Article(id=1295068097447223770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202508049, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755705600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-21, revisedDate=1760889600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-20, acceptedDate=1760976000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-21, onlineDate=1786697895633, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697895633, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697895633, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697895633, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=183, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068097673716187, articleId=1295068097447223770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on anomalous creep behavior of 800H alloy and its influence, columnId=1295068056598900878, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation techonology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The 800H alloy is a critical high-temperature material used for the main steam header of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor steam generators and is prone to creep damage and failure under prolonged high-temperature and high-pressure service conditions. In this study, tensile and creep tests were systematically performed on 800H alloy under various temperatures and stress levels to obtain its mechanical properties and detailed creep curves. The results indicate that the alloy exhibits an anomalous creep behavior in the early stage of creep, characterized by an initial decrease followed by an increase in creep rate, which is more pronounced under lower stress conditions. The true steady-state creep rate, accounting for this anomalous behavior, was determined using the Monkman-Grant relationship in combination with stress exponent analysis. Further investigation shows that this anomalous creep behavior significantly reduces the creep rate and influences the subsequent creep process. Quantitative analysis reveals that the creep rate at the anomalous point increases with increasing temperature and stress, while the duration of the anomalous stage increases with applied stress. These findings provide valuable insights into the creep behavior and strengthening mechanisms of the 800H alloy.

, authors=Qingwu WANG1, Xu LI1, 2, Miaomiao WANG1, Xiewen LIU3, Dian LYU3, Yingjie ZHAN1, Wenbin WEI1, Peng YANG1, Wujun ZHU3, Peng ZHAO3, Yanxun XIANG3, authorsList=Qingwu WANG, Xu LI, Miaomiao WANG, Xiewen LIU, Dian LYU, Yingjie ZHAN, Wenbin WEI, Peng YANG, Wujun ZHU, Peng ZHAO, Yanxun XIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Miaomiao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068104917279222, articleId=1295068097447223770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=800H合金“异常”蠕变行为及影响研究, columnId=1211002409581679375, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=发电技术论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

800H合金是高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器主蒸汽联箱的关键材料,在高温高压的长期服役条件下易发生蠕变损伤与失效。通过在不同温度与应力条件下进行800H合金的拉伸与蠕变试验,系统获取了其力学性能参数及蠕变曲线。结果表明,该合金在蠕变初期存在蠕变速率先减小后增大的“异常”行为,且该现象在低应力条件下更明显。通过Monkman-Grant关系与应力指数法,确定了考虑“异常”蠕变行为后的真实稳态蠕变速率。进一步研究发现,该“异常”蠕变行为显著降低了蠕变速率,并影响后续蠕变过程。通过定量分析发现,异常点蠕变速率随温度升高和应力增大而升高,异常持续时间占比则随应力增大而增加。研究结果为深入理解800H合金的蠕变行为与强化机理提供了重要依据。

, authors=王庆武1, 李旭1, 2, 王苗苗1, 刘协文3, 吕典3, 詹英杰1, 魏文斌1, 杨鹏1, 朱武军3, 赵鹏3, 项延训3, authorsList=王庆武, 李旭, 王苗苗, 刘协文, 吕典, 詹英杰, 魏文斌, 杨鹏, 朱武军, 赵鹏, 项延训, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王苗苗, authorNote=

王庆武(1974),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂在役检查,

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王苗苗(1984),女,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂设备管理,
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Helsinki, Finland, 2004: 329-343., articleTitle=Negative creep in nickel base superalloys, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068123795841651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=26, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=19, authorNames=张斌, 胡正飞, journalName=钢铁研究学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张斌,胡正飞. 9Cr马氏体耐热钢发展及其蠕变寿命预测[J]. 钢铁研究学报201022(1):26-31., articleTitle=9Cr马氏体耐热钢发展及其蠕变寿命预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068123892310644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=26, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=20, authorNames=ZHANG Bin, HU Zhengfei, journalName=Journal of Iron and Steel Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Bin, HU Zhengfei. 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Journal of Iron and Steel Research, 2010, 22(1): 26-31., articleTitle=Development of 9Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel and its creep life prediction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068123963613813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=4, pageStart=96, pageEnd=104, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=21, authorNames=牛田野, 高永建, 陶贤超, journalName=机械工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=牛田野,高永建,陶贤超,. 核级SA-508 Gr.3 Cl.1材料拉伸与压缩蠕变行为的比较研究[J]. 机械工程学报202359(4):96-104., articleTitle=核级SA-508 Gr.3 Cl.1材料拉伸与压缩蠕变行为的比较研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068124022334070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=4, pageStart=96, pageEnd=104, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=22, authorNames=NIU Tianye, GAO Yongjian, TAO Xianchao, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIU Tianye, GAO Yongjian, TAO Xianchao, et al. 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articleId=1295068097447223770, companyId=1295068105294766589, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1295068110957077056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Dimensions of tensile specimen, figureFileSmall=zuJTpUcCuCoRx48aa8so3w==, figureFileBig=FBGv3jN//3BKhuK40ymCOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068111024185921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=CN, label=图1, caption=拉伸试样尺寸, figureFileSmall=zuJTpUcCuCoRx48aa8so3w==, figureFileBig=FBGv3jN//3BKhuK40ymCOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068111426839106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dimensions of the creep specimen, figureFileSmall=nNYOW86lcKmQgUctz4KjVQ==, figureFileBig=QN5V6tWTkZMlMPBeJ6t+XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068111489753668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=CN, label=图2, caption=蠕变试样尺寸, figureFileSmall=nNYOW86lcKmQgUctz4KjVQ==, figureFileBig=QN5V6tWTkZMlMPBeJ6t+XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068113184252485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Creep curves of 800H alloy, figureFileSmall=T1Gu2qc2Hc6bdmIYy4oUUQ==, figureFileBig=BJIuqYl3pN08GCqRsUR6Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068113272332870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=CN, label=图3, caption=800H合金蠕变曲线, figureFileSmall=T1Gu2qc2Hc6bdmIYy4oUUQ==, figureFileBig=BJIuqYl3pN08GCqRsUR6Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068113364607559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=800H合金蠕变前后析出相分布, figureFileSmall=KcL0myx12yaBb3ncPNjn5Q==, figureFileBig=yyl9O9Ecuxustyx6m0WGFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068117940593237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Longitudinal comparison of the anomaly, figureFileSmall=bXMQvo1rh8sbY7/RFcrV9w==, figureFileBig=1BAF9iAlrkbE3sFBHHNBOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068118024479318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=CN, label=图11, caption=“异常”纵向对比, figureFileSmall=bXMQvo1rh8sbY7/RFcrV9w==, figureFileBig=1BAF9iAlrkbE3sFBHHNBOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068118133531223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Transverse comparison of the anomaly, figureFileSmall=yoMstHD2DhDT9V9D4yj3hw==, figureFileBig=+YKfIzSKFRWSAHOtETNLPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068118209028696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=CN, label=图12, caption=“异常”横向对比, figureFileSmall=yoMstHD2DhDT9V9D4yj3hw==, figureFileBig=+YKfIzSKFRWSAHOtETNLPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068118280331865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Results of tensile tests

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序号试验温度/℃抗拉强度/MPa屈服强度/MPa
L-1室温595275
L-2540471171
L-3571454181
L-4600451173
), ArticleFig(id=1295068118330663514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拉伸试验结果

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序号试验温度/℃抗拉强度/MPa屈服强度/MPa
L-1室温595275
L-2540471171
L-3571454181
L-4600451173
), ArticleFig(id=1295068118410355291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Creep test conditions and results

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序号试验温度/℃试验应力/MPa蠕变时间/h
R-1540440164.79
R-2425217.09
R-3408709.97
R-4387922.28
R-53662 088.73
R-6571328743.36
R-7315868.73
R-83021 413.61
R-92911 779.15
R-10600315271.56
R-11300417.60
R-12275669.28
R-132701 138.67
R-142501 704.97
), ArticleFig(id=1295068118502629980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068097447223770, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蠕变试验条件与试验结果

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序号试验温度/℃试验应力/MPa蠕变时间/h
R-1540440164.79
R-2425217.09
R-3408709.97
R-4387922.28
R-53662 088.73
R-6571328743.36
R-7315868.73
R-83021 413.61
R-92911 779.15
R-10600315271.56
R-11300417.60
R-12275669.28
R-132701 138.67
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800H合金“异常”蠕变行为及影响研究
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王庆武 1 , 李旭 1, 2 , 王苗苗 1 , 刘协文 3 , 吕典 3 , 詹英杰 1 , 魏文斌 1 , 杨鹏 1 , 朱武军 3 , 赵鹏 3 , 项延训 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2026,55(4): 183-190
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热力发电 |发电技术论坛 2026 , 55 (4) : 183 -190
800H合金“异常”蠕变行为及影响研究
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王庆武1 , 李旭1, 2, 王苗苗1 , 刘协文3, 吕典3, 詹英杰1, 魏文斌1, 杨鹏1, 朱武军3, 赵鹏3, 项延训3
作者信息
  • 1.华能核能技术研究院有限公司,上海 200126
  • 2.四川大学原子核科学技术研究所辐射物理及技术教育部重点实验室,四川 成都 610064
  • 3.华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237
通讯作者:
王苗苗(1984),女,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂设备管理,
作者简介:

王庆武(1974),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂在役检查,

Study on anomalous creep behavior of 800H alloy and its influence
Qingwu WANG1 , Xu LI1, 2, Miaomiao WANG1 , Xiewen LIU3, Dian LYU3, Yingjie ZHAN1, Wenbin WEI1, Peng YANG1, Wujun ZHU3, Peng ZHAO3, Yanxun XIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Huaneng Nuclear Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200126, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
  • 3.College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508049
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800H合金是高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器主蒸汽联箱的关键材料,在高温高压的长期服役条件下易发生蠕变损伤与失效。通过在不同温度与应力条件下进行800H合金的拉伸与蠕变试验,系统获取了其力学性能参数及蠕变曲线。结果表明,该合金在蠕变初期存在蠕变速率先减小后增大的“异常”行为,且该现象在低应力条件下更明显。通过Monkman-Grant关系与应力指数法,确定了考虑“异常”蠕变行为后的真实稳态蠕变速率。进一步研究发现,该“异常”蠕变行为显著降低了蠕变速率,并影响后续蠕变过程。通过定量分析发现,异常点蠕变速率随温度升高和应力增大而升高,异常持续时间占比则随应力增大而增加。研究结果为深入理解800H合金的蠕变行为与强化机理提供了重要依据。

800H合金  /  蠕变速率  /  Monkman-Grant关系  /  应力指数

The 800H alloy is a critical high-temperature material used for the main steam header of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor steam generators and is prone to creep damage and failure under prolonged high-temperature and high-pressure service conditions. In this study, tensile and creep tests were systematically performed on 800H alloy under various temperatures and stress levels to obtain its mechanical properties and detailed creep curves. The results indicate that the alloy exhibits an anomalous creep behavior in the early stage of creep, characterized by an initial decrease followed by an increase in creep rate, which is more pronounced under lower stress conditions. The true steady-state creep rate, accounting for this anomalous behavior, was determined using the Monkman-Grant relationship in combination with stress exponent analysis. Further investigation shows that this anomalous creep behavior significantly reduces the creep rate and influences the subsequent creep process. Quantitative analysis reveals that the creep rate at the anomalous point increases with increasing temperature and stress, while the duration of the anomalous stage increases with applied stress. These findings provide valuable insights into the creep behavior and strengthening mechanisms of the 800H alloy.

800H alloy  /  creep rate  /  Monkman-Grant relationship  /  stress exponent
王庆武, 李旭, 王苗苗, 刘协文, 吕典, 詹英杰, 魏文斌, 杨鹏, 朱武军, 赵鹏, 项延训. 800H合金“异常”蠕变行为及影响研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 183 -190 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508049
Qingwu WANG, Xu LI, Miaomiao WANG, Xiewen LIU, Dian LYU, Yingjie ZHAN, Wenbin WEI, Peng YANG, Wujun ZHU, Peng ZHAO, Yanxun XIANG. Study on anomalous creep behavior of 800H alloy and its influence[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 183 -190 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508049
在高温气冷堆核电环境中,设备长期承受高温和高应力作用,蠕变成为材料劣化的主要原因之一[1]。镍基合金在优化后的合金成分展现出优异的高温力学性能与抗蠕变能力[2]。镍基合金在使用前通常通过固溶处理提升其抗断裂、抗蠕变能力,同时通过添加质量分数约19%的Cr提高其抗氧化性,并依靠质量分数约30%的Ni维持奥氏体结构的塑性[3]。在特定服役或处理条件下,如应力松弛[4]、退火[5]、固溶处理[6]以及蠕变过程[7]中,镍基合金可能出现“负蠕变”行为,这类行为通常被认为与固态相变密切相关。蠕变行为主要受2类机制共同作用:其一是应力作用下材料劣化所导致的正常蠕变行为;其二是材料相变引起的负蠕变行为。高应力条件下材料主要呈现正常蠕变特征,而低应力条件下则易出现负蠕变现象。整体而言,镍基合金在蠕变过程中常表现为混合性蠕变行为:初期可能短暂出现负蠕变行为,随后逐渐过渡为以正常蠕变为主的变形机制。
800H合金是一种奥氏体Ni-Fe-Cr铁镍基高温合金,凭借其优异的抗氧化性和高温强度,被广泛应用于核电站等高温工况[8]。与镍基合金类似[9],800H合金在蠕变过程中会析出大量M23C6碳化物及γ'等强化相[10-11],其蠕变曲线也表现出这种混合性蠕变行为特征[12]。与铝合金等材料的传统蠕变行为不同[13],800H合金的混合性蠕变行为实际上是一种“异常”蠕变行为,其蠕变曲线形貌会随温度与应力条件的变化而显著改变。在某些应力和温度条件下,800H合金蠕变速率曲线甚至未表现出典型蠕变三阶段的基本特征[14]。这一“异常”行为与800H合金的蠕变性能密切相关,同时给800H合金的蠕变特性分析带来困难。虽然已有研究指出,镍基合金在应力试验和热处理过程中存在负蠕变行为[15],但关于800H等铁镍基合金“异常”蠕变行为及其对蠕变性能影响的研究却鲜有报道。
本文通过在3个温度条件下施加不同应力的蠕变试验,系统获取800H合金的蠕变曲线;并通过Monkman-Grant关系[16]与应力指数分析[17-18],确定了蠕变过程中存在“异常”蠕变行为时的真实稳态蠕变速率;进一步分析了该行为对延伸率及稳态速率的调控作用,并定量分析了“异常”蠕变行为随温度、应力的变化规律。
本研究所选材料为800H合金,其主要化学成分Fe、Ni、Cr、C、Al、Ti的质量分数分别为42.00%、33.20%、22.30%、0.07%、0.40%、0.55%。材料经高温1 110 ℃固溶处理16 h后水淬,随后将其制备成标准拉伸试样和圆棒状蠕变试样,用于开展相关试验。
为获取800H合金在不同温度下的力学性能,在室温、540、571、600 ℃条件下进行了拉伸试验。试样为标准圆棒型,标距长度30 mm,直径5 mm,其尺寸如图1所示。试验按照《金属材料拉伸试验第1部分:室温试验方法》(GB/T 228.1—2021)和《金属材料高温拉伸试验方法》(GB/T 228.2—2015)执行。试验过程中,先升温至目标温度并保温60 min,随后通过高温引伸计实施应变控制加载,应变速率设置为屈服前0.004 mm/min,屈服后0.084 mm/min。试验结果列于表1
蠕变试样为标准圆棒状试样,标距段长度100 mm,直径10 mm,具体尺寸如图2所示。试验按照《金属材料单轴拉伸蠕变试验方法》(GB/T 2039—2012)执行,使用RDL-50电子高温蠕变持久试验机。试验过程中,在初始加载500 N后升温至目标温度并保温30 min,再加载至设定载荷。试验温度为540、571、600 ℃,在每一温度下均设置多个应力水平研究其蠕变行为。由于800H合金屈服点较低,所有蠕变试验应力水平均高于屈服强度。相关参数及结果列于表2
典型金属材料的蠕变曲线通常划分为减速蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变3个阶段[13]。800H合金在温度540、571、600 ℃下的蠕变曲线如图3所示。图3表明,在研究的应力范围内,应力越大蠕变寿命越短。在温度540 ℃的低应力试验条件下,蠕变曲线呈现出明显的三阶段特征,其中加速蠕变阶段持续时间较短;而在高应力条件下,蠕变速率在稳态阶段波动明显,表现为多次变化趋势。在温度571 ℃和温度600 ℃条件下均存在该现象。
进一步分析800H合金在3种温度下的蠕变速率曲线,具体如图4所示。由图4可以发现,在研究的应力范围内,800H合金存在明显的蠕变初始阶段,加速蠕变阶段持续时间较短,特别是在540 ℃/–366 MPa、571 ℃/–291 MPa以及600 ℃/–250 MPa等应力水平较低条件下,未呈现明显的加速蠕变阶段。与常规合金材料的蠕变阶段不同,800H合金在蠕变过程中随应力变化而呈现不同特征。在温度540 ℃下,应力440、425 MPa条件下的蠕变试验稳态蠕变阶段时间较短,蠕变速率经历了迅速减小随后增大的过程。而在应力408、387 MPa条件下,蠕变速率在蠕变过程中存在明显的蠕变速率拐点,表现为“先减小—后迅速增大—再增速放缓”的变化趋势。在应力366 MPa条件下,蠕变速率拐点后还出现了一段蠕变速率稳定不变的过程。在温度571、600 ℃下,所有应力条件下材料的蠕变曲线特征与540 ℃/–366 MPa条件下的行为相似。
总体来看,在温度540 ℃下,随着应力降低,800H合金在蠕变初期蠕变速率曲线逐渐呈现速率先减小后增大的“异常”现象;而在温度571、600 ℃下,此类异常蠕变速率变化更加普遍。该“异常”现象与镍基合金中广泛观察到的“负蠕变”现象十分相似,且均随应力降低而更明显,这对800H合金的整体蠕变性能产生重要影响。
稳态蠕变速率是衡量材料蠕变强度与预测蠕变寿命的关键指标。本节基于Monkman-Grant(MG)关系及蠕变寿命预测方法,探讨存在“异常”蠕变行为情况下,稳态蠕变速率的合理取值方法。
根据第2.1节的分析,蠕变速率曲线可分为正常态、过渡态和异常态3类,具体如图5所示。
正常态的蠕变速率曲线认为不存在“异常”蠕变行为,或其影响可忽略,此时稳态蠕变速率取最小蠕变速率(点a速率)。过渡态的蠕变速率曲线受到“异常”蠕变行为影响,可采取2种取值方式:若忽略“异常”蠕变行为,则取最小蠕变速率点b作为稳态蠕变速率点;若不忽略“异常”蠕变行为,则认为“异常”之后才是真正的稳态阶段,取拐点d为稳态蠕变速率点。对于异常态的蠕变速率曲线,则将“异常”段视为稳态蠕变阶段,取拐点后稳定段点e的速率作为稳态蠕变速率。
MG关系基于材料在蠕变过程中的损伤累积机制,揭示了稳态蠕变速率与蠕变寿命之间的关系[16],其形式如式(1)所示。当材料以一定速率发生蠕变损伤并逐渐累积至阈值时,将导致断裂失效。
ε˙m1×tR=K1
式中:ε˙为稳态蠕变速率;tR为蠕变寿命;m1K1为由试验确定的常数。
通过对MG关系式取对数后,其对数形式如式(2)所示。在双对数坐标下,稳态蠕变速率ε˙与蠕变寿命tR表现为线性关系。
lgε˙m1=lgtR+lgK1
按照上述3类稳态蠕变速率的取值方法,绘制得到800H合金蠕变的MG关系曲线,具体如图6所示。图6中,标*的为最小蠕变速率,未标*的为“异常”后拐点或稳定段的蠕变速率。
图6结果表明,当采用传统最小蠕变速率作为稳态蠕变速率时,拐点或稳定段的蠕变速率数据点,在MG关系曲线中呈现明显离散性;相比之下,若考虑“异常”拐点d或稳定段点e速率作为稳态蠕变速率,MG关系曲线呈现良好的线性。因此,在存在“异常”蠕变行为的情况下,不应采用最小蠕变速率作为稳态蠕变速率。
Norton方程[16]同样描述了应力、蠕变速率与寿命之间的关系,其表达式如式(3)所示:
ε˙m1=K2σm2
式中:m2K2为由试验确定的常数。将MG关系代入Norton方程,并对两边取对数,可得到式(4)。
lgtR=nlgσ+lgK
式中:n=m2K=K1K2
该关系用于绘制800H合金蠕变寿命与正则化应力(蠕变应力σ与该温度下抗拉强度σT比值)之间的关系,具体如图7所示,k为拟合直线的斜率。结果表明,在排除温度540 ℃中无“异常”蠕变行为的2个数据点后,随着温度降低,应力对蠕变寿命的影响增强,在寿命-正则化应力关系曲线中表现为斜率k值增大。
蠕变行为可通过稳态蠕变速率与外加应力、绝对温度及材料晶粒尺寸等因素进行量化。稳态蠕变速率可由式(5)[18]表示:
ε˙=ADGbkBT(bd)p(σG)n
式中:d为材料的晶粒尺寸;D为扩散系数;G为蠕变温度下的剪切模量;b为伯格斯向量;kB为玻尔兹曼常数;A为无量纲常数;n为应力指数,可用于间接判断材料的蠕变变形机制。
研究表明,不同应力指数对应不同蠕变机制:当n=1时为晶界滑移机制;当2≤n≤8时为位错攀移机制;当n>8时为位错滑移机制[17]
800H合金稳态蠕变速率与正则化应力关系如图8所示。图8中,标*的为最小蠕变速率,未标*的为“异常”后拐点或稳定段的蠕变速率。800H合金稳态蠕变速率与正则化应力的关系表明,当采用最小蠕变速率作为稳态蠕变速率时,蠕变速率与正则化应力的关系曲线呈现明显离散性。而考虑“异常”蠕变行为后采用拐点或稳定段的蠕变速率,蠕变速率与正则化应力间的线性相关性显著增强。因此,在分析800H合金蠕变速率与应力关系时,应充分考虑“异常”蠕变行为的影响。在所研究的应力范围内,各温度下均未观察到蠕变机制发生转变。3个温度下应力指数n均大于8,表明在该条件下,800H合金的蠕变变形主要由位错滑移机制主导。
结果表明,在存在“异常”蠕变行为的情况下,“异常”后的拐点或稳定段的蠕变速率能够更准确地反映真实的稳态蠕变速率。稳态蠕变速率的选取对蠕变寿命预测具有显著影响,因此在对800H合金进行蠕变寿命评估时,考虑“异常”蠕变行为具有重要意义。
第2节通过MG关系、蠕变寿命-应力关系、应力指数等多个角度确认了“异常”蠕变行为会影响800H合金的稳态蠕变速率。本节将进一步探讨“异常”行为对800H合金蠕变行为的具体影响。
以异常态蠕变速率曲线(图9)为研究对象,将点c作为稳态蠕变速率点时,可与一般材料的蠕变曲线2上的稳态蠕变速率点e对应;将点d作为稳态蠕变速率点时,则可与曲线1上的点f类比。而根据第2节的研究可知,取点d速率作为稳态蠕变速率时,更能反映真实稳态蠕变速率。由此可见,“异常”蠕变行为会导致最小蠕变速率显著降低,进而影响后续蠕变过程。
从整体蠕变过程来看,800H合金在初始阶段蠕变速率持续下降,在一段时间内低于常规稳态值,这表明材料在早期阶段发生了持续的组织硬化。这一硬化效应进一步影响了后续变形速率。类似的“异常”蠕变行为在某些镍基合金的高温蠕变、应力松弛及固溶处理过程中也有报道,并出现“负蠕变速率”现象。镍基合金的“负蠕变”行为被认为主要与相短程有序有关,同时析出相引起的晶格收缩也可能导致该现象[6]。800H合金蠕变前后析出相分布如图10所示。由图10可知,蠕变后800H合金的微观组织中产生大量M23C6碳化物,这与康霞龙[10]的研究结果相似,这可能与800H合金的“异常”蠕变行为有密切的关系。
为进一步理解“异常”蠕变行为与应力、温度以及蠕变寿命之间的关系,对“异常”蠕变行为进行了定量分析。异常点的蠕变速率Vc与正则化应力之间的关系如图11a)所示。结果表明,在相同正则化应力下,温度越高,Vc越大;在相同温度下,随着应力增加,Vc也随之增大。稳态点蠕变速率Vd与异常点蠕变速率Vc的差值ΔV=VdVc随应力和温度的变化趋势和Vc一致(图11b))。这说明应力与温度共同影响了异常蠕变行为的强度及其对稳态蠕变行为的干扰程度。此外,图11c)中ΔV随着蠕变寿命的延长呈下降趋势,表明寿命越长,异常行为对整体蠕变过程的扰动越小。
通过上述分析可知,“异常”蠕变行为具有明确的应力与温度依赖性,对稳态蠕变速率的评价及寿命预测具有重要影响。
异常时间范围Δt=tbta(即点b对应的蠕变时间tb与点a对应的蠕变时间ta的差值)与正则化应力之间的关系如图12a)所示,异常时间范围占比tr=(tbta)(tR为蠕变寿命)与正则化应力的关系如图12b)所示。由图12可以发现:相同应力下,温度越高异常时间范围Δt越短;异常时间范围占比对温度不敏感,但随应力增大而明显增加。
本文围绕800H合金在不同温度和应力条件下的蠕变行为开展研究,确定了“异常”蠕变行为下的稳态蠕变速率,并分析了“异常”蠕变行为对蠕变强度的影响及其与温度和应力的关系,主要结论如下。
1)800H合金在蠕变初期存在蠕变速率先减小后增大的“异常”行为,其蠕变速率曲线可划分为正常态、过渡态与异常态。在此基础上,通过MG关系与应力指数分析,确定了在“异常”蠕变行为存在时,800H合金的真实稳态蠕变速率。
2)“异常”蠕变行为显著降低了800H合金蠕变速率,并影响后续蠕变过程。在蠕变初始阶段,蠕变速率持续下降并低于稳态蠕变速率,表明材料表现出持续硬化特征。随后蠕变速率逐渐增大,进入到稳态蠕变阶段。
3)通过“异常”蠕变速率差值和异常时间范围对“异常”蠕变行为进行了定量分析。结果表明:异常点蠕变速率及异常点与稳态点的蠕变速率差值均随温度与应力升高而增加;异常时间范围占比随应力增大而提高,但与温度无明显相关性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3707204)
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2026年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508049
  • 接收时间:2025-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-21
  • 修回日期:2025-10-20
  • 录用日期:2025-10-21
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB3707204)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3707204)
作者信息
    1.华能核能技术研究院有限公司,上海 200126
    2.四川大学原子核科学技术研究所辐射物理及技术教育部重点实验室,四川 成都 610064
    3.华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237

通讯作者:

王苗苗(1984),女,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂设备管理,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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