Article(id=1295068151985763148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202510036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760457600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-15, revisedDate=1762272000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-05, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1786697908635, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697908635, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697908635, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697908635, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=178, endPage=186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068153797702477, articleId=1295068151985763148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Structural optimization of film cooling holes based on neural networks and genetic algorithms, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

High-efficiency film cooling technology is an important means of increasing the turbine inlet temperature of gas turbines, and how to obtain the optimal film cooling hole and flow channel geometries has become a critical engineering issue to enhance the film cooling effectiveness of hot-section components in gas turbines.

[Methods]

In this study, the hole geometry of film cooling holes was parameterized, wherein relative coordinates and angles were adopted as the input parameters. Sampling was performed within the selected ranges of input parameters, and parameter optimization was conducted by coupling the BP neural network with the genetic algorithm, with the objective of maximizing the film cooling effectiveness of the film cooling holes. The influences of the shape and inclination angle of the film cooling hole channel on the film cooling effectiveness were investigated.

[Results]

Compared with cylindrical holes, the film cooling hole with the optimal configuration has a bigger spanwise width, smaller edge expansion angles on both spanwise sides, the same streamwise length as the cylindrical hole, and small-angle protrusion at the trailing edge. Under the condition of the same spanwise width and smooth flow channel, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness of the optimal configuration is 18.28% higher than that of the dustpan-shaped hole. For the optimal configuration, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness of the smooth flow channel is 5.3% higher than that of the unsmooth case. The optimized film cooling hole suppresses the trend of the mainstream entraining the cooling flow from both sides below, and alters the rotation direction of the kidney vortex pairs. Specifically, under the condition of the blowing ratio of 1 and hole inclination angles of 30°, 45° and 60° respectively, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness of this configuration is 814.6%, 1 002.4% and 772.7% higher than that of the cylindrical hole.

[Conclusion]

The novel film cooling holes finally optimized in this study can reduce the intensity of kidney vortex pairs, enhance the wall adherence of coolant, and simultaneously delay the damping of film cooling effectiveness on the flat plate downstream of the film cooling hole. The optimized configuration maintains high film cooling effectiveness on the flat plate wall even in case of an increasing hole inclination angle, thus exhibiting broader adaptability to hole inclination angles. The optimal configuration with a smooth flow channel obtained in this study has certain engineering reference value.

, authors=Jianming WANG, Yunhao WANG, Heng LIN, Guangchao LI, authorsList=Jianming WANG, Yunhao WANG, Heng LIN, Guangchao LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunhao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068158952502134, articleId=1295068151985763148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于神经网络和遗传算法的气膜冷却孔结构优化, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

高效的气膜冷却技术是提高燃气轮机涡轮前温度进而提升燃气轮机热效率的重要手段,最佳的气膜孔和流道形状成为提高燃气轮机热端部件气膜冷却效率的重要途径。

【方法】

在对气膜孔的孔型结构进行参数化处理的基础上,采用相对坐标和角度作为输入参数,在选定的输入参数范围内进行抽样,结合BP神经网络和遗传算法,以气膜孔的冷却效率为目标进行参数寻优,探究了气膜孔流道形状和孔倾角对气膜冷却效率的影响。

【结果】

结果表明:最优方案下的气膜孔相对于圆柱孔展向宽度更宽,沿展向两边有较小的外缘开角,沿流向长度与圆柱孔一致,后缘有较小角度的凸起。在气膜孔展向宽度相同和流道光滑的情况下,最优方案的面平均冷却效率相比于簸箕型气膜孔提高了18.28%。在最优孔型的情况下,光滑流道比不光滑流道方案的面平均冷却效率提升了5.3%,优化后的气膜孔抑制了主流从两侧卷入冷却流下方的趋势,改变了肾型涡的旋转方向。在吹风比为1和孔倾角分别为30°、45°和60°时,该气膜孔构型相比于圆柱孔的面平均气膜冷却效率分别提升了814.6%、1 002.4%和772.7%。

【结论】

最终优化出的新型气膜孔可以降低肾型涡对的强度,增强冷却气流的贴壁性,同时延缓了气膜孔下游平板壁面冷却效率的衰减。经过优化后的气膜孔方案,在孔倾角增大后的平板壁面上仍有较高的冷却效率,该气膜孔具有更宽的孔倾角适应性。

, authors=王建明, 王昀皓, 林恒, 李广超, authorsList=王建明, 王昀皓, 林恒, 李广超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王昀皓, authorNote=

王建明(1975),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为推进系统的流动与传热,

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王昀皓(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热端部件冷却,
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Optimization of outlet shape of film cooling hole based on bezier curve[J]. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2024, 44(8): 1173-1180., articleTitle=Optimization of outlet shape of film cooling hole based on bezier curve, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068173791949806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068151985763148, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=115, issue=null, pageStart=379, pageEnd=394, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=37, authorNames=LIU C L, YE L, ZHU H R, journalName=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU C L, YE L, ZHU H R, et al. Investigation on the effects of rib orientation angle on the film cooling with ribbed cross-flow coolant channel[J]. 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Computational operating conditions

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名称含义
Baseline基态圆柱孔
Case1不光滑流道的最优孔型气膜孔
Case2光滑流道的最优孔型气膜孔
FSH扇形
WSH簸箕型
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计算工况

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名称含义
Baseline基态圆柱孔
Case1不光滑流道的最优孔型气膜孔
Case2光滑流道的最优孔型气膜孔
FSH扇形
WSH簸箕型
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Parameters and their ranges

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参数取值范围
Δx/mm10.0~22.5
y/mm1.5~6.5
α1/(°)5~20
α2/(°)65~100
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参数及其范围

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参数取值范围
Δx/mm10.0~22.5
y/mm1.5~6.5
α1/(°)5~20
α2/(°)65~100
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The cooling effectiveness of gas films with different hole types

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气膜孔孔型η
Baseline0.035 6
FSH0.206 2
WSH0.245 6
Case20.290 5
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不同孔型的气膜冷却效率对比

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气膜孔孔型η
Baseline0.035 6
FSH0.206 2
WSH0.245 6
Case20.290 5
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基于神经网络和遗传算法的气膜冷却孔结构优化
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王建明 , 王昀皓 , 林恒 , 李广超
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(5): 178-186
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (5) : 178 -186
基于神经网络和遗传算法的气膜冷却孔结构优化
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王建明 , 王昀皓 , 林恒, 李广超
作者信息
  • 沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院辽宁省航空推进系统先进测试技术重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110136
通讯作者:
王昀皓(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热端部件冷却,
作者简介:

王建明(1975),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为推进系统的流动与传热,

Structural optimization of film cooling holes based on neural networks and genetic algorithms
Jianming WANG , Yunhao WANG , Heng LIN, Guangchao LI
Affiliations
  • Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Test Technology for Aerospace Propulsion System, School of Aero Engine, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510036
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【目的】

高效的气膜冷却技术是提高燃气轮机涡轮前温度进而提升燃气轮机热效率的重要手段,最佳的气膜孔和流道形状成为提高燃气轮机热端部件气膜冷却效率的重要途径。

【方法】

在对气膜孔的孔型结构进行参数化处理的基础上,采用相对坐标和角度作为输入参数,在选定的输入参数范围内进行抽样,结合BP神经网络和遗传算法,以气膜孔的冷却效率为目标进行参数寻优,探究了气膜孔流道形状和孔倾角对气膜冷却效率的影响。

【结果】

结果表明:最优方案下的气膜孔相对于圆柱孔展向宽度更宽,沿展向两边有较小的外缘开角,沿流向长度与圆柱孔一致,后缘有较小角度的凸起。在气膜孔展向宽度相同和流道光滑的情况下,最优方案的面平均冷却效率相比于簸箕型气膜孔提高了18.28%。在最优孔型的情况下,光滑流道比不光滑流道方案的面平均冷却效率提升了5.3%,优化后的气膜孔抑制了主流从两侧卷入冷却流下方的趋势,改变了肾型涡的旋转方向。在吹风比为1和孔倾角分别为30°、45°和60°时,该气膜孔构型相比于圆柱孔的面平均气膜冷却效率分别提升了814.6%、1 002.4%和772.7%。

【结论】

最终优化出的新型气膜孔可以降低肾型涡对的强度,增强冷却气流的贴壁性,同时延缓了气膜孔下游平板壁面冷却效率的衰减。经过优化后的气膜孔方案,在孔倾角增大后的平板壁面上仍有较高的冷却效率,该气膜孔具有更宽的孔倾角适应性。

气膜冷却  /  数值模拟  /  机器学习  /  神经网络  /  遗传算法
[Objective]

High-efficiency film cooling technology is an important means of increasing the turbine inlet temperature of gas turbines, and how to obtain the optimal film cooling hole and flow channel geometries has become a critical engineering issue to enhance the film cooling effectiveness of hot-section components in gas turbines.

[Methods]

In this study, the hole geometry of film cooling holes was parameterized, wherein relative coordinates and angles were adopted as the input parameters. Sampling was performed within the selected ranges of input parameters, and parameter optimization was conducted by coupling the BP neural network with the genetic algorithm, with the objective of maximizing the film cooling effectiveness of the film cooling holes. The influences of the shape and inclination angle of the film cooling hole channel on the film cooling effectiveness were investigated.

[Results]

Compared with cylindrical holes, the film cooling hole with the optimal configuration has a bigger spanwise width, smaller edge expansion angles on both spanwise sides, the same streamwise length as the cylindrical hole, and small-angle protrusion at the trailing edge. Under the condition of the same spanwise width and smooth flow channel, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness of the optimal configuration is 18.28% higher than that of the dustpan-shaped hole. For the optimal configuration, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness of the smooth flow channel is 5.3% higher than that of the unsmooth case. The optimized film cooling hole suppresses the trend of the mainstream entraining the cooling flow from both sides below, and alters the rotation direction of the kidney vortex pairs. Specifically, under the condition of the blowing ratio of 1 and hole inclination angles of 30°, 45° and 60° respectively, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness of this configuration is 814.6%, 1 002.4% and 772.7% higher than that of the cylindrical hole.

[Conclusion]

The novel film cooling holes finally optimized in this study can reduce the intensity of kidney vortex pairs, enhance the wall adherence of coolant, and simultaneously delay the damping of film cooling effectiveness on the flat plate downstream of the film cooling hole. The optimized configuration maintains high film cooling effectiveness on the flat plate wall even in case of an increasing hole inclination angle, thus exhibiting broader adaptability to hole inclination angles. The optimal configuration with a smooth flow channel obtained in this study has certain engineering reference value.

film cooling  /  numerical simulation  /  machine learning  /  neural network  /  genetic algorithm
王建明, 王昀皓, 林恒, 李广超. 基于神经网络和遗传算法的气膜冷却孔结构优化. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 178 -186 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510036
Jianming WANG, Yunhao WANG, Heng LIN, Guangchao LI. Structural optimization of film cooling holes based on neural networks and genetic algorithms[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 178 -186 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510036
燃气轮机是火力发电的重要设备之一,提高涡轮前温度是提升燃气轮机热效率的重要途径,而提高涡轮前温度需要高效的冷却措施。作为一种热防护手段,气膜冷却的冷却效果在涡轮外环、端壁及涡轮叶片等位置已得到广泛验证[1-3]。冷却气流不仅能带走涡轮叶片表面的热量,还能在叶片表面形成隔热层,阻隔高温燃气向叶片的直接传热。发展高效的气膜冷却技术,是提升涡轮前温度的发展方向之一。传统气膜冷却孔如圆柱孔,冷却射流与高温燃气掺混会诱发肾型涡对,降低冷却效率,在大流量冷气射流条件下尤为明显。因此如何降低冷却气流与主流的掺混至关重要。
对于气膜冷却的研究,新型的气膜冷却孔结构是研究的热点,近年气膜冷却孔出现的新孔型有双孔型[4]、双插排型[5]、心形[6]、双出口型[7]、箭形[8]、圆角凹坑形[9]、猫耳型[10]、半梨形[11]、鲁伯特形[12]、蝶形[13]、扇形[14]、双向扩张型[15]等。Lee等人[16]对扇形孔的构造几何进行了参数化,并研究了不同参数对冷却效率的影响,得到了最优的孔喷射角、扩张角等参数值。Kim等人[17]对多种孔型冷却效果进行了对比,得到了哑铃孔冷却效率高于其他常见孔型。戴萍[18]和Song等人[19]研究发现收敛槽缝孔可有效改善冷却效率。近年来,模型驱动的智能算法发展迅速,科技工作者尝试把其应用于气膜冷却结构的优化上。徐虎等[20]搭建了能够自动寻优的平台,有效提升了叶片前缘冷却效率。罗磊等[21]通过卷积神经网络对气膜冷却效率进行预测。Ma等人[22]使用粒子群算法对收敛缝孔进行研究,得到吹风比与喷射角对气膜冷却效率影响的关系。Cheng等人[23]将气膜孔的各个构造角度参数化训练神经网络,并使用遗传算法优化,得到了几何参数和布置方式对气膜冷却效率的影响程度,孔型由入射角和前向扩张角2个参数控制。刘瑞等[24]使用B曲线构建气膜孔孔型,并使用径向基神经网络和遗传算法进行优化,结果表明该优化方法明显提高了冷却效率,该孔型控制参数较多且冷却流通道为直通道,气膜冷却效率有进一步优化的空间。
在上述文献的基础上,本文构建了一种新的参数化气膜孔的构型方法,孔型由4个参数决定,同时冷却流流道与孔型进行了基于二阶样条曲线的自动连续光滑匹配。使用BP神经网络结合遗传算法对连续曲面的气膜孔进行结构优化设计,以获得参数范围内的最优解,并进一步探究不同工况下的气膜冷却性能。
本文的研究基于平板气膜冷却换热模型,模型参考文献[25],定义为基态。计算区域由主流通道、冷气通道以及气膜孔流道组成,几何尺寸如图1所示。基态气膜孔的圆柱孔直径D=10 mm,孔倾角为30°。主流通道长为40D,宽为4D,高为8D,其中气膜孔前缘距主流入口距离为9D。冷气流道长为7D,宽为4D,高为7D。气膜孔底面到平板壁面的高为1.5D。坐标原点为气膜孔前缘中点,XYZ坐标轴分别对应主流流向、主流展向和气流冷却壁面的法向。
图2为气膜孔流道形状,基态圆柱孔(Baseline)为直径1D的通孔,修型前气膜孔(b1)下半段为直径1D的圆柱孔,上半段由圆柱孔放样过渡到气膜孔出口形状;修型后气膜孔(b2)下半段为直径1D的圆柱孔,上半段由圆柱孔基于二阶样条曲线连续过渡为气膜孔出口形状。本文采用相对坐标和角度进行参数化建模,气膜孔出口处形状参数如图3所示。气膜孔以中线为对称线,以气膜孔前缘中点为基础,参数y表征气膜孔展向尺度,参数Δx表征气膜孔轴向的尺度,参数α1表征气膜孔两边阔开的程度,参数α2表征气膜孔后缘凹凸程度。气膜孔外缘距各参数的控制线距离为0.5D
与文献[25]设置保持一致,主流为速度入口,流速v=17 m/s,进口温度T=300 K,湍流度为0.9%。冷却流为质量流量入口,流量由吹风比换算得到,入口温度Tc=270 K,湍流度为5%。计算域两侧壁面为周期性边界条件,其余壁面均为绝热无滑移壁面。吹风比定义为:
M=ρνρcνc
冷却效率定义为:
η=TTTTc
式中:ρ为主流密度;ρc为冷却流密度;vc为冷却流流速。
计算域网格如图4所示,由于孔型复杂且需要自动化生成网格,本文使用ANSYS Fluent meshing模块进行蜂窝状网格划分。对平板表面及气膜孔流道划分边界层网格,近壁面网格进行加密处理保证y≤1,以满足湍流模型要求。对气膜孔及其下游区域进行加密处理,最终自动生成的网格规模为230万~250万。求解计算使用压力与速度的耦合算法,采用二阶迎风格式进行空间离散,残差达到10–6时判定收敛。
本文分别选取81万、234万和302万网格进行了网格无关性验证,结果如图5所示。
图5可见,当网格数量达到234万时,数值模拟结果趋于稳定,故本文选取234万网格的设置参数进行后续的数值模拟。为了验证数值模拟的准确性,本文与文献[25]在吹风比M=1的冷却效率试验结果进行对比,结果如图6所示。由沿流向平均冷却效率可以看出模型与试验吻合良好,故本文的数值模拟结果较为可靠。不同的计算工况名称含义见表1
计算流程如图7所示,使用Python编写代码调用CATIA生成模型、SpaceClaim对模型进行前处理、Fluent Meshing划分网格、Fluent求解计算、以及Tecplot对计算结果进行后处理,实现全流程自动化(表2)。文献[23]中的方法,使用全因子设计(full factorial design)在选定参数范围内取样,孔长度Δx范围10.0~22.5 mm,气膜孔内宽度y范围1.5~6.5 mm,气膜孔外缘开角α1范围5°~20°,气膜孔燕尾开角α2范围65°~100°,共取样620组模型参数。
对于未知的非线性函数,仅通过函数的输入输出难以准确寻找函数极值。对此,可以使用神经网络的非线性拟合能力和遗传算法的非线性寻优能力寻找函数极值。寻优过程主要分为参数化建模及抽样、训练BP神经网络和遗传算法寻优。图8为BP神经网络优化流程。
BP神经网络是一种多层前馈神经网络模型,由于其对非线性函数的拟合性能而被广泛应用。神经网络的整体结构分为输入层、隐藏层和输出层,其中网络的输入为该函数的自变量,输出为函数因变量。本文神经网络输入层的4个自变量,即第1.1节中的Δxyα1α2参数,输出层的变量为平板壁面的平均冷却效率η;隐藏层设1层,含5个节点即可满足精度要求,故确定神经网络结构为4-5-1。本文神经网络结构如图9所示。从620组训练数据中随机抽取500组作为网络训练的样本,其余120组用于测试网络性能,神经网络训练后用于预测函数值。
以光滑流道气膜孔工况的平板壁面平均冷却效率η为例,BP神经网络预测输出与通过CFD计算得到的数值对比如图10所示。图10结果表明预测与期望输出吻合较好,均方误差小于10–5
遗传算法中个体长度为4,个体适应度值由BP神经网络预测平板气膜冷却效率决定,适应度值越大,个体越优。种群规模为20,交叉概率为0.4,变异概率为0.2(本文选取了交叉概率0.4、0.5、0.6,变异概率0.1、0.2、0.3进行遗传算法调参试验),最大进化次数为1 000步。如图11所示,适应度随进化过程收敛于0.29。对此参数的孔型进行CFD模拟,其面平均冷却效率优于所有抽样结果。
基态圆柱孔(Baseline)、扇形(FSH)、簸箕型(WSH)和最优孔型(Case(1,2))的孔型对比如图12所示,其中FSH和WSH是工程中所认为的高冷却效率孔型,它们均是本文样本库中的孔型。从图12可以看出,在有流道优化的情况时,相比于Baseline,Case(1,2)的孔在展向宽度上明显更宽,且有一个较小角度的外缘开角,这有助于孔内的冷却流沿展向发展进而覆盖更大的气膜冷却面。相比于扇形与簸箕型,Case(1,2)在沿流向的长度上更短,且不同于簸箕型后缘的内凹形态,Case(1,2)的后缘有较小角度的凸起。
表3为不同孔型气膜冷却效率的对比。从表3可以看出,在气膜孔展向宽度相同的情况下,FSH的冷却效率为0.206 2,而WSH气膜冷却效率达到0.245 6。作为对比,Case2的面平均冷却效率达到0.290 5,高于簸箕型18.28%。下文着重对比基态圆柱孔(Baseline)、不光滑流道的最优孔型气膜孔(Case1)和光滑流道最优孔型气膜孔(Case2)的区别。
图13显示了气膜孔中心轴线截面温度与流线的分布情况。由图13可以看出,Baseline的冷却流穿透性强,出孔后沿孔倾角方向发展了一段距离,随后与主流掺混。Case1由于流道后段的扩张,减弱了冷却流对主流的穿透,冷流受到主流的压迫增强了冷流的贴壁效果。Case2流道光滑使冷流沿气膜孔壁平滑地流动,出孔时更为平稳,导致Case2在平板壁面后的贴壁冷却效果优于Case1。
图14显示了沿主流流向气膜孔下游X/D=5(截面Ⅰ)和X/D=20(截面Ⅱ)截面处的温度与流线分布。从图14可以看出,当X/D等于5时,Baseline的冷气截面脱离了平板壁面,并且形成了一对肾型涡,将热的主流从两侧边界卷入冷却流方。此时肾型涡右半部分旋转方向为顺时针。Case1和Case2的冷却流紧贴平板壁面,优化后的孔型抑制了气流将主流从两侧边界卷入平板壁面的趋势,并将肾型涡右半部分旋转方向改为逆时针。Case2相比Case1冷气流更为集中地覆盖在换热表面。当X/D=20时,Baseline的冷却流完全脱离了平板壁面,由于肾型涡的存在将冷却流与主流掺混。Case1则由于反向的肾型涡对导致主流从中线位置与平板壁面接触。Case2的肾型涡对强度低于Case1,平板壁面中线附近仍有冷却流覆盖。
图15显示了平板壁面的气膜冷却效率云图。从图15可以看出,Baseline由于冷却流脱离了平板壁面,冷却效率高区域集中在Y/D=0附近,最高冷却效率低于0.3。Case1的冷却效率在孔下游两侧较高,可到达0.9以上,Y/D=0附近的冷却效率弱于两侧。Case1在X/D=21~30的中线附近效率低于0.2,而Case2的冷却效率仍能达到0.2以上。Case1由于流道不光滑,气膜孔内在X/D=2~3有部分范围的冷却效率低于0.9,而Case2中此部分范围减小。
图16X/D=5截面处平板壁面冷却效率沿展向的分布。从图16可以看出,Baseline的有效冷却覆盖范围仅能覆盖到展向的一半,且最高冷却效率在中线处为0.3。Case1的冷却范围覆盖了展向的大部分范围,冷却效率曲线呈现马鞍形结构,在Y/D=1附近达到最大值。Case2两侧的冷却效率稍低于Case1,但中心部分效率高于Case1。在Y/D=5的截面处Case1与Case2的最大冷却效率几乎相同,超过0.8。
图17为展向平均气膜冷却效率分布。从图17可以看出,Baseline的平均冷却效率在平板壁面上在0.04附近波动。Case1和Case2展向平均冷却效率在孔后最高可达0.60,随着离气膜孔的距离增长而逐渐降低。Case2的气膜孔流道光滑后冷却效率衰减更为平缓,在平板壁面后部分平均冷却效率高于流道不光滑的Case1。
Baseline和Case2的面平均冷却效率见表3,Case1的面平均冷却效率是0.275 7。Case1的平板壁面平均换热效率是Baseline的774.4%,Case2的平板壁面平均换热效率是Baseline的816.0%,气膜孔流道光滑后平板壁面平均冷却效率提高了5.3%。综上,为了得到更优的气膜冷却效率,需要在优化训练时以气膜孔流道光滑为基础进行。
对于Case2工况,沿着30°的气膜孔轴线方向观察,气膜孔进、出口的形状如图18所示。气膜孔出口孔型的上下游长度与下方1/2位置圆柱孔的上下游长度一致,气膜孔后缘稍突出而两边向上游收敛;气膜孔沿展向的宽度达到允许的最大范围,展向两侧边界具有较小的外扩角度。
保持Case2气膜孔的构造形状不变,只改变气膜孔的倾角,倾角分别为30°、45°和60°,与圆柱孔基态的计算结果对比如图19所示。图19中Baseline为该孔倾角下的基态圆柱孔工况,Case2为该孔倾角下应用光滑流道和最优孔型的工况,将2种工况分别在30°、45°和60°下进行对比。
图19可以看出,随着孔倾角的增大,Baseline的冷气射流高度越高,脱离壁面越明显。Case的冷流则始终覆盖平板壁面,冷流随主流流向对平板壁面的覆盖更平滑,射流高度始终低于相同孔倾角的Baseline工况。
图20为不同孔倾角下的面平均冷却效率对比。由图20可见,Baseline的面平均冷却效率低于对应孔倾角下的Case,Case的面平均冷却效率从30°到45°仅下降0.48%,从45°到60°下降36.69%。在孔倾角为30°、45°和60°时,Case的面平均冷却效率分别为Baseline的814.6%、1 002.4%和772.7%。因此,该气膜孔构型可应用于45°等较大孔倾角的叶片(即该构型对孔倾角具有更宽的适应性),以降低加工难度。
本文采用相对坐标和角度对气膜孔形状进行参数化处理,使用Python编写的代码调用CATIA、SpaceClaim、Fluent Meshing、Fluent和Tecplot,实现模型生成、网格划分、计算以及后处理的自动化。结合BP神经网络与遗传算法进行寻优,得到了在参数范围内最优的孔型,并与圆柱孔基态和流道不光滑的孔进行了对比分析,且进一步讨论了不同孔倾角的冷却特性。主要结论如下:
1)为了得到更高的气膜冷却效率,样本训练需要在光滑流道的基础上进行。气膜孔流道光滑修型降低了肾型涡对的强度,增强了冷却流的贴壁性,延缓了气膜孔下游平板壁面冷却效率的衰减。
2)对于在孔壁厚1/2处由圆柱孔过渡为其他形状的孔型而言,最优的气膜孔出口孔型为:沿孔倾角方向,上下沿与下方1/2处的圆柱孔平齐,且后缘稍突出。沿气膜孔展向在允许范围内取最大边界且向外有一小扩张角。在孔倾角为30°且孔型相同时,流道光滑优化后的平板冷却效率提高了5.3%。
3)流道光滑后的气膜孔在不同孔倾角下的冷却效率均优于圆柱孔,该构型的气膜孔在孔倾角为45°时的面冷却效率与30°时相比仅下降0.48%,此时气膜冷却效率为圆柱孔的1 002.4%,该气膜孔构型具有更宽孔倾角的适应性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51406124)
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2026年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510036
  • 接收时间:2025-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-15
  • 修回日期:2025-11-05
  • 录用日期:2025-11-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51406124)
国家自然科学基金项目(51406124)
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    沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院辽宁省航空推进系统先进测试技术重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110136

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王昀皓(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热端部件冷却,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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