Article(id=1210998031315497979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312168, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766654029921, onlineDateStr=2025-12-25, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766654029921, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766654029921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766654029921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210998030828958715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766654029805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734793553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211336778607366994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211336778611561299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1210998030828958715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210998031550379006, articleId=1210998031315497979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Progress on research and engineering application of the combustion technologies for high-alkali coals in China, columnId=1210998031487464445, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=High proportion combustion technology for high-alkali coal, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

China has abundant high-alkali coal resources. This article provides a comprehensive review and summary of the research and engineering application progress of high-alkali coal combustion technology from the aspects of basic research, key technologies, and engineering practice. In particular, the latest status of the mechanism research and practice of fully burning Xinjiang high-alkali coal in a wet-bottom boiler is introduced. The review aims at providing a reference to develop more economic combustion technology that can safely co-fire a high proportion or even solely burn Xinjiang high-alkali coals in a long operational period.

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我国具有丰富的高碱煤资源。从基础研究、关键技术和工程实践等方面对高碱煤燃烧技术的研究和工程应用进展做一个较为全面的综述和总结,特别介绍了液态排渣锅炉全烧新疆高碱煤的机理研究和实践最新状况,以期为后续开发更为经济、可长期安全大比例掺烧甚至纯烧新疆高碱煤的燃烧技术提供参考。

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房凡(1983),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤清洁燃烧技术,
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张海(1967),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为清洁能源与洁净燃烧技术,

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Electric Power, 2017, 50(11): 28-32., articleTitle=Design and operation of the 260 t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler burning Zhundong coal, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1211018023289360969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, awardId=HNKJ20-H50, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H50), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1211018023390024270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, awardId=HNKJ20-H50, language=CN, fundingSource=中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目基础能源科技研究专项(HNKJ20-H50), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1211018023499076175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, awardId=#U20GJJS05, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(#U20GJJS05), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1211018023595545172, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, companyId=1211018017341837624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1211018021519364597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Internal transformation mechanism of sodium in high-alkali coal, figureFileSmall=pH8mpqnFnRBXzUqKkbaxeg==, figureFileBig=GbUyG+y69rKNYsC//wgqNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018021636805117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高碱煤中Na的内部转化机理, figureFileSmall=pH8mpqnFnRBXzUqKkbaxeg==, figureFileBig=GbUyG+y69rKNYsC//wgqNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018021754245634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=External transformation mechanism of sodium in high-alkali coal, figureFileSmall=l/jd5G6llLMwsJl5egdf8Q==, figureFileBig=l7RmC47L7AmNqyewG7qGZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018021833937417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高碱煤中Na的外部转化机理, figureFileSmall=l/jd5G6llLMwsJl5egdf8Q==, figureFileBig=l7RmC47L7AmNqyewG7qGZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018021922017807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The mechanism diagram for fouling and slagging during the high-alkali coal combustion process, figureFileSmall=XUWf3DPTqUYIVTXV35Zu9w==, figureFileBig=7OXzfvBmXCs0Q+bdKdB2hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018022014292500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=图3, caption=高碱煤燃烧过程中的沾污结渣机理流程, figureFileSmall=XUWf3DPTqUYIVTXV35Zu9w==, figureFileBig=7OXzfvBmXCs0Q+bdKdB2hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018022085595674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of the moving slags before and after high-alkali coal is burnt, figureFileSmall=bqxGZXfRzPHVBxVA2j7zjA==, figureFileBig=zlpvkM0FdaD3Nz1c51+O6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018022161093151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=图4, caption=燃用高碱煤前、后锅炉流渣情况对比, figureFileSmall=bqxGZXfRzPHVBxVA2j7zjA==, figureFileBig=zlpvkM0FdaD3Nz1c51+O6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018022253367842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The 260 t/h CFB boiler burning pure Zhundong coal, figureFileSmall=8gvIfOPB36/G8FAsOrDYtg==, figureFileBig=8rv3X/Xd+44e2L5FPjFiGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018022358225444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=图5, caption=全烧准东煤的260 t/h循环流化床锅炉, figureFileSmall=8gvIfOPB36/G8FAsOrDYtg==, figureFileBig=8rv3X/Xd+44e2L5FPjFiGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211018022458888744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The average coal properties of Zhundong coal from 4 different mines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目矿区名称
五彩湾大井西黑山梧桐窝子全区平均
水分wad(M)/%13.0008.2008.8009.6009.900
灰分wad(A)/%10.90010.10010.90014.10011.500
挥发分wdaf(V)/%34.40032.90033.30038.30034.700
wdaf(C)/%77.30081.00076.50077.70078.100
wdaf(H)/%3.8004.0003.9004.2004.000
wdaf(N)/%0.8000.8000.9401.0000.900
wdaf(O)/%16.50014.40015.20014.90015.800
低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)27.4828.3726.8026.3827.80
wt.d(S)/%0.5300.3700.2700.8800.500
wd(P)/%0.0140.0120.0300.0400.024
wd(Cl)/%0.0470.0490.0700.0550.055
wsd(A)/(×10–6)2.5902.0202.8202.480
), ArticleFig(id=1211018022555357740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

准东煤田4个矿区的平均煤质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目矿区名称
五彩湾大井西黑山梧桐窝子全区平均
水分wad(M)/%13.0008.2008.8009.6009.900
灰分wad(A)/%10.90010.10010.90014.10011.500
挥发分wdaf(V)/%34.40032.90033.30038.30034.700
wdaf(C)/%77.30081.00076.50077.70078.100
wdaf(H)/%3.8004.0003.9004.2004.000
wdaf(N)/%0.8000.8000.9401.0000.900
wdaf(O)/%16.50014.40015.20014.90015.800
低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)27.4828.3726.8026.3827.80
wt.d(S)/%0.5300.3700.2700.8800.500
wd(P)/%0.0140.0120.0300.0400.024
wd(Cl)/%0.0470.0490.0700.0550.055
wsd(A)/(×10–6)2.5902.0202.8202.480
), ArticleFig(id=1211018022656021040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main ash properties of high-alkali coal in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目准东五彩湾煤准东将二矿煤准东红沙泉煤哈密大南湖煤哈密沙尔湖煤哈密淖毛湖煤
war(M)/%27.3026.4020.7024.8029.1022.20
war(A)/%7.259.268.6917.207.847.89
Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)19.1320.5320.3315.8816.0620.08
变形温度DT/℃1 3201 3501 2501 2901 2901 120
软化温度ST/℃1 3301 3601 2601 3001 3001 130
流动温度FT/℃1 3501 3801 2801 3201 3101 130
w(SiO2)/%17.0825.2730.0940.6729.1039.83
w(Al2O3)/%6.999.529.4120.9915.8811.05
w(CaO)/%27.5326.4223.3111.1929.3221.24
w(MgO)/%7.423.645.034.774.521.62
w(Na2O)/%6.085.544.394.616.114.08
w(K2O)/%0.460.380.471.580.261.08
w(TiO2)/%0.610.520.600.990.630.46
w(SO3)/%21.655.716.855.205.159.23
), ArticleFig(id=1211018022739907124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内若干高碱煤主要煤灰参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目准东五彩湾煤准东将二矿煤准东红沙泉煤哈密大南湖煤哈密沙尔湖煤哈密淖毛湖煤
war(M)/%27.3026.4020.7024.8029.1022.20
war(A)/%7.259.268.6917.207.847.89
Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)19.1320.5320.3315.8816.0620.08
变形温度DT/℃1 3201 3501 2501 2901 2901 120
软化温度ST/℃1 3301 3601 2601 3001 3001 130
流动温度FT/℃1 3501 3801 2801 3201 3101 130
w(SiO2)/%17.0825.2730.0940.6729.1039.83
w(Al2O3)/%6.999.529.4120.9915.8811.05
w(CaO)/%27.5326.4223.3111.1929.3221.24
w(MgO)/%7.423.645.034.774.521.62
w(Na2O)/%6.085.544.394.616.114.08
w(K2O)/%0.460.380.471.580.261.08
w(TiO2)/%0.610.520.600.990.630.46
w(SO3)/%21.655.716.855.205.159.23
), ArticleFig(id=1211018022823793207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The ash content ranges for Zhundong coal and other steam bituminous and lignite coals used for power generation

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项目w/%熔点/℃
烟煤褐煤准东煤
最低最高平均最低最高平均最低最高平均
SiO219.9180.8845.9210.1656.4247.891.0757.8527.911 716
Al2O38.7648.6026.555.6431.3817.204.1522.8810.742 043
Fe2O31.1564.507.644.6721.349.363.8028.6411.371 566
CaO0.5730.419.845.0339.0210.274.4755.8821.372 521
MgO3.151.540.112.433.691.6113.507.072 799
P2O50.014.880.042.53
Na2O9.570.650.0911.382.362.7415.925.881 277(升华)
K2O9.571.030.0911.381.440.162.560.77660(分解)
TiO20.155.360.960.283.760.900.010.681.331 838
SO30.0713.434.010.6335.166.150.5535.8513.49
MnO20.090.070.040.420.12
), ArticleFig(id=1211018022949622330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

准东煤与我国动力煤中烟煤、褐煤的灰成分范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目w/%熔点/℃
烟煤褐煤准东煤
最低最高平均最低最高平均最低最高平均
SiO219.9180.8845.9210.1656.4247.891.0757.8527.911 716
Al2O38.7648.6026.555.6431.3817.204.1522.8810.742 043
Fe2O31.1564.507.644.6721.349.363.8028.6411.371 566
CaO0.5730.419.845.0339.0210.274.4755.8821.372 521
MgO3.151.540.112.433.691.6113.507.072 799
P2O50.014.880.042.53
Na2O9.570.650.0911.382.362.7415.925.881 277(升华)
K2O9.571.030.0911.381.440.162.560.77660(分解)
TiO20.155.360.960.283.760.900.010.681.331 838
SO30.0713.434.010.6335.166.150.5535.8513.49
MnO20.090.070.040.420.12
), ArticleFig(id=1211018023041897023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Analysis of coal and ash composition during the test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
工业分析收到基水分Mar14.01
收到基灰分Aar20.88
收到基挥发分Vdaf30.15
收到基固定碳FC36.23
灰成分二氧化硅SiO216.64
氧化铝Al2O316.02
氧化钙CaO30.26
氧化铁Fe2O312.53
三氧化硫SO316.24
氧化钠Na2O3.79
氧化钾K2O0.87
氧化镁MgO1.02
二氧化钛TiO20.77
五氧化二磷P2O50.08
), ArticleFig(id=1211018023129977411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1210998031315497979, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验期间入炉煤和灰成分分析   单位:w/%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
工业分析收到基水分Mar14.01
收到基灰分Aar20.88
收到基挥发分Vdaf30.15
收到基固定碳FC36.23
灰成分二氧化硅SiO216.64
氧化铝Al2O316.02
氧化钙CaO30.26
氧化铁Fe2O312.53
三氧化硫SO316.24
氧化钠Na2O3.79
氧化钾K2O0.87
氧化镁MgO1.02
二氧化钛TiO20.77
五氧化二磷P2O50.08
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我国高碱煤燃烧特性研究和工程应用进展
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张海 1 , 黄斌 2 , 房凡 3 , 孙叶柱 2 , 吕俊复 1
热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024,53(1): 1-12
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热力发电 | 高比例燃烧高碱煤技术专题 2024, 53(1): 1-12
我国高碱煤燃烧特性研究和工程应用进展
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张海1 , 黄斌2, 房凡3 , 孙叶柱2, 吕俊复1
作者信息
  • 1.清华大学能源与动力工程系,热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 2.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100004
  • 3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 张海(1967),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为清洁能源与洁净燃烧技术,

通讯作者:

房凡(1983),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤清洁燃烧技术,
Progress on research and engineering application of the combustion technologies for high-alkali coals in China
Hai ZHANG1 , Bin HUANG2, Fan FANG3 , Yezhu SUN2, Junfu LYU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2.China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100004, China
  • 3.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312168
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我国具有丰富的高碱煤资源。从基础研究、关键技术和工程实践等方面对高碱煤燃烧技术的研究和工程应用进展做一个较为全面的综述和总结,特别介绍了液态排渣锅炉全烧新疆高碱煤的机理研究和实践最新状况,以期为后续开发更为经济、可长期安全大比例掺烧甚至纯烧新疆高碱煤的燃烧技术提供参考。

高碱煤  /  碱(土)金属  /  燃烧技术  /  进展  /  综述

China has abundant high-alkali coal resources. This article provides a comprehensive review and summary of the research and engineering application progress of high-alkali coal combustion technology from the aspects of basic research, key technologies, and engineering practice. In particular, the latest status of the mechanism research and practice of fully burning Xinjiang high-alkali coal in a wet-bottom boiler is introduced. The review aims at providing a reference to develop more economic combustion technology that can safely co-fire a high proportion or even solely burn Xinjiang high-alkali coals in a long operational period.

high-alkali coal  /  alkaline (earth) metal  /  combustion technology  /  progress  /  review
张海, 黄斌, 房凡, 孙叶柱, 吕俊复. 我国高碱煤燃烧特性研究和工程应用进展. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (1) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312168
Hai ZHANG, Bin HUANG, Fan FANG, Yezhu SUN, Junfu LYU. Progress on research and engineering application of the combustion technologies for high-alkali coals in China[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (1) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312168
21世纪初,我国勘探发现新疆准东、伊犁和吐鲁番-哈密地区蕴藏着数千亿吨的煤炭资源。其中准东煤田为我国最大的整装煤田,预测煤炭资源储量3 900亿t,已探明储量2 151亿t[1-3]。因为储量巨大,又正值国家能源和地方经济发展需求旺盛,因此,新疆煤高效利用受到广泛高度重视。
然而,研究和应用表明,与我国其他地区的煤质不同,新疆地区的煤炭普遍存在灰中碱性金属(钠、钾、钙、铁),尤其碱金属钠含量高的特点。依据2018年发布的中国电力企业联合会标准《电站煤粉锅炉入炉燃料的分类和选择》[4]划分,灰中折算Na2O质量分数(K2O折算因子为0.66)超过2.5%为高碱煤(2.5%~3.0%为I类;3.0%~5.0%为II类;5.0%以上为III类)。目前报道的新疆煤均为高碱煤,数个矿区的还属III类高碱煤。受运输能力和费用的限制,就近消纳高碱煤最为经济。随着超高压输电线路的建成,“西电东送”“疆电外送”战略变为可能,热力发电成为高碱煤的主要利用方式。
由于对高碱煤认识不足,在应用初期,设计人员一度视之为常规褐煤或者易结渣钙含量较高的神华煤,致使首批投入运行的燃煤锅炉在高负荷运行时炉内多处水冷壁发生严重的结渣;同时,悬挂在炉内的屏式受热面以及放置在水平烟道内的过(再)热器,甚至尾部的省煤器发生严重的沾污。受热面上结渣和沾污形成的灰层使用吹灰难以解决,导致传热恶化和金属管材快速腐蚀,给锅炉造成极大的安全隐患,同时显著影响机组经济性。这些现象不仅发生在高温燃烧的煤粉炉,也发生在炉膛温度较低和炉内存有大量固体床料的循环流化床锅炉。可以说,高碱煤在燃烧过程中出现的受热面沾污结渣问题是其大规模开发利用的重大阻碍。
我国科研人员和工程技术人员从早期工程应用中深刻地认识到新疆高碱煤的特殊性,所以从“十二五”起便对新疆高碱煤燃烧技术开展了不懈而广泛的研究和技术创新,取得了丰富的研究成果和显著的技术进步。由于准东煤是目前新疆地区最广泛燃用的煤种,因此准东煤、高碱煤和新疆煤常指的是同一种煤。本文从基础研究、关键技术和工程实践等方面对高碱煤燃烧技术的研究和工程应用进展进行较为全面的综述和总结,以期为后续开发更为经济、长期、安全大比例掺烧甚至纯烧新疆高碱煤的燃烧技术提供参考。
掌握煤质特性是燃烧设备设计的基础。高碱煤煤质特性研究包括常规燃烧特性、煤灰特性、碱金属和碱土金属(AAEM)含量的测定,以及碱金属赋存形态测定等内容。
常规燃烧特性包括工业分析、元素分析、发热量、着火燃尽特性、热解特性和可磨性等。
表1给出了准东煤田4个矿区部分煤质参数[5]。由表1可以看出,这几个矿区的准东煤的挥发分高,灰分低,硫分低,空气干燥基水分较低而热值较高,其他矿区所报道的也呈现类似特征。
由于准东煤的挥发分与神华煤等烟煤相当,而灰分更少,因此其着火温度更低,热重分析测定值在300 ℃左右,燃尽特性良好[6-8]
准东煤的哈氏可磨性指数高,属于易碾磨煤种,煤的全水分与褐煤相当,可采用MPS型中速磨煤机[9-10]
不考虑灰特性的常规燃烧特性分析结果表明,新疆高碱煤的煤质介于烟煤和褐煤之间,具有好着火、易燃尽、低硫分、可磨性良好等优点,是一种具有前景的动力用煤。
针对准东煤燃烧工程应用中出现的结渣沾污问题,高碱煤的煤质特性研究自然地聚焦于煤灰特性,如灰成分、灰熔点、灰熔融特性、流渣特性等。
表2为西安热工研究院有限公司张喜来等[11]总结的部分矿区典型高碱煤主要煤灰参数。由表2可以看出,新疆煤灰中Fe2O3、CaO、MgO、Na2O等碱性氧化物质量分数偏高,尤其是Na2O质量分数较高,因此该煤种也常被称为高钠煤。
刘家利[12]比较了准东煤与我国动力煤中烟煤、褐煤的灰分范围,同样显示准东煤具有灰中SiO2、Al2O3酸性氧化物含量偏低,而碱性氧化物含量偏高的特点(表3)。从灰中碱性氧化物与酸性氧化物的比值(碱酸比B/A)可以判定准东煤具有严重结渣倾向。高的碱性氧化物含量导致低灰熔融性,灰流温度低、流动特性好[13]
尽管理论表明AAEM含量高则灰熔点低[14],然而有些文献所报道的准东煤的灰熔点却较高,甚至超过1 400 ℃[15-16]。这主要是采用《煤灰熔融性的测定方法》(GB/T 219—2008)测定灰熔融特性时,由于制灰温度高,碱金属挥发严重,而准东煤灰中CaO含量高,在灰熔点测量过程中起到一定支撑作用,导致测量结果明显高于实际值,对锅炉设计运行无指导意义。因此,在测定高碱煤灰熔点时应该在低温下制得灰样,抑制碱金属的挥发,并采用非常规方法测定[17-20]
吕俊复等[21]发现:当灰样中碱酸比B/A<2.5时,环境气氛对灰熔融特性无显著影响;而当B/A≥2.5时,烟气中SO2会抑制煤灰中CaSO4的分解,提升高温下煤灰中CaO质量分数,并减少长石、辉石等低熔点矿物的生成,进而提升煤灰熔融温度。
AAEM的赋存形态是影响其释放特性和燃烧特性的重要因素之一[22-24],因此成为高碱煤研究的重要内容。目前人们已对高碱煤中AAEM的赋存形态获得了较为深入的认识。
AAEM可粗略分成有机和无机2类。有机一部分以羧酸盐的形式存在,另一部分则以配位形式存在于煤结构中的含氧或者含氮官能团中[21]。无机Na一部分与黏土矿物结合成硅酸钠、铝硅酸钠等,另一部分可能以NaCl形式存在。研究发现新疆高碱煤中的碱金属含量低于碱土金属含量,碱金属中Na的含量高于K的含量,碱土金属中Ca的含量高于Mg的含量[25]
测定AAEM的分析方法有逐级提取法(又称浸渍法或者萃取法)和灰成分分析法(包括X射线荧光光谱法XRF、X射线衍射法XRD、原子吸收分光光度法AAS、电感耦合等离子-原子发射光谱法ICP-AES等)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、计算机控制扫描电镜(CCSEM)、电子探针(EMPA)、红外光谱(IR)、拉曼光谱等也被用来分析煤中的AAEM矿物。逐级提取法的分析结果表明[26-29]:准东煤中的Na以水溶态Na为主,还有一部分交换态Na,酸溶态Na和不可溶态Na的含量低;K的含量远低于Na,而且K主要以酸溶态和不可溶态形式存在。准东煤中Ca主要以交换态Ca形式存在,还有一部分为酸溶态Ca和不可溶态Ca,水溶态Ca含量低。但是,不同研究者们的提取条件有差异,例如提取溶液的浓度、提取时间、提取温度、溶液与煤的混合比例等。完整提取流程所耗的时间长,通常需要60~72 h。为了方便比较不同研究者们的实验结果,需要规范煤中AAEM的逐级提取方法[30]
AAEM的释放主要与其赋存形态、反应温度、加热速率、反应气氛等影响因素有关。大量研究表明,准东煤AAEM在热解条件下的释放起始温度较低,煤中金属Na在550 ℃时便可析出20%~50%,超过800 ℃时,最高析出量可达80%。AAEM的释放与所处的环境气氛相关,通常在氧化气氛下的起始释放温度比在还原气氛下的更低[17]
刘敬[24]和陶玉洁[25]等发现,在燃烧条件下,准东煤中的碱金属在400~600 ℃析出最快,释放温度与灰化温度的影响与AAEM在准东煤灰中的含量相关;而碱金属Na、Ca的释放规律不同,Ca在1 000 ℃析出最快。
此外,研究者也发现在释放过程中伴随着AAEM的迁移[22,27,31]。马瑞等[31]近期较为全面地总结准东煤燃烧过程中Na迁移转化机制研究进展,将燃烧过程中钠的迁移主要分为内部和外部转化2个部分。钠的内部转化主要是水溶性Na向酸溶性Na和少量不溶性Na转化;外部转化主要是以NaCl(g)、Na2SO4(g)、Na原子以及有机Na形式释放的Na在氧化、氯化及硫化的作用下形成多种Na的化合物,随着烟气温度降低沉积在飞灰颗粒、炉内换热面上或随烟气排出。高碱煤中Na的内、外部转化机理分别如图1图2所示。
在加热过程中,煤中的AAEM矿物随着煤颗粒温度的升高逐渐发生分解、汽化、升华,进而释放到烟气中。气相AAEM矿物是积灰初始沉积层形成的主要组分,许多学者对AAEM的沉积机理与过程开展了深入研究。
江锋浩等[32]综述分析了高碱煤中碱金属的赋存形式及其在燃烧过程中的演变规律与高碱煤燃烧过程中的结渣机理。煤中赋存的AAEM在燃烧过程中与烟气中的其他化合物反应,生成气态的AAEM化合物及固态或熔融态的含碱金属矿物质;在碰撞到温度较低的受热面后发生冷凝,硫酸钠及硫酸钙等在受热面表面形成内白层并捕获烟气中灰颗粒,与之反应生成低熔点化合物,促进渣层的生长。AAEM化合物亦可在固态或熔融态的灰颗粒表面形成液态黏性的涂层,这种带有涂层的颗粒与烟气中含铁矿物质的颗粒加剧了结渣的形成。高碱煤燃烧过程中的沾污结渣机理流程如图3所示。
理论研究和小型实验台上的研究可以较好地揭示高碱煤的沾污结渣机理,但是在实际锅炉中烟气流经受热面后温度发生变化,而流经的受热面的温度也不同,因此研究人员还特别关注了烟气沿程中AAEM的分布和迁移特性[33-34]
王永贞等[33]借助ICP、SEM-EDX、XRD及灰熔点测试手段对燃烧准东宜化煤的330 MW电站锅炉烟气沿程沉积样分析研究。结果表明:后墙水冷壁、后屏再热器至低温过热器处沉积样均由松散的大小不一的小球及渣块混合而成,分隔屏过热器与后屏过热器沉积样呈现大的骨架结构;根据沉积样形貌、组成成分及矿物组成分析,将沉积样分为硅酸盐类与硫酸盐类,分隔屏过热器与后屏过热器为硅酸盐类沉积样,后墙水冷壁、后屏再热器至低温过热器为硫酸盐类沉积样。类似地,史航等[31]采用XRF、ICP-OES、XRD测试方法对某燃用准东五彩湾煤的某350 MW机组煤粉锅炉的沿程沉积样品进行分析。结果表明:水冷壁、一级过热器及末级再热器沉积样硬度较大,屏式过热器沉积样结构疏松。对沉积样进行组分分析,发现中低温区域沉积样(末级再热器及一级过热器)以硫酸盐为主;高温区域沉积样(水冷壁及屏式过热器)以硅酸盐/硅铝酸盐为主;末级再热器沉积样结构分层明显,沾污最为严重,其Na含量高于其他区域,且Na含量从贴近管壁内层到外层逐渐降低,与此同时Ca含量逐渐增加。
高温熔渣对碱金属的捕捉作用随着近期使用液态排渣锅炉全烧准东煤的工业试验项目的实施而受到重视。
李明强等[35]通过模拟旋风炉中自身液渣与高碱煤相互的边界反应,揭示高碱煤中碱金属与熔渣作用过程中的物相及元素迁移行为,发现煤中不同矿物元素在界面反应过程中有不同的迁移特性,发现外层熔渣中主要物相为CaSO4,同时有相当含量的Na4Ca(SO4)3·2H2O、Na2SO4;而内层渣主要含有Ca、Al、Fe、Mg等元素。液渣对Na、K的捕捉率超过50%,结合量子化学对液渣捕捉高碱煤中元素的行为机理进行了研究。
乌晓江等[36]通过搭建高温模拟反应装置探究液态排渣过程中高碱煤碱金属与熔渣矿物质反应机制,发现高碱煤与高温熔渣反应过程中挥发的Na、K、Ca、Fe等元素与高温熔渣反应,生成富含Na、K的变钾铁矾、三斜钾沸石、新硅钙石、白矾、斜钾铁矾等硫酸复盐和硅铝系复盐;煤中部分Na、K等元素通过高温熔渣的固化作用被富集固化至熔渣中。
Wu等人[37]基于20 MW液态排渣卧式燃烧中试试验台开展实验研究,结果发现:液态渣中Na2O质量分数在2.3%~8.6%(原煤灰中Na2O质量分数7.66%),液态渣中钠的主要存在形式为Na-Al-Si系共晶化合物,这表明液态渣对Na有一定的捕获效果,并能以共熔物的形式排出炉膛。
张翔等[38]在3 MW试验台上研究新疆高碱煤沾污结渣特性,发现在炉膛燃烧区域的渣样主要以含铁、钙矿物为主,如磁铁矿(Fe3O4)、钙硅石(CaSiO3)等;在高温对流受热面区域,由于煤中Na、K等碱金属的升华、冷凝作用以及沾污层与烟气中SO2、飞灰颗粒之间的物理化学反应,其沾污层主要以熔点较低的无水石膏(CaSO4)、无水芒硝(Na2SO4)以及Na-Al-Si和Ca-Al-Si的低温共熔体。这些低温共熔体在较低的温度下有较强的黏性,能够进一步捕捉烟气中的飞灰颗粒,加速沾污层厚度的增长。
近期,兰德辉等[39]利用小型卧式液态排渣锅炉对液渣对碱金属的捕捉作用进行研究。结果表明:炉内液渣中Fe元素会粘结在硅铝酸盐颗粒表面,增加其黏性,加强捕获灰颗粒的能力;而采用卧式液态排渣炉燃用高碱煤能有效缓解炉膛内壁沾污、结渣问题,且液渣对碱金属Na、K等的捕捉效率达50%以上,高于添加高岭土对Na的捕捉效率。胡兴雷等[40]搭建了一维沉降炉碱金属高温释放试验系统,开展了高碱煤低温热解实验以及测试分析,结果表明,温度是影响碱金属释放的主要因素。在燃烧初期,水溶性Na的释放主要以分子形式释放,Ca、Fe对等元素对燃烧初期Na的释放影响并不显著;而在温度达到1 300 ℃以上时,Ca、Fe等元素相比水溶性Na更易与Si和Al的氧化物形成低温共熔物,此时的液渣为Na-Ca-Fe-Al-Si-O的低温共熔物,这促进了可溶性Na的释放以及对不溶性Na的捕捉,且K的释放机制与Na相似。
上述机理研究和实炉验证表明了液态排渣工艺能够有效捕捉高碱煤中的碱金属,并使Na-Ca-Fe-Al-Si等低温共熔物以液态渣的形式排出炉膛,降低了后续受热面附近的碱金属总量,实现对飞灰的改性,有望从根本上解决高碱煤中AAEM所带来的受热面沾污与结渣问题。
我国各大锅炉制造厂、高等院校和科研院所的科技人员都非常重视高碱煤沾污和结渣防控技术的研究与开发,也已形成一系列行之有效的技术防控技术,多位学者在不同时期从不同角度进行了综述[4,11,41-42]
掺烧(或称混煤燃烧)是一种常用于应对易结渣煤燃烧的燃烧技术。掺烧能使不同煤种在燃烧中发生反应,改变燃烧产物和灰烬颗粒成分,影响灰沉积特性,最终实现缓解灰沉积问题的目的。对于准东煤,掺烧低碱煤可以降低液相AAEM硫酸盐的生成,从而减轻锅炉沾污,多个电厂采用这一方法后取得良好效果[4,8,43-45]
陈大元等[46]分析近30台掺烧准东煤锅炉设计煤质和入炉煤质特点,结合不同矿区准东煤在一维火焰炉上的结渣和煤灰烧结沾污性能测试结果,得到了影响准东煤锅炉安全运行的关键煤质指标,建议将以下煤质指标控制在安全范围内:w(Na2O)≤4%;w(Fe2O3)≤10%,当w(CaO)>15%时,w(Fe2O3)≤8%;w(CaO)≤20%,碱性组分B≤36%,B/A×w(Na2O)≤2.3。然而,受限于当地的低碱煤的资源,掺烧的经济性较差。如果运输费用降低,疆煤外送后,在内地电厂进行掺烧不失为一条高碱煤的利用途径[8]
另一种常规的途径是掺混高岭土,其原理是利用高岭土在高温下生成高熔点物质,固化高碱煤碱金属的释放,并提高灰熔点[47-50]
张利孟等[48]的实验研究表明,掺混高岭土后准东煤灰熔融温度呈现先下降后上升趋势。掺混比例为3%时,准东煤灰以钙黄长石、铁橄榄石、镁硅钙石为主,三者易形成低温共融物,导致此比例下灰熔融温度大幅降低;添加比例超过6%后,灰中矿物质由易形成低温共融的钙黄长石向高熔点的钙长石转变,软化温度ST快速上升至1 380 ℃。结渣指标计算结果表明,高岭土在原煤中掺混比例达到6%时,能够有效缓解准东煤结渣。
目前,相当数量的电厂在高负荷下采用掺混高岭土这种方法。白杨等[50]报道了五彩湾电厂350 MW机组锅炉掺混7.5%高岭土调控煤灰成分的实施情况,对制粉系统、燃烧系统、吹灰系统的运行参数进行深度协同优化后实现了锅炉长期安全运行,经济效益显著。对该厂而言,掺混高岭土经济性强于掺混煤矸石。综合文献报道,高岭土的掺烧量在5%~10%;对于一些高碱煤适应性强的机组,在掺配约3%高岭土情况下可长周期安全稳定运行[8,45-48]
虽然高岭土能显著提升机组安全及经济性,但近年高岭土价格逐年升高、供不应求,掺烧对机组的经济性有一定负面影响,需要提高高岭土的使用效率或者寻求其他经济高效的无机添加剂[39]
在新锅炉设计时,技术人员非常重视炉膛的设计,提出了高碱煤锅炉的炉膛选型准则,其核心是降低锅炉的热负荷和炉膛出口烟气温度[4,8,48,50-52]
杨忠灿等[4]认为炉膛出口烟气温度(指折焰角尖端向上垂直平面的平均温度)一般取DT−100 ℃和ST−150 ℃中的较低值;可采用加大最上层燃烧器与屏过底部的距离和调整受热面布置等措施来降低炉膛出口烟气温度。
常家星等[51]在改造480 t/h准东煤锅炉时提出了采用空气深度分级,燃烧器小切圆布置,在易结渣和沾污部位增加吹灰器和利用热炉烟管道提高热一次风温等措施,达到低NOx排放和长期连续高负荷运行。
燃用准东煤的煤粉锅炉的炉型主要分为П型炉及塔式炉2种。文博等[52]分析认为塔式炉主要有以下优点:1)相同条件下,屏底烟气温度较低,炉膛出口截面烟气温度偏差较小;2)受热面水平布置,无水平烟道,无折焰角,不易堆灰,有利于受热面吹灰器的布置,无吹灰死角;3)烟气流速向上,灰粒子受重力作用,部分粘聚的大颗粒可通过重力作用回落至炉膛;4)与П型布置相比,选用塔式锅炉,更易于尾部受热面布置和蒸汽侧参数匹配,从而大幅度降低结渣、沾污、积灰趋势。此外,塔式炉还有占地少的优势,但制造和安装成本较高。
顾玮伦和龙志云[53]总结分析已投运的大容量燃用高碱煤锅炉运行数据,提出了高碱煤锅炉炉膛选型、燃烧器设计和控制工质侧偏差的关键技术。依据《大容量煤粉燃烧锅炉炉膛选型导则》(DL/T 831—2015)中相关的规定,建议采取适当放大炉膛断面、增加燃尽高度的措施来防止结渣和沾污,建议选取炉膛容积热负荷qV约为60 kW/m3,截面热负荷qF约为4.2 MW/m2,燃烧器区热负荷qB约为1.1 MW/m2。新建的600 MW等级机组准东煤锅炉qV大都在60 kW/m3以下,最低甚至接近50 kW/m3,相应的qF约3.8 MW/m2qB甚至低至0.84 MW/m2[52]
研究人员在充分认识准东煤燃烧特性的基础上,提出了燃烧器设计的一些原则[53],包括:
1)控制主燃区火焰温度,避免产生局部高温、引起结渣;
2)着火稳定,燃烧充分,燃烧动力场易于组织;
3)有效防止结渣和高温腐蚀;
4)控制煤粉燃烧速度,炉内烟气分布均匀;
5)有效控制NOx排放,保证高效燃烧。
此外,随着深度调峰逐渐成为常态,还需要保障燃烧器的低负荷稳燃能力。
杨忠灿等[4]认为选择切圆燃烧方式时,燃烧器采用分段布置可增加燃烧器高度,降低燃烧器区热负荷。燃烧器可以采用水平浓淡燃烧器或在燃烧器侧面加侧边风,有效减轻一次风偏斜防止结渣。同心正切、同心反切(双切圆或部分一次风对冲、二次风启旋消旋系统对防止锅炉结渣的效果较好,对消除锅炉出口烟气温度偏差的效果也相对较好。对于燃烧器区结渣较重的锅炉,应采取调平四角一次风速、适当提高运行氧量和一次风速、降低煤粉细度和均匀分配燃烧器热负荷、二次风正塔配风等。
选择墙式对冲燃烧方式时,可通过降低外二次风(或三次风)的旋流强度,减轻燃烧器气流的飞边和结渣现象,但燃烧器和炉墙之间必须保持一定的距离以防止锅炉侧墙结渣。
吹灰是防治锅炉结渣沾污的被动措施,却也是必不可少的手段。杨忠灿等[4]指出,首先应考虑在燃烧器区及上部易结焦和沾污高温区布置足够数量的蒸汽吹灰器,确保其较高的可用率并安排合理的吹灰程序,对易结渣部位进行选择性吹灰,必要时还可考虑在燃烧器区安装适量的水力吹灰器。
董亮等[54]认为使用蒸汽吹灰时,再热器减温水压力与吹灰蒸汽压力比较接近,运行过程中也可以避免减温水调节阀开度过小导致调节阀磨损的问题,如吹灰系统减温水仍取自主给水管路,可在减温水管路增设多个调节阀,降低单个调节阀的减压值。或者在管路上增设其他减压装置,如多级节流孔、管道变径等装置降低调节阀前后差压。类似地,白杨等[50]也认为为了确保长伸缩蒸汽吹灰器的高效清灰能力,在吹灰试验过程中可以适当地提升中长伸缩吹灰器阀后蒸汽压力。
其他方法包括喷涂和洗煤等,由于价格较高,目前使用的很少,不再赘述。
我国高碱煤燃烧技术取得了显著的进步,相关成果已经在电力行业得到了推广应用,锅炉高碱煤掺烧比例由60%以下提高到90%以上,但目前仍未能完全实现全烧高碱煤[8]
华能国际牵头的研究团队在杨柳青热电厂300 MW等级液态排渣锅炉上进行了全烧高碱煤168 h工业试验。为防止液态排渣锅炉NOx生成量大,试验前对锅炉进行了深度空气分级改造,将助燃风分为二次风、三次风I和三次风II逐级给入,降低选择性催化还原(SCR)装置入口NOx含量。
试验选用新疆淖毛湖高碱煤,其入炉煤和灰成分见表4
结果表明:在300 MW负荷下,液态渣对Na、K金属捕集率为54.8%,煤灰中大部分Na、K通过液态渣的形式被排出炉膛;SCR装置入口的NOx质量浓度约293.15 mg/m3(折算到φ(O2)=6%),未增加脱硝系统负担,表明液态排渣锅炉高温深度空气分级技术具有良好的NOx控制效果;实测锅炉热效率93.16%,与燃用其他煤种差异不大(最近一次性能试验,燃用掺混烟煤,锅炉效率为92.81%),可见全烧高碱煤未对锅炉效率产生负面影响。试验期间流渣情况如图4a)所示,与燃用日常煤种(图4b))时液态渣流动情况对比,渣液黏度更低,可见燃用高碱煤时液态渣的流动性更好。
工业试验表明,液态排渣锅炉有望实现长周期清洁、高效、安全地全烧高碱煤。
尽管循环流化床锅炉的燃烧温度比煤粉锅炉低得多,但在燃用准东煤时出现过严重的沾污、结渣问题[55-56]。新疆米东热电厂由东方锅炉厂生产的亚临界300 MW循环流化床在运行中暴露准东煤强沾污结渣特性。锅炉按照淮南煤设计,炉膛温度约为950 ℃。投运后改烧准东煤,3个月后锅炉再热汽温呈现不断下降趋势,导致锅炉被迫停炉。检查发现尾部烟道受热面严重堵灰,炉膛内有很少量焦块,分离器出口水平烟道受热面表面形成覆盖渣层,高温过热器上层管子结渣严重[47-48]
清华大学基于长期的循环流化床锅炉和准东煤的研究经验,开发了全烧准东煤的半塔式循环流化床锅炉[56]。锅炉设计采用单炉膛、尾部单烟道、半塔式布置的自然循环炉型,由唐山锅炉厂制造,锅炉整体布置如图5所示。床温控制在880~890 ℃,控制炉膛出口烟气温度低于650 ℃,将600 ℃以上烟气温度区域受热面,包括高温过热器、中温过热器、低温过热器、蒸发器、省煤器布置在分离器之前的炉膛中。
该炉采用石灰石进行炉内脱硫,将600 ℃以上烟气温度区域受热面布置在锅炉的炉膛中,通过实际燃用准东煤(灰中Na质量分数最高值约6%)锅炉进行了工业验证。260 t/h准东煤循环流化床锅炉建成投运后,燃用灰分中Na2O质量分数6.0%的准东煤,锅炉运行1年后检查,炉膛受热面没有结渣现象,且在运行期间,炉膛受热面的吹灰器没有投运,炉内受热面无积灰[57]
目前存在的问题是对流受热面磨损较严重,影响机组长周期运行,如何在防沾污和防磨损方面实现平衡还待进一步研究[8]
此外,采用半塔式循环流化床锅炉全燃准东煤迄今为止只在1个工程上得到实施,需要全面总结经验,完善设计。特别地,此工程的容量较小,锅炉容量放大后的炉体支撑、受热面布置、防磨,以及制造成本控制等都是未来需要研究的课题。
1)大规模、安全、高效、清洁燃用新疆地区的煤炭对保障我国能源安全、实现“双碳”目标和发展西部经济具有重大意义。新疆煤炭具有良好的动力煤特征,但碱金属含量高,导致锅炉受热面严重沾污、结渣,影响机组的安全性和经济性。
2)从新疆大煤田被探明至今的近20年,我国研究人员和工程技术人员通过不懈努力,在高碱煤燃烧特性和技术开发取得了巨大成就,基本上掌握了高碱煤的燃烧特性和沾污、结渣机理,新建的电站锅炉大多数可安全长期燃用90%甚至以上的高碱煤,而且在液态排渣锅炉和半塔式循环流化床锅炉上实现了全烧准东煤的个别工程案例。多数早先投运的固态排渣锅炉也可以通过掺烧和掺混高岭土实现锅炉的高负荷安全运行。
3)然而,不管是液态排渣锅炉和半塔式循环流化床锅炉都尚处于全烧高碱煤的探索阶段,均只在单一工程上实施,现有的半塔式循环流化床锅炉的容量只有260 t/h,技术成熟度仍待加强,且局限于掺烧煤种和高岭土资源,成本较高。因此,面向大批的存量和新建机组,持续加大相关基础问题的研究和关键技术的开发力度,发展全烧高碱煤燃烧技术仍十分必要且相当迫切。
4)高碱煤是一个统称,研究表明其灰特性与产煤矿区有密切联系,各矿区甚至各煤层的煤质都可能存在显著不同,在锅炉设计和运行中不能想当然地不加区别。此外,特别值得后期关注的还有,一些矿区,如沙尔湖等矿区的高碱煤具有高碱高氯的特征,高氯元素含量将带来严重的腐蚀问题,燃用这些煤种挑战性更强,需要针对性地开展相关燃烧基础研究和关键技术开发。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目基础能源科技研究专项(HNKJ20-H50)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目基础能源科技研究专项(#U20GJJS05)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H70)
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2024年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312168
  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H50)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目基础能源科技研究专项(HNKJ20-H50)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(#U20GJJS05)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目基础能源科技研究专项(#U20GJJS05)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-H70)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H70)
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    1.清华大学能源与动力工程系,热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
    2.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100004
    3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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房凡(1983),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤清洁燃烧技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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