Article(id=1295068261926850676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202508041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755532800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-19, revisedDate=1761321600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-25, acceptedDate=1762272000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineDate=1786697934847, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697934847, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697934847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697934847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=59, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068262132371573, articleId=1295068261926850676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Economic analysis of a phase change heat storage solid-state hydrogen storage cogeneration system, columnId=1295068070763065606, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage and renewable energy technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a novel advanced energy supply system that integrates power supply, heat supply, and renewable energy consumption, the electricity-hydrogen fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) system has broad prospects for realizing China’s “dual carbon” strategic goal and promoting the green low-carbon transition of the energy industry. At present, the economic feasibility of CHP systems involving gas-solid coupled hydrogen storage technology remains unclear, and systematic quantitative evaluation is still lacking. Therefore, this paper establishes a scientific and targeted economic model to comprehensively evaluate the levelized cost of electricity of such a system and conduct in-depth analysis of its key influencing factors. This paper develops a levelized cost of hydrogen fuel cell electricity (LCOHFCE) economic evaluation model for the CHP system that includes fuel cells, electrolyzers, gas-solid coupled hydrogen storage systems, and other related auxiliary equipment. By systematically evaluating various key economic parameters of the system throughout its entire life cycle, such as initial investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, and related taxes and fees, the authors accurately evaluate the power generation cost using the LCOHFCE indicator, and discuss the influencing mechanisms and degrees of various factors on this indicator in detail. The calculation and analysis results show that the LCOHFCE value of the studied CHP system is 0.186 yuan per kW·h, among them, the regeneration cost of hydrogen storage materials accounts for the highest proportion of the total operation and maintenance cost, reaching 57.41%, which is the core cost component affecting the operation and maintenance cost of the system. In addition, the sensitivity analysis results indicate that for every 5% increase in the recovery rate of hydrogen storage materials, the LCOHFCE indicator decreases by 22.04%~26.88%. When the price of hydrogen storage materials increases by 10 yuan per kg, the LCOHFCE indicator rises by 1.61%~5.91%. Compared with material price, LCOHFCE is significantly more sensitive to recovery rate, and at the same time, the service life of key equipment also exerts significant impact on the LCOHFCE indicator. For the gas-solid coupled hydrogen storage CHP system studied in this paper, the recovery rate of hydrogen storage materials is the most sensitive factor affecting the power generation cost. Reasonably formulating and arranging the equipment overhaul or replacement strategy can further improve the economic performance and market competitiveness of the system. Under the background of China’s “dual carbon” strategy, this system has good application potential.

, authors=Fengrui GUO1, Honghao LIU2, Wei SONG1, Weiping CUI1, Menglong LI1, Xiaolong WANG1, Zhen WU2, authorsList=Fengrui GUO, Honghao LIU, Wei SONG, Weiping CUI, Menglong LI, Xiaolong WANG, Zhen WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhen WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068263948505220, articleId=1295068261926850676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于一种相变储热固态储氢热电联产系统的经济性分析, columnId=1295068072533061896, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能与可再生能源技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

电-氢燃料电池热电联供系统作为集供电、供热、消纳新能源为一体的新型供能系统,在实现“双碳”战略目标,促进能源转型方面具有广阔前景。目前关于涉及气固耦合储氢的热电联供系统的经济可行性尚不明确,本文建立经济模型评估该系统的发电成本,并分析关键影响因素。

【方法】

针对包含燃料电池、电解池、气固耦合储氢系统等设备的热电联供系统建立了平准化氢燃料电池度电成本(levelized cost of hydrogen fuel cell electricity,LCOHFCE)经济模型。通过评估系统在全生命周期的初始投资成本、运行维护成本以及税费等经济参数,以LCOHFCE指标来评估发电成本,并对影响该指标的因素进行了讨论。

【结果】

热电联供系统的LCOHFCE值为0.186元/(kW·h),其中储氢材料再生成本在运维总成本中的占比最高,为57.41%。此外,回收率每上涨5%,LCOHFCE指标降低22.04%~26.88%。材料价格每上涨10元/kg,LCOHFCE指标上涨1.61%~5.91%。相比于材料价格,LCOHFCE值对回收率更为敏感,同时,设备寿命对LCOHFCE指标也有较大影响。

【结论】

对于所研究的气固耦合储氢热电联供系统,储氢材料回收率是影响发电成本最敏感的因素,合理安排设备大修或更换策略可进一步提升系统经济性,该系统在“双碳”背景下具有较好的应用潜力。

, authors=郭丰瑞1, 刘洪皓2, 宋伟1, 崔维平1, 李梦龙1, 王晓龙1, 吴震2, authorsList=郭丰瑞, 刘洪皓, 宋伟, 崔维平, 李梦龙, 王晓龙, 吴震, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴震, authorNote=

郭丰瑞(1974),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂高效节能与深度调峰技术、新型能源系统融合技术,

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴震(1988),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为储氢反应器优化设计、低温燃料电池动力系统,
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郭丰瑞(1974),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂高效节能与深度调峰技术、新型能源系统融合技术,

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郭丰瑞(1974),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂高效节能与深度调峰技术、新型能源系统融合技术,

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articleId=1295068261926850676, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

System equipment input costs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称设备规格单价/万元数量合计/万元
1燃料电池1 MW4501450
2碱水电解系统600 m3/h6001600
3高压储氢罐20 MPa、200 L3.21444.8
4氢气压缩机400 m3/h、20 MPa排气2402480
5其他换热器、泵、管路、仪表风系统以及集控系统等80.35180.35
合计1 655.15
), ArticleFig(id=1295068270986547397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068261926850676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统设备投入成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称设备规格单价/万元数量合计/万元
1燃料电池1 MW4501450
2碱水电解系统600 m3/h6001600
3高压储氢罐20 MPa、200 L3.21444.8
4氢气压缩机400 m3/h、20 MPa排气2402480
5其他换热器、泵、管路、仪表风系统以及集控系统等80.35180.35
合计1 655.15
), ArticleFig(id=1295068271062044870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068261926850676, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical properties of LaNi5 hydrogen storage alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
储氢质量分数1.38
0.1 MPa平衡压温度/℃12
25 ℃平衡氢压/MPa0.18
合金密度/(g·cm–37.95
), ArticleFig(id=1295068271124959431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068261926850676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LaNi5储氢合金物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
储氢质量分数1.38
0.1 MPa平衡压温度/℃12
25 ℃平衡氢压/MPa0.18
合金密度/(g·cm–37.95
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基于一种相变储热固态储氢热电联产系统的经济性分析
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郭丰瑞 1 , 刘洪皓 2 , 宋伟 1 , 崔维平 1 , 李梦龙 1 , 王晓龙 1 , 吴震 2
热力发电 | 储能与可再生能源技术 2026,55(5): 59-67
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热力发电 |储能与可再生能源技术 2026 , 55 (5) : 59 -67
基于一种相变储热固态储氢热电联产系统的经济性分析
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郭丰瑞(1974),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂高效节能与深度调峰技术、新型能源系统融合技术,

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郭丰瑞1 , 刘洪皓2, 宋伟1, 崔维平1, 李梦龙1, 王晓龙1, 吴震2
作者信息
  • 1.华能国际电力股份有限公司日照电厂,山东 日照 276800
  • 2.西安交通大学化学工程与技术学院,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
吴震(1988),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为储氢反应器优化设计、低温燃料电池动力系统,
作者简介:

郭丰瑞(1974),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂高效节能与深度调峰技术、新型能源系统融合技术,

Economic analysis of a phase change heat storage solid-state hydrogen storage cogeneration system
Fengrui GUO1 , Honghao LIU2, Wei SONG1, Weiping CUI1, Menglong LI1, Xiaolong WANG1, Zhen WU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Rizhao Power Plant of Huaneng International Power Generation Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
  • 2.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508041
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【目的】

电-氢燃料电池热电联供系统作为集供电、供热、消纳新能源为一体的新型供能系统,在实现“双碳”战略目标,促进能源转型方面具有广阔前景。目前关于涉及气固耦合储氢的热电联供系统的经济可行性尚不明确,本文建立经济模型评估该系统的发电成本,并分析关键影响因素。

【方法】

针对包含燃料电池、电解池、气固耦合储氢系统等设备的热电联供系统建立了平准化氢燃料电池度电成本(levelized cost of hydrogen fuel cell electricity,LCOHFCE)经济模型。通过评估系统在全生命周期的初始投资成本、运行维护成本以及税费等经济参数,以LCOHFCE指标来评估发电成本,并对影响该指标的因素进行了讨论。

【结果】

热电联供系统的LCOHFCE值为0.186元/(kW·h),其中储氢材料再生成本在运维总成本中的占比最高,为57.41%。此外,回收率每上涨5%,LCOHFCE指标降低22.04%~26.88%。材料价格每上涨10元/kg,LCOHFCE指标上涨1.61%~5.91%。相比于材料价格,LCOHFCE值对回收率更为敏感,同时,设备寿命对LCOHFCE指标也有较大影响。

【结论】

对于所研究的气固耦合储氢热电联供系统,储氢材料回收率是影响发电成本最敏感的因素,合理安排设备大修或更换策略可进一步提升系统经济性,该系统在“双碳”背景下具有较好的应用潜力。

氢能  /  电解制氢  /  热电联供  /  经济性分析

As a novel advanced energy supply system that integrates power supply, heat supply, and renewable energy consumption, the electricity-hydrogen fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) system has broad prospects for realizing China’s “dual carbon” strategic goal and promoting the green low-carbon transition of the energy industry. At present, the economic feasibility of CHP systems involving gas-solid coupled hydrogen storage technology remains unclear, and systematic quantitative evaluation is still lacking. Therefore, this paper establishes a scientific and targeted economic model to comprehensively evaluate the levelized cost of electricity of such a system and conduct in-depth analysis of its key influencing factors. This paper develops a levelized cost of hydrogen fuel cell electricity (LCOHFCE) economic evaluation model for the CHP system that includes fuel cells, electrolyzers, gas-solid coupled hydrogen storage systems, and other related auxiliary equipment. By systematically evaluating various key economic parameters of the system throughout its entire life cycle, such as initial investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, and related taxes and fees, the authors accurately evaluate the power generation cost using the LCOHFCE indicator, and discuss the influencing mechanisms and degrees of various factors on this indicator in detail. The calculation and analysis results show that the LCOHFCE value of the studied CHP system is 0.186 yuan per kW·h, among them, the regeneration cost of hydrogen storage materials accounts for the highest proportion of the total operation and maintenance cost, reaching 57.41%, which is the core cost component affecting the operation and maintenance cost of the system. In addition, the sensitivity analysis results indicate that for every 5% increase in the recovery rate of hydrogen storage materials, the LCOHFCE indicator decreases by 22.04%~26.88%. When the price of hydrogen storage materials increases by 10 yuan per kg, the LCOHFCE indicator rises by 1.61%~5.91%. Compared with material price, LCOHFCE is significantly more sensitive to recovery rate, and at the same time, the service life of key equipment also exerts significant impact on the LCOHFCE indicator. For the gas-solid coupled hydrogen storage CHP system studied in this paper, the recovery rate of hydrogen storage materials is the most sensitive factor affecting the power generation cost. Reasonably formulating and arranging the equipment overhaul or replacement strategy can further improve the economic performance and market competitiveness of the system. Under the background of China’s “dual carbon” strategy, this system has good application potential.

hydrogen energy  /  electrolytic hydrogen production  /  combined heat and power supply  /  economic analysis
郭丰瑞, 刘洪皓, 宋伟, 崔维平, 李梦龙, 王晓龙, 吴震. 基于一种相变储热固态储氢热电联产系统的经济性分析. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508041
Fengrui GUO, Honghao LIU, Wei SONG, Weiping CUI, Menglong LI, Xiaolong WANG, Zhen WU. Economic analysis of a phase change heat storage solid-state hydrogen storage cogeneration system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508041
化石燃料的过度开发使用导致了全球气候变暖,并伴随而来的还有海平面上升、极端天气频发、海水酸化等一系列环境问题。为减少碳排放,全球130多个国家均提出了“碳中和”发展目标,为能源转型明确了行动框架[1]。现阶段以太阳能、风能等为代表的清洁能源可满足能源转型的需求,但是由于清洁能源发电的不可预测性以及我国清洁能源装机量的迅速扩充,经常会出现“弃光”“弃风”现象。将氢能以储能的形式纳入电网中可以起到减少弃电、平抑波动的作用。由于具有热值高、可再生、环保无污染的特点,氢能通过燃料电池实现氢-电能源转化供能,与在传统内燃机里燃烧供能的方式相比,不仅可以将大部分化学能转变为高品质电能,具有更高的转化效率,还可以降低碳排放[2-4]。然而,在该过程中仍有部分转化为热能,热能的堆积导致燃料电池性能急剧下降,如果这部分热能可以被收集利用,实现燃料电池的热电联供,则可以保证燃料电池稳定运行的同时,提高了能量转化效率[5-6]
完整的氢能热电联供系统,其核心构成除燃料电池单元外,还包括供氢与储氢等关键子系统。由于氢气具有易燃易爆、密度小的特征,其存储成为整个系统安全高效运行的关键环节。根据储氢方式的不同,储氢技术主要分为高压气态储氢、固态储氢、低温液态储氢和有机液态储氢[7]。与其他储氢技术相比,固态储氢具有储氢容量高、储氢压力小、爆炸风险低等优点,是一种非常理想的储氢方式。高压气态储氢则具有技术成熟、成本较低、充放氢条件温和且速度快等优势。由于使用气瓶装载,因此也更方便运输与使用。有关氢能在热电联供系统中应用的相关研究众多,并有一定的应用实例。
刘铠诚等[8]针对家庭用户用能场景,建立了氢燃料电池热电联供系统多单元数学模型。通过分析典型地区用电、用热负荷需求,针对不同场景提出了两种系统能量管理策略,并对系统经济性进行优化分析,从而有效降低了系统的年平均运行成本。
戴勇[9]提出了一种基于掺氢天然气的家用质子交换膜燃料电池热电联供系统。通过在现有的天然气管道运输的基础上输送氢气,以降低氢气成本,并采用模拟仿真与热力学分析相结合的方法,对系统的经济性、环境性能及热力学特性进行了综合评估。
郭洋[10]基于台州大陈岛氢能综合利用示范工程建设集“风电电解水制氢-储氢-燃料电池热电联供”为一体的综合能源系统。通过对热电联供系统的多项性能参数进行了一系列试验,结果表明,系统可持续稳定输出功率100 kW以上,额定功率下综合效率超过96%,且系统运行具有良好的稳定性。
Zhao等人[11]提出了一种集碱性电解、金属氢化物储氢和质子交换膜燃料电池为一体的氢、热、电联合系统。该系统在消除可再生能源不稳定对电力系统造成的负面影响的同时,提出了四种能量调度方案,以回收系统运行过程中产生的余热,从而提高系统的能量利用率。
由此可见,将氢能与热电联供系统相结合在技术上具有较好的可行性。但目前针对采用气固耦合储氢的热电联供系统的经济可行性尚不明确。为此,本文旨在构建一套适用于氢能与热电联供系统的经济性指标,来衡量系统发电的成本并与现有的传统发电技术相比较来证明该系统的经济可行性。通过对指标进行敏感性分析,找出关键影响因素,并对设备寿命的影响进行分析,以期对后续相关研究提供参考。
截至2023年,我国氢气产量中约70%来源于化石能源制氢以及工业副产氢,电解水制氢仅占30%。根据中国氢能联盟预测,这一占比在未来将会发生重大改变,预计到2050年,约70%的氢气将来自可再生能源电解水制氢,其余30%则由化石能源制取及其他制氢技术提供[12-14]。电解水制氢作为一种清洁无污染的制氢方式,与可再生能源系统具有较高的适配性。将可再生能源发电产生的过量电力,通过电解制氢进行消纳,并将生成的氢气存储起来,能够有效缓解可再生能源自身间歇性与波动性的问题,增强电网的稳定性。因此,本系统采用光伏发电作为能量来源,通过电解水方式制氢,其反应方程式如下:
2H2O电解2H2+O2
氢的储存对整个系统的经济性而言至关重要,目前,高压储氢仍然是众多储氢技术中最为成熟且被广泛采用的技术。高压储氢技术因其制备能耗低、储/放氢速度快、温度适应范围广,以及储氢容器制造成本相对较低等优势,因此具有较高的成本效益。储存每kg氢气的成本约为2.0~5.0美元。适用于氢储能、加氢站、应急电源等固定式应用场景。固态储氢技术相较于高压气态储氢,具有安全性高、储氢/脱氢条件温和、体积储氢密度高等优点。然而,其经济性受储氢材料价格影响显著,导致储存每kg氢气的成本波动较大,约为5.0~12.0美元。固态储氢适用于可再生能源制氢、电网调峰储能等固定式应用场景[15-16]
拓展氢气存储形式,有助于克服单一储氢方式的固有缺陷。采用气固耦合储氢系统,相较于单一气态或固态储氢,可降低系统的燃爆风险,提高安全性的同时保证吸/放氢速度,并降低成本负担。文献[17]研究表明,综合考虑安全性与经济性,固态储氢与气态储氢的比例为20%~30%时较为合适。因此,本研究将系统的固气储氢比例设定为25%。气态储氢罐采用技术比较成熟的20 MPa高压储氢罐[18],固态储氢的储氢合金与氢气的反应方程式为:
M+x2H2MHx+ΔH
式中:M为储氢合金;MHx为金属氢化物;ΔH为反应热。
储氢合金的吸/放氢过程为可逆反应,因此,可通过温度控制来实现对储氢系统的吸/放氢调控。经调研,储氢系统的储氢材料决定采用目前较为成熟的LaNi5。LaNi5的理论储氢质量分数可达1.38%,且具有易活化、反应速度快、分解氢压适中,吸/放氢条件相对温和等特点[19],能够满足系统对于储氢与吸/放氢性能的需求。
关于储氢系统的热管理,系统中采用了相变材料来存储吸/放氢反应过程中产生的热量。由于LaNi5具有较高的反应焓,在吸/放氢过程中,反应器内部会放出/吸收大量的热量。相变材料作为一种潜热储存介质,在吸氢过程中将热量存储到相变材料之中,避免了系统内部温度过高,有利于吸氢反应的进行;放氢过程中,系统从相变材料中吸收热量,保证反应的顺利进行。综合考虑吸/放氢过程,本研究采用LiNO3·3H2O作为相变材料来改善储氢系统的吸/放氢性能[20]。系统的整体结构示意,如图1所示。
采用平准化氢燃料电池度电成本(levelized cost of hydrogen fuel cell energy,LCOHFCE)作为量化核算相变储热固态储氢与燃料电池的多能联产系统经济性指标,将整个系统进行全生命周期分析,把所需的固定投入和运维投入折算到系统预期的发电量中,最终得到LCOHFCE值,其计算式为:
LLCOHFCE=CtotalEtotal
式中:Ctotal为全生命周期总成本,元;Etotal为全生命周期产生的总电量,kW·h。
计算过程中,假定整个系统的运行周期为15年,储氢材料LaNi5循环1 000次后需要再生,贷款利率使用2024年5年期以上报价利率(LPR),为3.85%。为确保准确性的同时方便计算,做出了以下假设:1)整个系统在全生命周期内以额定工况稳定运行,不考虑设备性能衰减;2)电解水制得的氢气全部存储并用于燃料电池发电;3)电解水制氢所需的电力来源于清洁能源发电,电费忽略不计。
对本系统的全生命周期总成本应该考虑固定投入、运维投入、税收、设备残值与热水收入。计算式如式(4):
Ctotal=I0+n=1NCop,n(1+i)n+n=1NTn(1+i)nI0Vr(1+i)Nn=1NCh,n(1+i)n
式中:N为系统全生命周期可以运行年份;I0为系统初始投资,元;n为运行年份;Cop,n为第n年的运行维护成本,元;Tn为第n年系统所得税;Vr为系统固定资产预计残值率;Ch,n为第n年热水收益。
n年的运行维护成本Cop,n主要考虑水费、系统维护成本、储氢及相变材料更换成本。由于采用清洁能源发电,因此不计电解水制氢及氢气压缩机的用电成本。其计算式如式(5):
Cop,n=QW,nPW,n+QMT,n+QMH,nPMH,n+QPCM,nPPCM,n
式中:QW,nPW,n分别为第n年系统所需要的用水总量、单价,kg、元/kg;QMT,n为第n年运行维护成本,元;QMH,nPMH,n分别为第n年储氢材料的用量、单价,kg、元/kg;QPCM,nPPCM,n分别为第n年相变材料的用量、单价,kg、元/kg。
在税收计算中,不考虑其他优惠政策,同时,鉴于我国目前供热主要以燃煤供热为主,单价依据燃煤供热单价计算,如式(6):
Tn=Rtax,n(Qh,nPh,n+Qe,nPe,nCop,nDn)
式中:Rtax,n为第n年所得税税率;Qh,nPh,n分别为第n年供暖热水总量、供暖热水单价,kg、元/kg;Qe,nPe,n分别为第n年产电量、电费,kW·h、元/(kW·h);Dn为第n年固定资产折旧费,元。
Dn可通过直线法(平均年限法)计算得到,如式(7):
Dn=I0(1Vr)N
全生命周期产生的总发电量可通过式(8)得到:
Etotal=n=1NEn
式中:En为生命周期第n年的发电量,kW·h。
本文建立的LCOHFCE模型,进一步综合考虑了储氢与相变材料的更换再生成本以及热管理的热水收益。相较于传统平准化度电模型,本模型在全生命周期总成本的计算过程中考虑得更全面,一定程度上可提高模型的准确性。
系统的初始设备投资涵盖以下六个部分:燃料电池、电解池、高压储氢罐、氢气压缩机、材料成本及其他设备。
系统选用质子膜燃料电池(PEMFC)。根据市场调研,燃料电池系统的单位功率成本约为4 500元/kW[21],系统选用的燃料电池功率为1 MW,价格为450万元。PEMFC的理论效率约为80%,该值基于标准条件下氢气与氧气反应生成水时的吉布斯自由能变化计算得出。但在实际运行中,由于各种损耗,其效率通常低于理论值,效率通常在40%~60%[22-23]。本系统中燃料电池效率取为50%。系统每秒所需要供给燃料电池的氢气量可由下式计算得出:
QH,M=MHWPηΔH=1.41×102 (kg/s)
式中:η为燃料电池效率;ΔH为氢气完全燃烧反应焓,为–285.83 kJ/mol;MH为氢气的相对分子质量;WP为燃料电池的输出功率,kW。
已知标准状况下氢气的密度ρ为0.089 87 kg/m3,则氢气的流量为:
QH,V=QH,Mρ=565.03 (m3/h)
选用额定产氢量为600 m3/h(标准状况,下同)的碱性电解槽电解水制氢系统,根据市场调研,价格约为600万元[24]。该系统采用气固耦合储氢方式,其中固态储氢占总储氢量的25%[17],其余部分通过高压储氢满足。综合考虑了压缩机配套设备与存储安全性,并对储氢压力下高压气态的储氢成本进行了比较。结果表明,使用10 MPa与20 MPa气瓶成本相近,但10 MPa气瓶所需数量约为20 MPa气瓶的2倍。气瓶数量的增加不仅会提高运行维护成本,也会降低整个系统运行的安全性,因此,最终决定使用工作压力为20 MPa、容积为200 L的储氢气瓶,具体如图2所示。
根据文献[25]提供的设备费用表进行核算,除发电设备外,其他设备费用约占设备总费用的2%。由于氢气具有密度低、易燃易爆等特性,在实际运用中会对相关设备提出更高的要求,这也会导致系统中的其他设备(包括换热器、泵、管路、仪表风系统以及集控系统等)的支出比例相应提高。因此,将其他设备费用在总设备费用中的占比调整为5%,估算支出约为80.35万元。设备和安装的总投入估算合计为1 655.15万元,具体见表1[2124-25]
LaNi5储氢合金的吸/放氢性能好,且易活化,具有一定的抗中毒性与稳定性,近年来对LaNi5储氢合金的研究也比较成熟,非常适合作为本系统的固态储氢材料。LaNi5储氢合金物性参数如表2所示[26-28]
根据LaNi5物性参数计算可知气固耦合储氢系统初次装填所需的固态储氢材料质量为:
mC=mH2×0.25φC=976.85 kg
式中:mH2为气固耦合储氢系统的储氢质量,kg;φC为固态储氢量占比,无量纲数。
系统中使用的相变储热材料为LiNO3·3H2O,其用量约为储氢材料的一半[20],根据市场调研,储氢材料与相变材料的初始填料成本分别为27.35万元和4.88万元。
系统初始投资成本总计为1 687.38万元。其中,碱水电解系统在初始投资成本中占比最高,占总设备成本的35.60%;其次,氢气压缩机与燃料电池的占比分别为28.40%和26.70%,具体如图3所示。
系统的运行维护成本主要分为三类:水费、维护费、材料再生费。
系统在电解水制氢和燃料电池水冷环节对用水有较大需求。根据质量守恒原理,生成1 mol氢气需要1 mol水,因此,制取1 m3氢气需理论用水量为0.8 L。而对于本系统,一年内电解水制取氢气所需要的用水量为2 160 m3。通过计算燃料电池的理论效率(可逆效率)约为83%,但由于实际燃料电池系统中存在各种不可逆损失(如活化极化、欧姆极化和浓差极化等),其实际效率通常远低于理论极限,根据经验,假定燃料电池的效率为50%,则系统产热功率为1 MW。换热器换热效率为90%,计算可得系统一年用于冷却燃料电池的冷却水量约为85 714.29 t,工业用水价格按照5元/m3进行核算。
维护费根据文献[24],按照设备费的固定比例支出,取3%进行核算。材料成本主要包括储氢材料与相变材料的更换再生费用。系统年运行时间按照4 500 h计算,LaNi5完成一次完整的吸/放氢约需10 min,计算可得每年循环次数为27 000次。受储氢材料循环寿命的影响,其储氢容量在运行过程中逐渐衰减,需定期更换。预计每运行1 000次循环后对金属氢化物进行一次再生处理,该阶段内储氢效率将逐步降至初始值的80%[29]。每次再生可回收80%的材料,因此再生所花费的费用为总材料费的20%。研究表明,相变材料LiNO3·3H2O在经历1 000次循环后无明显的潜热损失,设定其每次再生的材料回收率为90%[30]
图4为系统运行维护成本各部分占比情况。从图4中可以看出,材料再生成本最高,占系统运行维护成本的62.50%,其中,储氢材料LaNi5的再生成本超过了运行维护成本的50%;其次,占比较高的为系统设备的维护成本。
基于上述分析,计算得到LCOHFCE的值为0.186元/(kW·h),在我国现阶段火力发电成本中处于较低水平(Chen等人[31]的研究表明,现阶段我国火力发电机组装机容量占比约为43%,成本最优分配的条件下,度电成本为0.177元/(kW·h)),有较好的经济效益。系统的LCOHFCE受到诸多因素影响,为了找出影响指标的关键变量、量化变量变动对项目经济性的风险,需进行参数敏感性分析。由于系统每年的运行维护成本较高,且储氢材料再生成本占运维成本的57.41%。因此,有必要对LaNi5的材料价格及系统运行过程中的材料回收率进行敏感性分析,结果如图5所示。
图5中可以看出:在不同回收率条件下,材料价格越高,LCOHFCE值越大;回收率低,LCOFHCE随着储氢材料价格的上涨变化越大。这表明,回收率的降低会提高LCOHFCE指标对储氢材料价格的敏感程度。具体而言,储氢材料LaNi5价格每上涨10元/kg,LCOHFCE指标上涨约0.003~0.011元/(kW·h),整体涨幅约为1.61%~5.91%。而当回收率每提高5%,LCOHFCE指标下降约0.041~0.050元/(kW·h),整体降幅约为22.04%~26.88%。图6为LaNi5价格与回收率对LCOHFCE的敏感性差异。
图6中可以看出,以回收率为自变量时,图像的倾斜程度明显大于以储氢材料价格为自变量时的图像倾斜程度,这说明LCOHFCE值对回收率更敏感。尽管降低储氢材料价格可在一定程度上控制成本,但一方面,LaNi5等储氢材料由于开采难度大,储藏量有限等因素,价格在短期内很难有较大幅度降低;另一方面,系统采用1 MW燃料电池,对氢气存储量的需求较大,进而增加了对储氢材料的需求量。在较大的储氢材料用量上,提高回收率可以直接降低材料再生阶段的消耗,因此,相较于降低储氢材料价格,提升回收率对降低成本的效应更为显著。综上,从系统运行维护经济性角度考虑,回收率是更为关键的影响因素。
上述分析基于系统设备在全生命周期内正常运行的基础上进行的,在实际中,受运行环境、操作维护不当等因素影响,电解槽和燃料电池的寿命一般很难达到15年,且设备性能随时间推移会逐渐衰减。系统的年运行维护成本中,设备维护费用占初始设备总投资的3%,但是考虑到燃料电池和电解槽的使用寿命,需要每5~10年进行一次大修,此时维修成本约占初始设备总投资成本的20%。鉴于大修成本占比较高,且在运行过程中很有可能要进行1~2次大修,因此有必要对设备寿命对系统经济性的影响进行分析。假设设备从正常运行到需要进行大修期间,设备性能呈线性下降,从100%降至80%。根据中国储能网2019年发布的《燃料电池性能衰减后的恢复机理和方法》报告,燃料电池每次维修后性能仅能恢复20%~30%。为此,本研究假定每次大修燃料电池性能恢复25%。此外,系统运行过程中还存在维修与直接更换设备的性价比的问题,故分别讨论了以下设备运行策略:不更换不维修、大修一次、更换一次、大修两次、更换两次以及先更换一次后大修一次,具体结果如图7所示。
在不更换不维修的情况下,分析基于系统在全生命周期运行过程中设备仅存在自然老化而无损坏的条件,此时LCOHFCE指标为0.186元/(kW·h)。然而,实际情况中,系统在全生命周期内很可能需要1~2次需要维修或更换。从图7中可以看出,更换一次或大修一次的LCOHFCE指标差值仅为0.034元/(kW·h),但是直接更换条件下系统的总发电量和热水提供量分别比维修条件下高出782.64万千瓦时和72 205.7 t。当生命周期内需要两次大修或更换时,先进行设备更换后续进行维修条件下的LCOHFCE指标最低,且发电量和热水供应量分别相较于大修两次高出803.4万千瓦时和78 766.7 t。与直接更换两次相比,虽然两种运行维护条件下的热水供应量存在一定差距,但发电量差距不大,且LCOHFCE指标比直接更换两次低了0.042元/(kW·h)。综合考虑,当系统需要进行一次维护时:优先考虑产能则选择直接更换设备,优先考虑经济性则进行一次大修。当需要进行两次维护时,综合考虑产能与经济效益,先更换设备后进行大修性价比更高。
本热电联供系统具有较好的环境效益,系统年发电量达450万千瓦时,供应热水量为69 428.57 t。根据定义,标准煤热值为29 301 kJ。按照理论发电效率,1 t标准煤理论可发电8 140 kW·h,考虑火力发电实际发电效率约为40%,则年发电量可节约标准煤1 382.06 t。系统中供暖热水温升为50 ℃,1 t水温升50 ℃所需的热量为2.1×108 J,对应标准煤为7.17 kg,考虑到集中供暖厂效率约为80%,该系统提供的热水量可节约标准煤622.25 t。综上,本热电联供系统全年可节约标准煤约2 004.31 t,实现二氧化碳减排约5 879.3 t,能够很好地满足我国实现“双碳”战略目标的减排需求。
本文基于构建的LCOHFCE模型,针对1 MW质子膜燃料电池组成的热电联供系统,进行了经济性定量分析。相较于传统氢燃料电池热电联供系统,本文采用气固耦合储氢系统进行储能,并引入相变材料储热,在此基础上,基于材料与设备寿命,对影响LCOHFCE指标的主要变量进行了讨论,得到了以下结论。
1)系统的初始投资成本约为1 687.38万元,其中占比最高的是碱水电解系统,成本约为600万元,占比为35.60%;其次是1 MW的燃料电池系统,所需成本为450万元,占比约为26.70%。
2)系统每年的运行维护成本为247.31万元,其中储氢材料LaNi5的材料再生成本占比最高。每年需要再生的LaNi5材料成本为147.70万元,占运行维护总成本的57.41%。
3)相比储氢材料价格,系统的LCOHFCE指标对储氢材料再生回收率表现出更高的敏感性。回收率每提高5%,LCOHFCE指标下降约22.04%~26.88%;而材料价格每上涨10元/kg,LCOHFCE指标上涨约1.61%~5.91%。此外,在低回收率条件下,LCOHFCE指标对储氢材料价格的敏感性会进一步增加。
4)系统的重要设备在全生命周期内往往难以确保稳定运行,维修期间的大修次数对LCOHFCE指标也有显著的影响。分析表明,当仅需要一次维护时,若优先考虑产能,则选择直接更换设备;若优先考虑经济性,则进行一次大修,此时LCOHFCE指标为0.347元/(kW·h)。综合考虑经济性与产能,当需要进行两次维护时,先更换设备后大修的方案更贴合实际需求。
随着储氢技术的不断进步,储氢材料的性能仍具有显著的提升空间,这意味着系统的发电成本在未来有望进一步降低。同时,随着市场用电需求持续快速增长,“双碳”战略目标深入推进以及节能环保理念广泛普及的背景下,该热电联供系统在未来市场上将极具市场竞争潜力。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ24-HF36)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508041
  • 接收时间:2025-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-19
  • 修回日期:2025-10-25
  • 录用日期:2025-11-05
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ24-HF36)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ24-HF36)
作者信息
    1.华能国际电力股份有限公司日照电厂,山东 日照 276800
    2.西安交通大学化学工程与技术学院,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

吴震(1988),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为储氢反应器优化设计、低温燃料电池动力系统,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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