Article(id=1295068423940231505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202511023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=1764086400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-26, acceptedDate=1764604800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-02, onlineDate=1786697973475, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697973475, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697973475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697973475, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068190569164906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697917835, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698816898, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=91, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068424321913170, articleId=1295068423940231505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic performance analysis of a novel Carnot battery system utilizing exhaust steam, columnId=1295068192326574197, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

To address the issues of insufficient renewable energy integration into the power grid and the high exhaust steam loss in coal-fired power units, a novel Carnot Battery system integrated with a steam ejector is proposed to provide a technical solution for the flexibility transformation of coal-fired units.

[Methods]

This study designed two new systems, System Ⅰ and Ⅱ, utilizing turbine exhaust steam and extraction steam as low-temperature heat sources. System Ⅱ introduces a steam ejector, which uses exhaust from the intermediate-pressure turbine to entrain the exhaust steam, thereby increasing the cold source temperature of the heat storage cycle. Based on the EBSILON Professional, thermodynamic modeling was conducted to compare the coefficient of performance (CCOP), round-trip efficiency (ηRTE), and exergy loss of each system, followed by a techno-economic assessment.

[Results]

Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the exhaust steam losses of System Ⅰ and Ⅱ are reduced by 38.19 MW and 39.62 MW, respectively, compared to the reference system. Benefiting from the elevated cold source temperature, the CCOP of both systems increased to 1.36 and 1.42. Sensitivity analysis shows that System Ⅱ achieves an optimal round-trip efficiency of 61.51% at a cold source outlet temperature of 55 ℃, an improvement of 2.11 percentage points over the reference system. In terms of techno-economic performance, System Ⅱ performs best, with a dynamic payback period of 9.44 years and a levelized cost of storage as low as 2 094.59 yuan/(MW·h).

[Conclusion]

The novel System Ⅱ not only effectively reduces energy consumption and improves energy storage efficiency but also demonstrates significant economic competitiveness, which is of great importance for promoting the low-carbon transition of China’s energy industry.

, authors=Buting ZHANG1, Bokang LIU2, Weiwei LIU1, Zhidong WU2, Erqiang CHEN1, Shifei ZHAO3, authorsList=Buting ZHANG, Bokang LIU, Weiwei LIU, Zhidong WU, Erqiang CHEN, Shifei ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shifei ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068428671406449, articleId=1295068423940231505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=利用乏汽的新型卡诺电池热力学性能分析, columnId=1236714914694361723, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

针对电网新能源消纳不足和燃煤机组乏汽损失大的问题,提出了一种集成蒸汽喷射器的新型卡诺电池系统,为燃煤机组灵活性改造提供技术方案。

【方法】

设计了利用汽轮机乏汽和抽汽作为低温热源的新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ。新型系统Ⅱ引入蒸汽喷射器,以中压缸排汽引射乏汽,提升储热循环冷源温度。基于EBSILON Professional进行建模,对比分析各系统的能效系数、往返效率及㶲损失,并开展技术经济性评估。

【结果】

热力学分析显示,新型系统Ⅰ、Ⅱ的乏汽损失较参考系统分别降低了38.19 MW和39.62 MW;受益于冷源温度提升,两系统能效系数分别升至1.36和1.42。敏感性分析表明,系统Ⅱ在冷源出口温度为55 ℃时达到最佳往返效率61.51%,较参考系统提升2.11百分点。技术经济性方面,系统Ⅱ表现最优,其动态投资回收期为9.44年,平准化储能成本低至2 094.59元/(MW·h)。

【结论】

新型系统Ⅱ不仅能有效降低能耗、提升储能效率,还具备显著的经济竞争力,对促进我国能源行业低碳转型具有重要意义。

, authors=张步庭1, 刘伯康2, 刘玮蔚1, 武志东2, 陈二强1, 赵世飞3, authorsList=张步庭, 刘伯康, 刘玮蔚, 武志东, 陈二强, 赵世飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵世飞, authorNote=

张步庭(1980),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电碳协同、供热机组调峰等技术,

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵世飞(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃煤热电联产机组高效灵活运行技术,
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张步庭(1980),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电碳协同、供热机组调峰等技术,

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Major thermodynamic parameters of a supercritical coal-fired power unit

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项目30%THATHA
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1526.51 784
主蒸汽压力/MPa9.224.2
主蒸汽温度/℃566566
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1476.661 505.11
再热蒸汽压力/MPa1.44.2
再热蒸汽温度/℃530566
乏汽流量/(t·h–1370.811 016.61
乏汽损失/MW254.76666.55
发电量/MW189630
背压/kPa4.94.9
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超临界燃煤发电机组主要热力学参数

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项目30%THATHA
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1526.51 784
主蒸汽压力/MPa9.224.2
主蒸汽温度/℃566566
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1476.661 505.11
再热蒸汽压力/MPa1.44.2
再热蒸汽温度/℃530566
乏汽流量/(t·h–1370.811 016.61
乏汽损失/MW254.76666.55
发电量/MW189630
背压/kPa4.94.9
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Major thermodynamic parameters of the P2H system

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项目数值
工质初始温度/℃320
工质初始压力/MPa1.6
工质压缩后压力/MPa3.84
热源加热器出口温度/℃325
透平等熵效率0.9
压缩机等熵效率0.9
回热器上端差/℃5
冷源入口温度/℃15
冷源加热器上端差/℃5
冷源出口温度/℃10
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电转热系统主要热力学参数

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项目数值
工质初始温度/℃320
工质初始压力/MPa1.6
工质压缩后压力/MPa3.84
热源加热器出口温度/℃325
透平等熵效率0.9
压缩机等熵效率0.9
回热器上端差/℃5
冷源入口温度/℃15
冷源加热器上端差/℃5
冷源出口温度/℃10
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Comparison between simulated and actual parameters[18] of various state points in P2H system

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状态点实际参数模拟参数误差/%
压缩机入口温度/℃261.5261.50
压缩机出口温度/℃589589.30.05
压缩机入口压力/MPa1.61.60
压缩机出口压力/MPa4.84.80
回热器入口温度/℃3253250
回热器出口温度/℃21.5321.690.74
冷源加热器入口温度/℃–56.98–57.661.19
冷源加热器出口温度/℃10100
COP1.311.300.70
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电转热系统各状态点参数模拟值与实际值[18]对比

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状态点实际参数模拟参数误差/%
压缩机入口温度/℃261.5261.50
压缩机出口温度/℃589589.30.05
压缩机入口压力/MPa1.61.60
压缩机出口压力/MPa4.84.80
回热器入口温度/℃3253250
回热器出口温度/℃21.5321.690.74
冷源加热器入口温度/℃–56.98–57.661.19
冷源加热器出口温度/℃10100
COP1.311.300.70
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Comparison between the simulated and actual power generation values under different conditions

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工况实际发电量/MW模拟发电量/MW误差/%
THA630630.290.04
75%THA472.52472.060.09
50%THA315.02314.990.01
40%THA252.00252.470.18
30%THA189.02188.740.15
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不同工况下模拟发电量与实际发电量对比

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工况实际发电量/MW模拟发电量/MW误差/%
THA630630.290.04
75%THA472.52472.060.09
50%THA315.02314.990.01
40%THA252.00252.470.18
30%THA189.02188.740.15
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The calculation formulas for components cost

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部件公式
换热器C =8 649×W0.6
压缩机C =7 900×W0.62
透平C =9 858×W0.6
熔盐C =1 172.6×m
储罐C =687.5×V
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各部件成本计算公式

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部件公式
换热器C =8 649×W0.6
压缩机C =7 900×W0.62
透平C =9 858×W0.6
熔盐C =1 172.6×m
储罐C =687.5×V
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Thermodynamic performances of the three systems

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参数参考系统新型系统I新型系统Ⅱ
压缩机耗功量/MW136.47139.73141.31
透平做功量/MW36.4739.7343.94
冷源加热器出口温度/℃10.0027.5555
热源加热器换热量/MW133.22136.40137.94
冷源加热器换热量/MW34.9538.2042.42
回热器换热量/MW153.41147.99135.38
循环工质流量/(t·h–13 363.733 444.153 482.58
乏汽损失/MW254.76216.57215.14
燃煤机组发电减少量/MW2.63
能效系数CCOP1.331.361.42
往返效率/%59.4060.8261.51
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各系统热力学性能对比

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参数参考系统新型系统I新型系统Ⅱ
压缩机耗功量/MW136.47139.73141.31
透平做功量/MW36.4739.7343.94
冷源加热器出口温度/℃10.0027.5555
热源加热器换热量/MW133.22136.40137.94
冷源加热器换热量/MW34.9538.2042.42
回热器换热量/MW153.41147.99135.38
循环工质流量/(t·h–13 363.733 444.153 482.58
乏汽损失/MW254.76216.57215.14
燃煤机组发电减少量/MW2.63
能效系数CCOP1.331.361.42
往返效率/%59.4060.8261.51
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The techno-economic analysis about these systems

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设备参考系统新型系统Ⅰ新型系统Ⅱ
换热器成本/万元3 365.593 395.523 460.32
透平成本/万元1 830.041 808.891 793.51
压缩机成本/万元5 789.295 822.955 847.24
储热罐成本/万元1 000.241 000.241 000.24
熔盐成本/万元3 600.013 600.013 600.01
蒸汽喷射器成本/万元45.00
总成本/万元28 311.8928 399.4928 644.23
年运维成本/万元424.68425.99429.66
年发电量/(万kW·h)11 383.0911 597.9311 755.04
年节煤量/t31 323.2831 914.4632 346.78
节煤收益/(万元·a–13 758.793 829.743 881.61
平准化储能成本/(元·(MW·h)–12 137.822 104.772 094.59
动态投资回收期/a9.699.509.44
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各系统经济性分析

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设备参考系统新型系统Ⅰ新型系统Ⅱ
换热器成本/万元3 365.593 395.523 460.32
透平成本/万元1 830.041 808.891 793.51
压缩机成本/万元5 789.295 822.955 847.24
储热罐成本/万元1 000.241 000.241 000.24
熔盐成本/万元3 600.013 600.013 600.01
蒸汽喷射器成本/万元45.00
总成本/万元28 311.8928 399.4928 644.23
年运维成本/万元424.68425.99429.66
年发电量/(万kW·h)11 383.0911 597.9311 755.04
年节煤量/t31 323.2831 914.4632 346.78
节煤收益/(万元·a–13 758.793 829.743 881.61
平准化储能成本/(元·(MW·h)–12 137.822 104.772 094.59
动态投资回收期/a9.699.509.44
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利用乏汽的新型卡诺电池热力学性能分析
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张步庭 1 , 刘伯康 2 , 刘玮蔚 1 , 武志东 2 , 陈二强 1 , 赵世飞 3
热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2026,55(6): 91-101
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热力发电 |储能技术研究 2026 , 55 (6) : 91 -101
利用乏汽的新型卡诺电池热力学性能分析
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张步庭1 , 刘伯康2, 刘玮蔚1, 武志东2, 陈二强1, 赵世飞3
作者信息
  • 1.国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院,河南 郑州 450052
  • 2.国网河南省电力公司,河南 郑州 450052
  • 3.华北水利水电大学能源与动力工程学院,河南 郑州 450045
通讯作者:
赵世飞(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃煤热电联产机组高效灵活运行技术,
作者简介:

张步庭(1980),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电碳协同、供热机组调峰等技术,

Thermodynamic performance analysis of a novel Carnot battery system utilizing exhaust steam
Buting ZHANG1 , Bokang LIU2, Weiwei LIU1, Zhidong WU2, Erqiang CHEN1, Shifei ZHAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450052, China
  • 2.State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450052, China
  • 3.College of Energy and Power Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511023
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【目的】

针对电网新能源消纳不足和燃煤机组乏汽损失大的问题,提出了一种集成蒸汽喷射器的新型卡诺电池系统,为燃煤机组灵活性改造提供技术方案。

【方法】

设计了利用汽轮机乏汽和抽汽作为低温热源的新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ。新型系统Ⅱ引入蒸汽喷射器,以中压缸排汽引射乏汽,提升储热循环冷源温度。基于EBSILON Professional进行建模,对比分析各系统的能效系数、往返效率及㶲损失,并开展技术经济性评估。

【结果】

热力学分析显示,新型系统Ⅰ、Ⅱ的乏汽损失较参考系统分别降低了38.19 MW和39.62 MW;受益于冷源温度提升,两系统能效系数分别升至1.36和1.42。敏感性分析表明,系统Ⅱ在冷源出口温度为55 ℃时达到最佳往返效率61.51%,较参考系统提升2.11百分点。技术经济性方面,系统Ⅱ表现最优,其动态投资回收期为9.44年,平准化储能成本低至2 094.59元/(MW·h)。

【结论】

新型系统Ⅱ不仅能有效降低能耗、提升储能效率,还具备显著的经济竞争力,对促进我国能源行业低碳转型具有重要意义。

卡诺电池  /  蒸汽喷射器  /  灵活性改造  /  热力学分析  /  技术经济性
[Objective]

To address the issues of insufficient renewable energy integration into the power grid and the high exhaust steam loss in coal-fired power units, a novel Carnot Battery system integrated with a steam ejector is proposed to provide a technical solution for the flexibility transformation of coal-fired units.

[Methods]

This study designed two new systems, System Ⅰ and Ⅱ, utilizing turbine exhaust steam and extraction steam as low-temperature heat sources. System Ⅱ introduces a steam ejector, which uses exhaust from the intermediate-pressure turbine to entrain the exhaust steam, thereby increasing the cold source temperature of the heat storage cycle. Based on the EBSILON Professional, thermodynamic modeling was conducted to compare the coefficient of performance (CCOP), round-trip efficiency (ηRTE), and exergy loss of each system, followed by a techno-economic assessment.

[Results]

Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the exhaust steam losses of System Ⅰ and Ⅱ are reduced by 38.19 MW and 39.62 MW, respectively, compared to the reference system. Benefiting from the elevated cold source temperature, the CCOP of both systems increased to 1.36 and 1.42. Sensitivity analysis shows that System Ⅱ achieves an optimal round-trip efficiency of 61.51% at a cold source outlet temperature of 55 ℃, an improvement of 2.11 percentage points over the reference system. In terms of techno-economic performance, System Ⅱ performs best, with a dynamic payback period of 9.44 years and a levelized cost of storage as low as 2 094.59 yuan/(MW·h).

[Conclusion]

The novel System Ⅱ not only effectively reduces energy consumption and improves energy storage efficiency but also demonstrates significant economic competitiveness, which is of great importance for promoting the low-carbon transition of China’s energy industry.

Carnot battery  /  steam ejector  /  flexibility transformation  /  thermodynamic analysis  /  techno-economic performance
张步庭, 刘伯康, 刘玮蔚, 武志东, 陈二强, 赵世飞. 利用乏汽的新型卡诺电池热力学性能分析. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (6) : 91 -101 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511023
Buting ZHANG, Bokang LIU, Weiwei LIU, Zhidong WU, Erqiang CHEN, Shifei ZHAO. Thermodynamic performance analysis of a novel Carnot battery system utilizing exhaust steam[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (6) : 91 -101 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511023
随着“双碳”目标的提出,我国开始大力构建以新能源为主体的电力系统[1-2]。然而,由于以风、光为主的新能源具有随机性和波动性,高比例新能源接入电网会对电网稳定性造成极大冲击[3-5]。2024年,全国累计火力发电量为63 742.6亿千瓦时,占总发电量的63.19%[6],现阶段燃煤发电仍是我国电力供应的主力。如何充分发挥火电“压舱石”作用对我国能源行业低碳转型意义重大。考虑到燃煤电厂运行安全性,锅炉和汽轮机存在最小稳燃负荷和最小冷却流量的限制,深度调峰范围有限[7],因此汽轮机存在不可避免的乏汽损失,同时机组最小发电量也限制了电力系统对新能源发电的消纳能力[8]
作为一种新型储能系统,卡诺电池可有效缓解上述问题。卡诺电池主要由电转热系统(power to heat,P2H)、储热系统和释能系统构成[9]。在充电阶段,P2H采用逆向动力循环将电能转化为热能;在放电阶段,储存的热能通过动力循环重新转化为电能,实现热电转化。卡诺电池具有成本低、可实现规模化长时储能和不受地域限制的优势,因此得到众多学者的关注。
在储热系统方面:赵永亮等[10]构建了6种卡诺电池系统构型,并从热力学角度和热经济学角度进行分析,结果表明使用菜籽油并采用回热的卡诺电池系统的综合效率最高,为75.28%;吴智泉等[11]分析了基于闭式布雷顿循环的热泵储电系统设备的㶲效率和㶲损失情况,计算表明压缩机和透平具有最高㶲损失,且发电系统中设备效率对系统㶲效率的影响更显著;张涵等[12]分析了基于逆/正布雷顿循环的卡诺电池系统的性能,结果表明标准工况下,卡诺电池系统的储电效率可以达到64.28%;Huang等人[13]建立了基于焦耳-布雷顿循环的卡诺电池多能系统模型,并分析了外部热源与冷源耦合对系统性能的影响。
余热利用方面:卢沛等[14]提出一种余热耦合有机朗肯循环的卡诺电池系统,并对其热-经济性进行评估,结果表明系统发电能力提升,平准化储能成本降低;Hu等人[15]指出卡诺电池系统更适合与余热耦合,而不是区域供热网络或太阳能,其与余热耦合的平准化储能成本最低,为0.23美元/(kW·h)。
依托于成熟的朗肯循环能量释放系统,火电厂在集成卡诺电池方面具有显著优势。研究表明,火电厂是部署卡诺电池技术的理想场景,在节能潜力与经济可行性上均表现优异[16]。Blanquiceth等人[17]构建了释能循环为燃煤机组的卡诺电池系统,并规定了关键参数的设计指南,包括冷、热罐温度和换热器终端温差。Cui等人[18]基于燃煤机组对释热过程进行了优化,结果表明,给水温度调节方法使系统效率提高了0.29%~0.95%,而蒸汽参数调整方法使系统效率提高了约1%。Li等人[19]探讨将退役燃煤机组改造为卡诺电池,评估了不同工作流体和工况下系统的热效率、往返效率与经济性。
作为以燃煤机组为释热端的新型储能动力循环,卡诺电池具有良好的应用前景。目前研究多集中于储能子系统的热力学性能,而对其与燃煤机组的深度耦合及协同运行的探讨仍显不足,尤其在通过系统集成提升整体能效方面。冷源温度对循环性能具有关键影响,现有低温甲醇冷源方案仍有优化空间。若能有效回收燃煤机组乏汽或抽汽余热,不仅可实现子系统间的能量协同,还能提升储热环节的㶲效率。在此背景下,蒸汽喷射器凭借其高品位蒸汽引射与低品位能量回收能力,以及宽范围的压力调节特性,在电厂余热利用中展现出优势[20],有望成为连接燃煤机组与卡诺电池的关键耦合装置。
鉴于此,本文提出了一种新型卡诺电池系统。该系统以燃煤机组作为释能循环,利用汽轮机乏汽和抽汽作为卡诺电池储能过程的低温热源。基于Ebsilon Professional软件对系统进行建模,并在设计工况下进行热力学和敏感性分析,最后结合实际运行数据进行模拟,并以此进行技术经济性分析。研究可为燃煤机组灵活性改造和新能源消纳提供技术参考和理论依据。
基于燃煤机组的卡诺电池系统流程示意如图1所示[21]。释能系统为典型600 MW超临界燃煤热电联产系统,采用一次再热、单轴、凝汽式汽轮机,平均排汽压力为4.9 kPa,回热系统由3个高压加热器、4个低压加热器和1个除氧器构成。由于只有当锅炉处于最小发电负荷(30%THA,turbine heat acceptance)且新能源发电仍不能被电网完全消纳时,才会有弃电产生,表1给出了参考机组中超临界燃煤发电系统在THA和30%THA工况下的主要热力学参数。
电转热系统主要由压缩机、热源加热器、回热器、透平和冷源加热器构成,系统部件参数如表2所示。该系统的主要运行过程如下:当系统处于充电状态时,新能源弃电和透平所发电力驱动压缩机将中温低压的循环工质压缩至高压高温状态,随后进入热源加热器,与冷罐出来的储热介质换热;储热介质被加热后流入热罐,循环工质变为中温高压状态;中温高压循环工质经过回热器与冷源加热器出口的低温低压循环工质换热,温度进一步降低;低温高压的循环工质经过透平做功变为低温低压状态;低温低压的循环工质进入冷源加热器和废热源换热,温度升高,而后进入回热器进一步升温,变为中温低压状态;最后中温低压工质进入压缩机进入下一次热力循环。
热能释放过程主要涉及预热器、蒸发器、过热器和再热器。选择二元太阳盐(60% NaNO3 + 40% KNO3)作为存储介质。为防止太阳盐在给水加热过程中出现夹点问题,将冷、热罐温度分别设置为320、580 ℃。具体释热过程如下:当系统处于放电状态时,热罐出口的高温储热介质分为两股,其中一股与来自蒸发器的蒸汽进行换热,使其温度达到主蒸汽温度,随后与锅炉产生的主蒸汽混合,共同进入高压缸做功,另一股与高压缸出口部分蒸汽在再热器中进行换热,随后与锅炉再热器出口的蒸汽混合,依次流入中压缸和低压缸做功;换热后的两股储热介质混合,依次流经蒸发器和预热器与给水进行换热,最后回到冷罐。
在30%THA工况下,系统仍存在254.76 MW的乏汽损失。由于常规机组背压较低,乏汽温度偏低,难以实现高效利用。同时,储能循环中的废热源温度亦处于较低水平,对循环的能效系数(coefficient of performance,CCOP)造成不利影响。此外,受锅炉最小稳燃负荷约束,机组必须维持一定的发电量,从而在一定程度上限制了电网对新能源发电的消纳能力。
本文提出了利用乏汽的卡诺电池系统(新型系统I),其流程示意如图2所示。在该系统中,低压缸部分乏汽充当热泵系统中冷源加热器的热源,放热后变为该压力下的饱和水,随后回到凝汽器。热泵系统中循环工质经乏汽加热后,由回热器进行第二次加热,至指定温度后进入压缩机。
该系统的主要优势在于:1)利用乏汽对储能循环工质进行加热,可有效减少乏汽损失并提升能源利用率;2)乏汽温度相较传统废热源更高,可提高工质进入透平的温度,从而增加透平做功。由此,压缩机的驱动电量和热源加热器的换热量均有所增加,最终提升了储能系统的能效系数。
在进一步利用余热并提高低温热源温度的基础上,本文提出了集成蒸汽喷射器的卡诺电池系统(新型系统II),集成蒸汽喷射器的卡诺电池系统结构示意如图3所示。
新型系统Ⅱ主要进行了如下改进:1)系统仍单独利用乏汽作为冷源加热器一级加热的热源,以中压缸排汽作为蒸汽喷射器的工作流体、低压缸乏汽作为被引射流体,喷射器出口形成的混合蒸汽用于冷源加热器二级加热;2)混合蒸汽在完成换热后冷凝为对应温度下的饱和水,并返回除氧器。在该系统中,通过设定冷源加热器出口温度及上端差即可确定混合蒸汽的温度与压力。需要指出的是,引入蒸汽喷射器并利用部分抽汽作为工作流体,有助于提高储能循环的CCOP,但同时会减少进入低压缸的蒸汽量,从而导致燃煤机组发电量下降。
选用EBSILON Professional软件进行模型搭建和模拟。新型系统Ⅱ的模型如图4所示。
建模过程的主要假设有[22]
1)忽略换热器和管道压降;
2)所有过程均达到稳定状态;
3)压缩过程和膨胀过程均为绝热;
4)变工况时,汽轮机压力和流量的关系遵循弗留格尔公式。
为验证软件模拟的准确性,将热泵系统和燃煤发电系统在不同工况下的模拟结果与实际设计值进行对比,如表3表4所示。
本文主要从热力学性能和技术经济性角度对系统进行评价,其中热力学性能指标主要包括能效系数、往返效率(round-trip efficiency,RTE)ηRTE和㶲损失等,经济性指标主要包括平准化储能成本(levelized cost of storage,LCOS)LLCOS,动态投资回收期(dynamic payback period,DPP)τDPP等。
本文提出的新型系统Ⅱ采用部分抽汽作为储能循环的低温热源,从而导致燃煤机组发电量下降,需要以部分弃电进行补偿。因此,实际可用于储能循环的有效弃电量相应减少。在此情况下,储能循环能效系数CCOP的计算公式为:
CCOP=QTEwΔE=QTWcWtΔE
式中:QT为热源加热器的换热量,MW;Ew为弃电量,MW;ΔE为燃煤系统的发电减少量,MW;Wc为压缩机耗功量,MW;Wt为透平做功量,MW。
在释能环节,系统可用储热量为QT,考虑到储能环节实际接纳的弃电量为Ew,往返效率ηRTE可表示为:
ηRTE=QTηeηmηgEw
式中:ηe为系统发电效率,本文选取燃煤机组75%THA工况作为释能工况,此时的ηe为44.59%;ηmηg分别为系统的机械效率和电动机效率。
换热器㶲损失计算公式为:
IH=(Ehot,inEhot,out)(Ecold,outEcold,in)
式中:Ecold,inEcold,out分别为换热器冷端入口和出口的㶲,MW;Ehot,inEhot,out分别为换热器热端入口和出口的㶲,MW。
压缩机和透平的㶲损IcIt可表示为[23]
Ic=Ec,in+WcEc,out
It=Et,inEt,outWt
式中:Ec,inEc,out分别为压缩机入口和出口㶲值,MW;Et,inEt,out分别为透平入口和出口㶲值,MW。
平准化储能成本LLCOS可体现系统的储能成本,一般由下式计算[24]
LLCOS=Ctot+i=1LLTCan(1+r)ii=1LLTEexp(1+r)i
式中:Ctot为系统总成本,主要包括换热器、压缩机、透平和储罐成本,元;Can为运维成本,本文取系统总成本Ctot的1.5%,元;LLT为储能系统的生命周期,本文取25年;Eexp为全寿命周期中的总电力输出,MW·h;r为折现率,本文取5%。
各部件成本计算方法如表5所示[25]表5中:C为部件成本,美元(美元和人民币汇率取7.27:1);W为换热器、压缩机和透平的额定换热量和功率,kW;m为熔盐质量,t;V为储罐体积,m3
年化利润Rn是将所利用的弃电量转化为减少的煤耗量来计算的,具体表示为:
Rn=EwyuηePcCan
式中:yu为年利用小时数,h;Pc为煤单价,本文取1 200元/t。
动态投资回收期τDPP可以表示为:
τDPP=Y+t=0YCt(t)tCt+1
式中:Y为累计现金流为负的最后一年,年;i为社会平均年利率,本文取5%;Ct为第t年的净现金流,元;Ct+1为第t+1年的年度净现金流,元。
图5给出了各系统储能循环温熵图对比。与参考系统相比,新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的吸热过程温度均显著提高。新型系统Ⅰ采用乏汽替代传统废热源,使冷源加热器出口温度由10 ℃提升至27.5 ℃,平均吸热温度较参考系统提高了14.94 ℃。在此基础上,新型系统Ⅱ进一步优化:首先利用低压缸乏汽将出口温度提升至27.5 ℃;随后通过蒸汽喷射器产生的混合蒸汽将出口温度进一步提高至55 ℃。此时,新型系统Ⅱ的平均吸热温度较参考系统提升幅度高达36.64 ℃。
图6展示了在弃电量为100 MW、燃煤机组30%THA工况时,参考系统与新型系统的能量流动情况。由图6a)可知,参考系统中有52.70%的热量通过冷却塔被排放至环境,冷源加热器仅回收了7.22%的废热。新型系统采用乏汽替代低品位废热源后,乏汽热量损失显著降低,新型系统I和Ⅱ的乏汽损失分别降至44.80%和44.49%;冷源加热器获得的能量相应提高至7.90%和8.62%。同时,两种新型系统的储热能量较参考系统分别提升0.65和0.96百分点。此外,在新型系统Ⅱ中,由于蒸汽喷射器引射部分中压缸排汽,需使用占0.41%的弃电来补偿燃煤机组发电量的下降。
此外,使用乏汽代替废热源可提高冷源加热器的出口温度,从而增加透平做功量并提高热源加热器的换热量。各系统热力学性能对比见表6表6表明:新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的透平做功量分别为39.73 MW和43.94 MW,较参考系统分别增加了8.94%和20.48%;透平做功提高带动了循环工质流量增加,新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的工质流量较参考系统分别增加了80.42 t/h和118.85 t/h,热源加热器的换热量也分别提升了2.39%和3.54%;新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的乏汽损失分别降低了38.19 MW和39.62 MW。在能效方面,新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的CCOP较参考系统分别提高了0.03和0.09,往返效率分别提高了1.42和2.11百分点。
图7展示了与图6相同工况下储能系统各部件的㶲损分布。可以看出,新型系统Ⅱ的总㶲损最低,较参考系统和新型系统Ⅰ分别减少0.82 MW和1.50 MW。具体来看,由于循环工质流量和透平做功量的增加,新型系统Ⅱ在压缩机、透平和热源加热器中的㶲损均最高。然而,随着冷源温度的提高,其在冷源加热器和回热器中的换热温差减小,因此这两个部件的㶲损大幅下降。综合作用下,新型系统Ⅱ的整体㶲损呈下降趋势。
在弃电量保持一定的情况下,冷源加热器的出口温度可直接影响透平的做功量和热源加热器的换热量,进而影响热泵系统的CCOP。对于新型系统Ⅱ,冷源出口温度还会影响混合蒸汽的温度和压力,进而影响乏汽回收率和系统的整体效益。
图8图9图10给出了新型系统Ⅱ冷源出口温度的升高对透平进、出口温度,透平做功量和压缩机耗功量,以及不同换热器换热量的影响。
可以看出,除回热器换热量随冷源出口温度升高呈下降趋势外,其余指标均呈上升趋势。当弃电量为100 MW时,随着冷源加热器出口温度从35 ℃上升至65 ℃,冷源加热器换热量从39.47 MW增加到43.77 MW,透平进口温度从45.59 ℃提升至74.51 ℃,出口温度从–40.02 ℃提升至–18.69 ℃。冷源加热器出口温度的升高减小了与回热器内工质的温差,因此回热器换热量由145.06 MW降低到130.09 MW,透平做功量也从41.00 MW增加到45.26 MW,热源加热器的换热量基本保持不变。这是因为冷源温度的升高需要更高品质的蒸汽,导致燃煤机组发电量不断减小,使得部分新能源弃电可重新上网,因此驱动压缩机的电量不会有明显变化。
图11进一步给出了冷源加热器出口温度变化对低压缸乏汽和中压缸排汽利用量的影响。随着冷源出口温度的升高,中压缸排汽和低压缸乏汽利用量变化呈相反趋势。当冷源出口温度由35 ℃提升至65 ℃时,蒸汽喷射器需要引射更多的中压缸排汽来使混合蒸汽达到所需要的温度和压力,因此中压缸排汽利用量从1.75 t/h增加到20.31 t/h,低压缸乏汽利用量从57.00 t/h降低至41.12 t/h。
虽然使用中压缸抽汽可将冷源加热器出口温度上限提升,但燃煤机组的发电量也会因此下降。这表明,对于新型系统Ⅱ,冷源出口温度存在最优解。图12给出了冷源出口温度对系统能效系数、燃煤系统发电减少量和往返效率的影响。由图12可得,当弃电量为100 MW时,CCOP和燃煤系统发电减少量随着冷源出口温度的升高而增加,而往返效率则呈先增大后减小的趋势。随着温度从35 ℃升高至65 ℃,系统CCOP从1.38增长至1.44;同时,其对应的燃煤系统发电减少量也由0.39 MW提高至4.07 MW。当冷源出口温度从35 ℃提升至55 ℃时,往返效率从61.20%增加至61.51%;当冷源出口温度继续高于55 ℃时,往返效率开始逐渐降低。因此,最佳冷源出口温度为55 ℃,此时新型系统Ⅱ的往返效率分别较参考系统和新型系统Ⅰ提升了2.11和0.69百分点。
根据锅炉最小稳燃负荷与汽轮机最小乏汽流量限制,确定燃煤机组的最小技术出力。通过对比新能源功率及机组最小出力之和与实时电力需求,即可判定是否存在弃电:若前者大于后者,则该时段发生弃电,多余电量由卡诺电池储能循环利用。
根据上述算法,结合实际运行数据,得到原系统在24 h内各类能源的供需情况,如图13所示。可以看出,原系统在9~17 h有弃电情况发生,此时,原系统的燃煤热电联产机组发电量占比为67.57%,弃电量占比为17.88%。图14进一步分析了当系统处于储能阶段时,新型系统Ⅱ与新型系统Ⅰ和参考系统的燃煤机组发电量对比。由于新型系统Ⅱ通过利用中压缸抽汽降低了发电量,因此在任意小时,新型系统Ⅱ的燃煤机组发电量占比和弃电量占比均小于参考系统和新型系统Ⅰ。具体表现为,在9~17 h,与参考系统和新型系统Ⅰ相比(两者燃煤机组发电量与弃电量相同),新型系统Ⅱ燃煤机组发电量与弃电量均减少了10.18 MW。
图15给出了储能阶段各系统的熔盐储量对比。可以看出,新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的熔盐储量较参考系统分别增加了149.54 t/h和271.84 t/h。
由于系统选取的废热源和整体结构上的不同,参考系统和新型系统在相同弃电量下加热的熔盐量以及系统成本也会不同,因此本文计算了新型系统的节煤收益、平准化储能成本和动态投资回收期,并与传统系统进行对比,结果如表7所示。
表7可以看出:新型系统Ⅱ的节煤收益为3 881.61万元/年,较参考系统和新型系统Ⅰ分别增加了122.82万元/年和51.87万元/年;新型系统Ⅱ的动态投资回收期为9.44年,较参考系统和新型系统Ⅰ分别缩短了0.25年和0.06年;参考系统、新型系统Ⅰ和新型系统Ⅱ的平准化储能成本分别为2 137.82、2 104.77、2 094.59元/(MW·h)。可见,新型系统Ⅱ较参考系统和新型系统Ⅰ拥有最高的节煤收益、最短的动态投资回收期和最低的平准化储能成本,其经济性能最好。
1)通过回收汽轮机乏汽,新型系统可在降低乏汽损失的同时提升热泵系统的CCOP。相较于参考系统,新型系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的CCOP分别提高了0.03和0.09,乏汽损失分别降低了38.19 MW和39.62 MW。
2)升高冷源出口温度时,系统CCOP增加,往返效率呈先升后降趋势。当冷源出口温度从35 ℃升高到65 ℃时,新型系统Ⅱ的CCOP从1.38增加至1.44。但由于抽汽量增加会使燃煤机组发电量降低,冷源出口温度存在最优解(55 ℃),此时系统往返效率为61.51%。
3)新型系统Ⅱ的经济性最好,节煤收益最高(3 881.61万元/年),平准化储能成本最低(2 094.59元/(MW·h)),动态投资回收期最短(9.44年)。年利用小时数对系统的平准化储能成本和动态投资回收期影响较显著。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206012)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511023
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
  • 修回日期:2025-11-26
  • 录用日期:2025-12-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206012)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206012)
作者信息
    1.国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院,河南 郑州 450052
    2.国网河南省电力公司,河南 郑州 450052
    3.华北水利水电大学能源与动力工程学院,河南 郑州 450045

通讯作者:

赵世飞(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃煤热电联产机组高效灵活运行技术,
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