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二氧化碳储能技术研究现状与应用前景

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二氧化碳储能技术研究现状与应用前景

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Research progress and application prospects of carbon dioxide energy storage technology

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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202605037

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【目的】压缩二氧化碳储能（compressed carbon dioxide energy storage，CCES）具有工质密度高、闭式循环和选址灵活等特点，该技术适用于长时储能和可再生能源的消纳。为明确不同技术路线的性能差异与工程适用边界，需对其研究现状和应用进展进行系统梳理。

【方法】从系统构型、工质物性、储存方式、关键设备、循环优化及工程示范等方面，归纳比较液态、跨临界和超临界3类CCES技术路线，分析其运行边界、储能密度、往返效率及设备适配特征。

【结果】不同CCES构型的性能主要受CO2储存状态、低压侧储存方式、换热过程匹配和透平机械性能影响。典型跨临界与超临界系统往返效率多为50%~70%；液态或气液相变系统储能密度较高，但液化、蓄冷和相变换热过程较复杂；跨临界系统选址灵活，超临界系统结构紧凑，但二者分别面临临界区换热和高压设备可靠性问题。

【结论】CCES具备地面化部署和长时储能潜力，但仍需在非稳态控制、高效透平机械、换热网络优化、分级储热/蓄冷利用及商业化运行机制等方面进一步突破。

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[Objective] Compressed carbon dioxide energy storage (CCES) combines a high-density working fluid, closed-cycle operation, flexible siting, and the potential for long-duration energy storage, making it a promising physical storage option for power systems with high renewable-energy penetration. However, the reported performance of CCES varies substantially because liquid, transcritical, and supercritical routes differ in storage state, pressure level, heat-transfer process, low-pressure-side storage method, and evaluation boundary. This review aims to clarify the operating characteristics, performance ranges, equipment requirements, and engineering applicability of the main CCES routes, and to identify the technical barriers to large-scale deployment.

[Methods] The literature was reviewed from the perspectives of thermophysical properties, system configuration, storage mode, key equipment, cycle optimization, multi-energy coupling, dynamic behavior, and demonstration projects. Liquid, transcritical, and supercritical CCES systems were compared in terms of operating boundaries, round-trip efficiency, energy storage density, storage-vessel requirements, heat and cold recovery, and component matching. Representative studies on underground storage, flexible gas holders, adsorption storage, hydraulic compensation, waste-heat recovery, heat-pump integration, cold-electricity cogeneration, and external heat or cold sources were summarized. Engineering projects in Europe and China were also examined to assess the transition from conceptual studies to demonstration-scale applications.

[Results] CCES performance is primarily governed by the CO₂ storage state, low-pressure-side storage mode, pressure ratio, heat-exchanger matching, turbomachinery efficiency, and system boundary. Liquid or gas-liquid phase-change systems generally provide relatively high energy storage density, but require liquefaction, vaporization, cold storage, and phase-change heat transfer. Transcritical systems offer flexible ground-based deployment and can balance efficiency with siting adaptability, but are sensitive to thermophysical-property variations near the critical region and may require large low-pressure storage volumes. Supercritical systems are comparatively compact and avoid phase-change control, but impose stricter requirements on high-pressure vessels, sealing, materials, and turbomachinery manufacture. Typical transcritical and supercritical systems generally report round-trip efficiencies of 50%~70%. Nevertheless, direct comparison is difficult when external heat, cold-energy products, design values, or different storage boundaries are included. Waste-heat recovery, heat-pump coupling, cascaded thermal storage, and cold-electricity cogeneration can improve overall energy utilization, but often increase equipment count, control complexity, and capital cost. Existing megawatt-scale demonstrations and larger projects under construction indicate that CCES is progressing from thermodynamic verification toward engineering demonstration.

[Conclusions] CCES has potential for long-duration energy storage and reduced dependence on large underground gas caverns, but different routes should not be evaluated using a single efficiency indicator. Future research should establish consistent performance boundaries and focus on transient control near the critical region, off-design turbomachinery performance, heat-exchanger network optimization, reliable sealing and material selection, low-cost storage devices, cascaded heat and cold utilization, and experimentally validated dynamic models. Long-term operating data, safety standards, economic assessment methods, and market mechanisms are also required to support commercial deployment.

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. 二氧化碳储能技术研究现状与应用前景. 热力发电, : - . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202605037

. Research progress and application prospects of carbon dioxide energy storage technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, : - . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202605037

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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202605037

首发时间：2026-10-20

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202605037

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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