程,
An overview of the research on heating surface coking of boilers burning high-alkali coal and its prevention
Wei LI1 , Taijiang LI1 , Zhengji LOU1, Zhiqiang LI2, Zhuang GAO3, Dongliang XU2, Hejia LIU3, Hao ZHOU4, Jutao LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng (Tianjin) Coal Gasification Power Generation Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300452, China
  • 3.Hebei Hanfeng Power Generation Co., Ltd., Handan 056200, China
  • 4.Tianjin Huaneng Yangliuqing Power Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308132
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以准东煤为代表的高碱煤虽储量巨大,但火电机组掺烧高碱煤过程中造成锅炉受热面结焦问题突出,不仅降低锅炉热效率,而且严重威胁机组安全、稳定、经济运行。为解决结焦技术难题,促进高碱煤掺烧利用,对燃用高碱煤锅炉受热面结焦及其防治研究进行了综述。截至目前,国内外围绕燃煤锅炉受热面结焦特征、结焦机理、影响因素、防治措施等已经开展了广泛研究并取得了丰硕的研究成果。在控制燃煤质量、改善锅炉结构、优化锅炉运行等措施基础上,在锅炉受热面制备涂层成为防治结焦的重要技术途径。在未来研究过程中,涂层在具备突出抗结焦性能的同时,须兼具优良的耐高温、抗腐蚀、耐磨损、导热性、热疲劳等综合性能,且具有良好的制备经济性、制备效率,特别是现场适用性。

燃煤锅炉  /  结焦  /  机理  /  高碱煤  /  涂层

Although the reserves of high-alkali coal represented by Zhundong coal is huge, the problem of coking on heating surface of the boiler is prominent during co-firing high-alkali coals in thermal power units, which not only reduces the boiler thermal efficiency, but also seriously threatens the safe, stable and economic operation of the unit. In order to solve this problem and promote the utilization of high-alkali coal, this paper reviews the researches on coking of the heating surface of high-alkali coal boilers and the prevention. Up to now, extensive researches have been carried out at home and abroad on the characteristics of coking on the heating surface of coal-fired boilers, coking mechanism, influencing factors, prevention and control measures, and so on, and fruitful research results have been achieved. On the basis of controlling the quality of coal, improving boiler structure, and optimizing boiler operation, the preparation of coating on the heating surface of boilers has also become an important technical path for preventing and controlling coking. In the future, the coating should possess excellent comprehensive properties such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, thermal conductivity, thermal fatigue and so on, while having outstanding coking resistance. Meanwhile, the coating also should have desirable preparation economy and preparation efficiency, especially the on-site applicability.

coal-fired boiler  /  coking  /  mechanism  /  high-alkali coal  /  coating
李巍, 李太江, 娄正计, 李志强, 高壮, 许冬亮, 刘贺佳, 周昊, 李聚涛. 燃用高碱煤锅炉受热面结焦及其防治研究概述. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308132
Wei LI, Taijiang LI, Zhengji LOU, Zhiqiang LI, Zhuang GAO, Dongliang XU, Hejia LIU, Hao ZHOU, Jutao LI. An overview of the research on heating surface coking of boilers burning high-alkali coal and its prevention[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308132
富煤、贫油、少气的资源禀赋使得煤电在我国过去电力能源结构中长期占据主导地位,加上煤电具有技术成熟、稳定可靠、调节灵活等特点,作为基础保障性和系统调节性电源,煤电在我国未来较长时期内的电力能源结构中仍将发挥重要作用。
新疆准东煤田作为我国目前发现的最大整装巨厚煤田,预测煤炭储量3 900亿t,探明储量2 136亿t,占全国煤炭资源总量7%。由于准东煤储量大、易开采,越来越多的燃煤电厂通过掺烧准东煤促进降本增效。然而,准东煤Na、K元素含量偏高,灰分熔点较低,以准东煤为代表的高碱煤掺烧造成锅炉受热面结焦严重[1-5],这不但会降低锅炉热效率,而且严重威胁机组安全、稳定、经济运行。因此,系统开展燃煤锅炉受热面结焦机理以及结焦防治技术研究,对促进以准东煤为代表的高碱煤掺烧利用具有重要意义。
对此,本文从锅炉受热面结焦及其危害、结焦特征及其机理、结焦的影响因素、结焦主动防治措施等方面进行了综述,并在此基础上探讨了涂层技术在结焦防治上的应用,为解决燃用高碱煤锅炉受热面结焦问题提供参考。
鉴于目前尚无相关标准对燃煤锅炉受热面结焦做出明确定义,为便于描述,本文参考《煤粉燃烧结渣特性和燃尽率一维火焰炉测试方法》(DL/T 1106—2009)对结渣探针上不同黏结紧密程度下附着灰渣的描述,对本文提及的结焦进行说明。
在标准DL/T 1106—2009中,在结渣探针上附着的灰渣依照其黏结的紧密程度,由强到弱可分为熔融、黏熔、强黏聚、黏聚、弱黏聚、微黏聚及附着灰7个渣型。其中,熔融渣型状态下碳化硅渣棒表面由全熔融致密凝固渣层所覆盖,并有渣泡形成;黏熔渣型状态下沉积灰层由部分凝固渣层黏聚而成,已无法切刮;黏聚渣型状态下灰层黏聚成硬渣,切刮困难,但仍能从渣棒上切刮下来;附着灰状态下渣棒上的沉积物不具有黏聚特征,灰粒呈松散堆积状。一般情况下,如果煤灰或/和反应产物等颗粒未熔化或在接近锅炉受热面前已凝固,几乎不具有粘附性,当其附着在受热面管壁上时形成一层极易脱落的疏松灰层,该状态可视为对应于标准中的附着灰渣型;如果煤灰或/和反应产物等颗粒在到达受热面前为部分熔融状态,粘附性较强,粘附到受热面上并通过粘附煤灰颗粒或/和未燃尽的焦炭等不断发展,该状态下受热面表面产物可视为对应于标准中的微黏聚至黏熔渣型。伴随着温度的升高,煤灰或/和反应产物等颗粒在到达受热面前全部为熔融状态,在锅炉受热面表面凝固后,灰渣表面光滑平整,玻璃化特征明显,该状态可视为标准中的熔融渣型。
值得说明的是,本文提到的锅炉受热面结焦,依据附着灰渣的黏结紧密程度来定义,狭义上指的是灰渣处于微黏聚到黏熔之间的状态,广义上指的是除附着灰之外的所有状态。
以锅炉水冷壁、过热器等为代表的受热面结焦严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行,主要表现在以下方面:1)受热面结焦直接影响锅炉受热面传热,降低锅炉热效率,增加送、引风机负荷,甚至限制锅炉出力;2)提高炉膛出口烟气温度,造成过热器汽温偏高,导致过热器、再热器等超温甚至爆管[3];3)焦块掉落造成炉膛负压波动,影响锅炉燃烧,甚至砸坏下方锅炉管、冷灰斗等设备,诱发安全事故[4]。例如,某发电厂1号机组由于锅炉结焦造成炉膛爆炸,进而导致23人死亡,8人重伤,16人轻伤,机组停运达132天,影响发电量14亿kW·h[4]。导致该事故的主要原因有[4]:炉膛内焦块掉落冲击炉膛下面的冷灰斗;掉落的焦块遇到下方流出的炉水产生高温水汽,高温水汽冲向炉膛导致炉膛压力上升;焦块持续掉落使冷灰斗失稳产生塌陷,侧墙水冷壁与冷灰斗连接处出现撕裂;裂口向炉内喷出的水、汽工质与落渣入水产生的水汽升温膨胀使炉膛压力大增,造成主燃料跳闸动作,并使冷灰斗进一步垮塌;炉墙撕裂喷出的工质大增,炉膛压力陡升。图1为国内某350 MW典型燃煤机组锅炉受热面结焦情况[6]
余建飞等[3]对国内某630 MW机组锅炉高温过热器表面结焦进行了研究。结果表明:表层结焦物形状主要为球形,尺寸分布极不均匀,主要元素为O、Al、Si,次要元素为Ca和Fe,另含少量C、Na、Mg、Ti、Zn等元素;底层结焦物为颗粒状,结构致密,主要元素为Cr、Fe、O。Cr元素的出现表明结焦不是一个单纯的物理过程。此外,距离管壁表面越远,结焦物内部孔隙越大。
王礼鹏[5]对锅炉不同部位渣样研究表明:高温过热器等高温区渣样中的Ca多以斜长石和钙长石等形式存在,中低温受热面部位渣样中的Ca都以CaSO4形式存在;此外,高温区Na多以斜长石和钾钠铝硅酸盐形式出现,中低温区域则以钠铁硫酸盐和钠镁铁硫酸盐形式存在。温度对Na和Ca在渣样中富集形式的影响较为明显。
傅勇强等[7]对燃用准东煤电厂锅炉水冷壁、前屏出口管壁等区域渣样的形貌和矿物组成进行了研究。结果表明,锅炉各区域结焦渣样中均含有复杂的钠矿物成分,包括钠钙铝氧化物的复杂矿物晶体、钠钾铝硅酸盐、霞石、钠钙铝硅酸盐等。
孟建强[8]基于多反应控制段携带流反应器对准东煤的燃烧及高温结渣特性进行了研究。结果表明,由于准东煤煤灰中Fe2O3含量较高,灰渣主要表现出Fe与硅铝酸盐矿物质低温共熔的现象,其矿物质主要有钙长石、莫来石、石英、钠长石、霞石以及赤铁矿等。
汪淑军等[9]对五彩湾、乌东、天池能源和天池能源脱钠4种典型准东煤开展了一维炉燃烧结渣特性试验。结果表明:高钠煤在高温区渣样为黑色熔融状实心球体或油膜,极难去除,其组成包括钠长石和氯化钠等含钠矿物;低钠煤渣棒上则是通过熔融形成的多气泡渣样或疏松灰样,易于去除,包含多莫来石晶体,且低钠和高钠煤均包含一定量的CaSO4图2为以天池能源(TC)为代表的高钠煤渣样X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)测试结果[9]
值得说明的是,受热面结焦特征及矿物组成与受热面管壁所处区域内的温度、烟气成分、燃用的煤粉成分、煤粉细度、炉膛内的气氛、锅炉的运行工况等紧密相关。即便是对于同一位置处受热面,由于结焦过程的微观变化,表层和紧邻管壁的结焦产物结构特征与组成,也有一定差异。
锅炉受热面结焦是一个十分复杂的物理化学过程,不仅涉及到煤粉中物质气化、凝结、熔融态物质与受热面粘附等物理过程,更涉及到烟气、灰分、受热面金属管壁等多种物质之间复杂的化学反应,且结焦的具体过程随着温度、气氛、煤质等的变化而变化。截至目前,虽然国内外围绕燃煤锅炉结焦开展了大量而丰富的研究,但尚未彻底揭示结焦的完整机理和微观过程。然而,可以确定的是,Na、Ca等碱金属在锅炉受热面结焦过程中起到了重要作用。
在煤粉燃烧过程中,Na易挥发[10-11]。大量的研究表明,结焦与煤粉中的碱金属特别是金属Na密切相关[1-15]。因此,现有研究经常基于Na或Na2O当量评价煤粉燃烧过程中的结焦特性。以Na2O、为代表的碱金属氧化物在燃煤锅炉高温炉膛内既能够与煤灰中的SiO2、Al2O3生成复合硅铝酸盐[12],又能与SO3、Al2O3、Fe2O3反应生成复合硫酸盐。复合硅铝酸盐和复合硫酸盐的生成对结焦的形成与发展起到了重要的作用。同时,薛长海[16]指出,煤中部分NaCl与H2O、SO2、SO3反应生成Na2SO4和HCl,HCl进一步与管壁氧化膜生成易挥发的FeCl2。当存在CO或H2时,HCl进一步与Fe2O3生成多孔、松脆易脱落的FeO,加速了氧化膜的破坏;熔融态的NaCl与Fe2O3反应生成FeCl3,FeCl3与SO2和O2进一步反应生成疏松的Fe2(SO4)3表层。上述过程与受热面附着灰的形成紧密相关。除了煤中碱金属含量外,灰分熔点对结焦过程有着直接影响。一般来讲,灰分熔点越低,灰分含量越大,锅炉受热面结焦越发严重。低熔点灰分相对高熔点灰分的煤更易熔化。由于熔融态的灰分等物质相对固态灰分具有更高的粘附性,因此灰分熔点低的煤粉结焦更为严重。进一步地,煤中矿物组成及其形态决定着煤灰熔点及熔融特性,煤灰熔点随SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2等酸性氧化物含量的增多而上升,随Na2O、Fe2O3、CaO等碱性氧化物含量的增加而降低[17]表1为2种不同成分的煤粉及其熔融特征温度对比情况[18]。值得说明的是,正是由于以准东煤为代表的高碱煤有着较低的灰熔点,锅炉受热面温度较高的区域一般难以形成较厚的渣层,达到一定厚度时即会由于渣层表面达到熔融温度而形成“流渣”。
除碱金属中的Na外,碱金属Ca也与结焦的形成密切相关。高温下煤灰中的CaCO3和CaSO4分解生成CaO,CaO与煤灰中的Al2O3及SiO2反应进一步生成Ca2(Al(AlSi)O7)(钙黄长石),且钙硅铝酸盐化合物比钾、钠硅铝酸盐化合物稳定性更强,因而当CaO质量分数增加到一定比例时,会抑制钠硅铝酸盐的生成[12]
煤质因素是影响锅炉受热面结焦的重要因素,主要包括碱金属含量和煤粉粒度。
1)碱金属含量
大量的研究表明,锅炉受热面结焦与煤粉中Na、Ca等碱金属含量密切相关,碱金属含量越高,结焦倾向越大。碱金属除直接参与结焦过程形成结焦产物外,其存在也降低了煤灰的熔点,进一步加剧了受热面的结焦。通常火电机组所用燃煤的灰熔融温度为1 000~1 600 ℃。软化温度高于1 350 ℃为难熔煤,软化温度在1 200~1 350 ℃为中熔煤,软化温度低于1 200 ℃为易熔煤[18]。灰熔融温度越低,结焦倾向性越大。灰的熔融温度又与其化学成分和矿物组成密切相关。凡是促进煤灰熔点降低的组分均能促进结焦的形成。其中,常见的助熔矿物有长石、硅酸钙、赤铁矿、重晶石、硬石膏等,耐熔矿物有高岭石、石英、莫来石、钛氧化物等[18],助熔矿物含量对煤粉结焦有着重要影响。如某600 MW烟煤锅炉随低熔点褐煤的掺烧,炉膛燃烧器区域温度水平升高,且模拟结果显示燃烧器区域还原性气氛增加,加大了受热面结焦风险[19]。因此,国内外多以Na2O当量或活性Na2O含量等作为评价煤粉结焦倾向的指标,计算式为:
D(Na2O)=(w(Na2O)+0.66w(K2O))×w(Ad)/100
式中:D(Na2O)为Na2O当量;w(Ad)为煤的干燥基灰分,%;0.66为Na2O和K2O分子质量之比。
以烟煤型煤灰为例,Na2O当量小于0.3时,结焦倾向低;Na2O当量介于0.3~0.4时,结焦比例增加;Na2O当量超过0.4时,结焦倾向严重[20-22]。煤灰酸碱比对结焦同样有着直接影响,但Na2O含量的影响相对较大[22]
2)煤粉粒度
除煤灰熔融性温度及碱金属含量的影响外,煤粉粒度同样影响锅炉受热面结焦。煤粉粒度过大,燃烧时间长,火焰拉长,炉膛出口的灰分处于较高的温度下,使得炉膛出口处结焦可能性增大;煤粉粒度过细,着火过早,使得燃烧器区域热负荷骤增,也容易引发结焦[23]。因此,锅炉运行中应对煤粉粗细进行合理控制。
锅炉受热面结焦除受煤质因素影响外,锅炉燃烧型式、炉膛形状尺寸、炉膛内热流密度及分布特征、燃烧器结构设计、受热面的设计及分布、吹灰器布置、冷灰斗及除焦设备的设置等自身结构特征也直接影响受热面结焦。
传统的四角切向燃烧,是燃烧器中心线与炉膛中心某一直径的设计假想切圆相切,一、二次风均以同一垂直平面按切向进入炉膛,由于一次风刚性较二次风弱,容易偏转贴墙,且由于四角切向锅炉热效率偏低,传热过程及流动状态均较为复杂,容易引发炉膛结焦[24];同时,燃烧器结构设计不合理,造成燃烧器附近区域火焰集中,热负荷增加,同样容易引起燃烧器区域结焦。锅炉一般都是通过设计煤种的成分、灰分熔点来确定锅炉相关参数。在燃用与设计煤种相匹配煤种时,一般不易出现结焦现象。如果燃烧煤种和设计煤种不匹配,如与燃用煤种相比锅炉炉膛过小,则造成锅炉炉膛内容积热负荷、断面热负荷、燃烧器区域热负荷过高,同样容易引起锅炉受热面结焦。例如,设计煤种为烟煤的锅炉掺烧无烟煤比例较大时易形成蓝黑色琉璃状焦块,掺烧低灰熔点烟煤较多时容易形成淡黄色多孔状焦块,贫煤掺烧比例过大易使焦块夹杂一定数量的黑色焦炭颗粒[25]。炉膛内的热流密度及其分布特征直接影响着受热面结焦。具体而言,炉膛内热流密度越大,煤灰越容易达到熔融状态,煤粉中的易挥发物质的挥发也愈发强烈,结焦过程所涉及到的各种化学反应更加剧烈,结焦风险越高。
1)一、二次风配比
一、二次风配比及其动力场对锅炉受热面结焦有着重要影响。章琪[26]基于数值模拟的方式指出:均等、正宝塔、倒宝塔和缩腰4种二次风配风方式的高温区域都在燃烧器区域,且都可以形成稳定的四角切圆燃烧,未出现明显的贴壁现象;但就结焦而言,正宝塔和倒宝塔配风方式要优于其他2种方式,这和前2种配风方式有利于在燃烧器区域形成氧化性气氛以及流速较大有关。图3为4种二次风配风方式下模拟结焦率的对比情况[26]
2)炉膛内气氛
锅炉运行时如果造成炉膛内氧含量偏低,炉膛内处于还原性气氛,则使得灰分熔点降低,进而增加锅炉受热面结焦风险。此外,炉膛内CO及H2等还原性气体,还会通过直接参与结焦过程中的部分化学反应,影响着受热面结焦的进程。但增加运行时炉膛内的氧含量和控制锅炉出口NOx以及保证锅炉经济性相矛盾,因此,锅炉运行时应在综合考虑经济性、NOx及结焦等多方面因素基础上合理控制炉膛氧含量,保证低氮燃烧的同时有效避免结焦的产生。
3)炉膛内空气动力场
炉膛内空气动力场状况直接影响炉内燃烧工况。同层燃烧器各角一次风出口风速及煤粉浓度是否均匀,一、二次风之间的动量比是否合适,燃烧切圆的中心是否偏斜、切圆直径是否过大等均是造成火焰偏斜或刷壁的重要因素,进而直接影响锅炉受热面结焦。
4)设备运行状况
设备运行状况同样对结焦有重要的影响。水冷壁等过热器表面清灰不及时,表面清洁度差且管壁表面及附近温度升高,促使结焦形成及发展。燃烧器运行过程中由于扩锥变形或鼓包、稳燃齿变形或脱落等造成火焰扩散角过大,同样会加剧结焦的形成与发展。此外,锅炉实际运行过程中,乏气挡板开度、B风门挡板开度、火焰中心高度、消旋叶片、吹灰器等运行状况均会对结焦形成与发展有着重要影响[21]
燃煤品质对锅炉受热面结焦有着直接影响,控制燃煤质量是避免或减缓受热面结焦的重要措施。一方面,在选择燃煤时,尽量选烧灰分少、熔点高且碱金属含量低的优质煤种。另一方面,考虑到锅炉运行经济性,可以通过不同煤种混配、优化高碱煤掺烧比例等,有效预防或减缓受热面结焦。
锅炉受热面结焦与煤粉中碱金属密切相关,因此,为避免或减缓受热面结焦,对燃煤进行水洗脱碱预处理无疑也是防治结焦的一种重要技术途径。我国原煤入洗率已经超过40%,且实践证明CO2强化水洗可脱除准东煤中大部分的碱金属Na[27-28]图4为准东五彩湾煤样洗涤前后微观结构特征[29]
图4可以看出:原始煤粉颗粒形状不规则,表面含有较多细小的颗粒物;而在6 h、80 ℃阳离子交换树脂的最佳工况下洗涤后,由于水溶性钠盐晶体在洗涤过程中的溶解,煤粉颗粒表面光滑,颗粒物显著减少[29-30]
如果通过在准东煤为代表的高碱煤中掺烧高岭土,将Na等碱金属固定在灰中减少其释放,同样对于预防受热面结焦具有重要意义[31-32]。准东煤掺烧高岭土过程中固钠率随掺混比例增大而增加,在掺烧比例为0~2%时增长较快,2%~5%时增长较慢[31]。向准东煤中掺加不同比例的高岭土和刚玉混合添加剂时发现,随着SiO2/Al2O3质量分数比值的降低,煤中生成了钙矾石、钙铝榴石等高熔点物质,准东煤的灰熔点显著升高[32]。实践结果表明:大型循环流化床锅炉在燃烧准东高碱煤过程中掺加高岭土后,尾部烟道结焦现象得到有效抑制;且随着高岭土掺烧比例的增加,烟尘、SO2、NO2污染物的排放均能满足环保要求[33]
在尽量掺烧和锅炉设计煤种相匹配煤种的同时,可以通过对锅炉系统进行一定程度的改造,来减缓甚至避免结焦的产生。
实践中对某220 t/h四角切圆燃烧锅炉燃烧器进行改造,将原来的8层燃烧器改为10层,增加了2层二次风,同时,将燃气层与煤粉层分离,扩大2个燃烧层间距,降低燃烧器区域壁面热负荷,有效减缓了结焦[34]。针对某300 MW锅炉在燃用劣质烟煤时结焦严重的问题,通过将原有的双切圆燃烧型式改造为燃用准东煤等易结焦煤种常用的一、二次风大小切圆“风包粉”设计,减小2-4号角燃烧器切圆,同样有效缓解了结焦[35]。考虑到锅炉燃烧器区和还原区吹灰器布置不足的情况,恢复B、C层两侧墙吹灰器,在中上层燃烧器区域也加装2层吹灰器,达到易结焦区域吹灰器全覆盖,也能有效预防或缓解受热面结焦[35]。为解决W型火焰锅炉因配煤掺烧后的结焦、掉焦灭火问题,通过现场低氮燃烧器优化与改造、增设翼墙防结焦风、靠近角部燃烧器的倾斜设计等,同样取得了良好的防结焦效果[36]。此外,还有多个研究或实践案例,通过水平浓淡燃烧器改造、卫燃带削减、加装吹灰器、减小二次风切圆、降低炉内气流旋转强度、更换燃烧器、增加锅炉受热面等措施,实现了良好的结焦防治效果[37-40]
通过优化锅炉运行,也能很大程度上抑制或减缓结焦的形成与发展。例如,综合考虑多方面因素,通过合理调整一、二次风比例,控制锅炉运行氧量,避免炉膛内出现严重还原性气氛;根据掉焦的外形及颜色,分析锅炉结焦位置,及时向中调申请快速降负荷甩焦,以避免结焦进一步发展;增加吹灰频率,同样可以有效减缓结焦;在保证稳燃的前提下,合理缩减卫燃带面积,降低水冷壁附近区域温度;高负荷时,降低分离器转速,减小煤粉细度,延迟煤粉着火,降低拱火区火焰温度,避免拱上结焦[21];基于分级燃烧技术,使得主燃区因缺氧未能完全燃烧的煤粉二次燃烧,降低燃烧区域壁面热负荷,同样有助于缓解结焦[34];在不改变原配风风量的前提下,在炉膛四周区域增加贴壁风,有效降低水冷壁附近还原性气体比例[41];优化燃料混掺方式及混掺比例[42];优化燃烧过程中的旋流强度及灰分含量[43];尽量在低负荷工况下燃用灰分熔点较低的煤种[44]
实践结果表明,在锅炉运行过程中添加除焦剂也是缓解受热面结焦的重要方法。除焦剂一般由助燃剂、膨化剂、氧化剂、催化剂、固硫剂等成分组成。除焦剂虽不能避免受热面结焦的产生,但其加入后会与受热面已经形成的结焦产物发生化学反应,降低焦渣与受热面管壁的结合,促进焦渣的燃烧、膨化、松化、脱落,配合正常的吹灰,可以有效缓解锅炉受热面结焦。
基于先进表面工程技术,在受热面制备防结焦涂层,同样是一种缓解甚至抑制结焦的重要技术路径。依据防结焦原理差异,目前具有代表性的防结焦涂层主要有高温纳米陶瓷涂层和黑体材料涂层。
1)高温纳米陶瓷涂层
陶瓷材料是指用天然或合成化合物经过成形和高温烧结制成的一类无机非金属材料,具有耐高温、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等性能。然而,陶瓷材料质地较脆、塑韧性较差的属性使得传统陶瓷材料的应用受到了很大限制。随着纳米技术的发展,纳米尺度的粉末展现出区别于传统宏观尺度材料的诸多性质,如表面效应、小尺寸效应以及量子尺寸效应等。王天龙等[45]基于氧化锆以及氧化铈、氧化镧等多元稀土物质等制备了高温纳米陶瓷浆料,采用雾化喷涂方式制备了高温纳米陶瓷涂层,并通过煤灰熔滴粘附试验装置对制备纳米陶瓷涂层的抗结焦性能进行了评价。结果表明:准东煤煤灰熔滴在喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层表面的接触角为122°,而在未喷涂涂层的原始钢片表面的接触角仅为75°,表明高温纳米陶瓷涂层的存在显著降低了煤灰熔滴的粘附行为;同时,喷涂纳米陶瓷材料后灰渣中Fe、Cr等元素质量分数均降低,表明纳米陶瓷涂层作为化学惰性保护层,可以有效隔绝煤灰中碱金属对受热面金属基体的侵蚀反应,使得Na富集在涂层表面。高温纳米陶瓷涂层的作用机理主要有[46-49]:1)致密的陶瓷层隔绝了基体与环境的接触;2)纳米涂层比表面能小,降低了熔融态物质的粘附;3)纳米陶瓷涂层提高了水冷壁黑度,增强了受热面的吸热。
2)黑体材料涂层
黑体材料涂层防结焦机理在于[50]:1)在水冷壁使用黑体强化辐射材料后,会适当提高水冷壁吸热量,降低炉膛出口烟温,有效防止炉膛上部及屏式过热器结焦;2)黑体材料传热系数仅为铁的1/30左右,减缓了熔融灰分对管壁的传导放热;3)黑体材料具有的纳米材料小表面能特性,降低了熔融焦粒在锅炉受热面壁面的粘附,即使有少量结焦,理论上也可以由于壁面表面能较小,促使焦块超过临界附着力自行脱落,避免大块焦块的形成。黑体材料防结焦机理及微观结构特征如图5所示[50]
针对涂层防结焦性能评价测试,相关标准尚未健全。实炉验证无疑是一种最有效、最可靠的方式。然而,该方式耗时耗力且成本高。目前可采用的涂层防结焦性能评价方法有以下几种。
1)涂层反射率测定试验
现有研究中有根据准东煤煤灰中Na2O、K2O的质量比,配置出包含Na2SO4及K2SO4的混合硫酸盐作为结焦介质,在试样表面涂覆定量混合硫酸盐后,将试样置于特定温度下的马弗炉内灼烧一定时间,取出后清理试样表面并重新涂覆结焦介质后再次放入炉内灼烧。如此循环一定次数后,通过测定试样表面反射系数的变化来评价涂层的防沾污结焦性能[48,51]
2)熔滴粘附试验
提高涂层与煤灰等熔融态或液态物质的润湿角,降低涂层与煤灰等的粘附,对提高涂层防结焦性能无疑是有益的。现有研究中通过搭建熔点粘附试验台(图6[45],并采用高速摄影机捕捉煤灰熔滴滴落过程中与试验钢片的接触角,间接评价涂层试样的防结焦性能。图7所示装置采用高温电阻炉与试样上下垂直放置的结构,底部出口为可移动的刚玉挡板,试验过程中煤灰熔滴从电阻炉内低落到试样上,通过捕捉熔滴与试样的接触角来评价煤灰熔滴对试样的粘附能力。当接触角小于90°时,表明高温熔滴易于粘附到试样表面;当接触角为钝角时,表明试样表面抑制熔滴粘附的能力较强[45]。值得说明的是,试验中选用的结焦介质以及接触角的测定方式对试验结果的可靠性有着重要影响。
3)简易火焰炉结焦评价试验
一维火焰炉等简易火焰炉试验过程中通过一定量的空气流携带煤粉进入炉膛后着火、燃烧以致燃尽,较好地模拟了燃煤锅炉实际运行情况。因此,通过选取或制备专用探针并在探针表面制备涂层,可以很大程度上对涂层的防结焦性能进行评价。常见的一维火焰炉结构如图7所示[52]
掺烧或全烧高碱煤是促进火电机组降本增效的重要途径,但高碱煤掺烧造成锅炉受热面结焦问题突出,严重威胁机组安全稳定经济运行。锅炉受热面结焦不仅涉及熔融态颗粒粘附等物理过程,还涉及烟气、灰分、管壁金属等之间复杂的化学反应,且煤灰熔点、碱金属含量、煤粉粒度等煤质因素,锅炉燃烧方式、燃烧器型式等结构因素,一二次风配比、吹灰频率、炉膛气氛等运行因素均对受热面结焦有着重要影响。在严控燃煤质量、改善锅炉结构、优化锅炉运行的基础上,在锅炉受热面制备涂层同样成为结焦防治的重要技术途径。
为解决燃煤锅炉受热面结焦技术难题,促进高碱煤掺烧利用,需进一步围绕受热面结焦微观物理化学过程以及防结焦涂层相关技术开展深入研究。特别地,防结焦涂层研制过程中,除优先考虑涂层防结焦性能外,要统筹兼顾涂层耐高温、抗腐蚀、耐磨损、传热性以及热疲劳等综合性能。同时,防结焦涂层制备工艺研究过程中,在保证涂层性能基础上,要综合考虑涂层制备经济性、制备效率,特别是现场适用性。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-HF59)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H78)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-HF07)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-HF02)
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2024年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308132
  • 接收时间:2023-08-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-23
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-HF59)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-HF59)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H78)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H78)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-HF07)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-HF07)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-HF02)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-HF02)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能(天津)煤气化发电有限公司,天津 300452
    3.河北邯峰发电有限责任公司,河北 邯郸 056200
    4.天津华能杨柳青热电有限责任公司,天津 300380

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李太江(1973),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为先进焊接与表面工程,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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