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Article(id=1295068271976411951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202508030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754928000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-12, revisedDate=1757520000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-11, acceptedDate=1757952000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-16, onlineDate=1786697937244, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697937244, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697937244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697937244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068190569164906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697917835, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698816898, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=135, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068272194515760, articleId=1295068271976411951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation of the operating characteristics of an organic Rankine cycle using mixture working fluid, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

This study aims to enrich the experimental study of the ORC using mixture working fluids and analyze its transient and steady-state operating characteristics.

[Methods]

A 4-kW organic Rankine cycle (ORC) prototype using R236fa/R123 was tested to obtain the transient and steady-state operating data.

[Results]

The results of the ORC system at different mixture concentrations reveal that the operation characteristics of the ORC with mixed working fluids are consistent with those using a pure working fluid. The adjustment of the working fluid mass flow rate significantly affects the system output power, while it has a limited impact on the thermal efficiency. The ORC system operates relatively stable with the variation in the mixture concentration, as it has a minimal effect on both the output power and thermal efficiency. With the increase in the R236fa mass fraction, the expander inlet pressure is stable while its outlet pressure gradually increases, resulting in high pressure ratios. This phenomenon indicates that adopting the expander with a larger internal volume ratio can optimize the ORC performance. The trade-off between the exergy destructions of the evaporator and condenser at different mixture concentrations is the main factor determining the system performance. The temperature glide caused by the condenser pressure drop limits the attribution of the mixture working fluid to optimize the system performance.

[Conclusions]

In the design and operation of mixed-working-fluid ORC systems, it is crucial to consider the matching of the condenser pressure drop and the working fluid inherent properties.

, authors=Shiyu LIU1, Rui YE1, Yihao DU2, Xingyun LI3, Zheng MIAO2, authorsList=Shiyu LIU, Rui YE, Yihao DU, Xingyun LI, Zheng MIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zheng MIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068276015526726, articleId=1295068271976411951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=混合工质有机朗肯循环运行特性实验, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为解决混合工质有机朗肯循环机组实际运行特性研究不足的问题，

【方法】

测试了采用混合工质R236fa/R123的4 kW有机朗肯循环原型机组，获得了机组的动态和稳态运行特性。

【结果】

对混合工质R236fa/R123不同质量比下系统性能与运行特性的分析发现：混合工质有机朗肯循环机组的稳态和动态运行特性与单纯工质一致，工质流量变化对系统输出功率有显著影响而对热效率影响很小；混合工质R236fa/R123质量比的变化对机组输出功率和热效率的影响较小，机组输出性能较为平稳，膨胀机入口压力稳定，出口压力逐渐升高，总体上压比较高，采用内容积比较大的膨胀机可优化机组性能；不同R236fa/R123质量比下，蒸发器和冷凝器不可逆损失“此消彼长”的叠加效果是决定机组输出性能的主要因素，冷凝器压损引起的工质冷凝过程温度滑移抑制了混合工质对系统性能的优化能力。

【结论】

混合工质机组设计和运行中需要综合考虑冷凝器压损与工质自身特性的匹配。

, authors=刘世宇1, 叶睿1, 杜轶昊2, 李星运3, 苗政2, authorsList=刘世宇, 叶睿, 杜轶昊, 李星运, 苗政, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=苗政, authorNote=

刘世宇（1981），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电碳耦合与能源转型，。

, correspAuthorsNote=
苗政（1982），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化，。
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刘世宇（1981），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电碳耦合与能源转型，。

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刘世宇（1981），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电碳耦合与能源转型，。

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Parameters of the sensor in the experimental system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数传感器范围不确定度
温度T型热电偶–200~350 ℃±0.5 ℃
压力罗斯蒙特30510~3 MPa±0.1% F.S
质量流量科氏质量流量计0~8 000 kg/h（水和导热油）
0~3 000 kg/h（工质）		±0.2% F.S
转速JN338转速传感器0~6 000 r/min1.0 r/min
转矩JN338转矩传感器0~100 N·m0.5% F.S
), ArticleFig(id=1295068284626432904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068271976411951, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验系统传感器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数传感器范围不确定度
温度T型热电偶–200~350 ℃±0.5 ℃
压力罗斯蒙特30510~3 MPa±0.1% F.S
质量流量科氏质量流量计0~8 000 kg/h（水和导热油）
0~3 000 kg/h（工质）		±0.2% F.S
转速JN338转速传感器0~6 000 r/min1.0 r/min
转矩JN338转矩传感器0~100 N·m0.5% F.S
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混合工质有机朗肯循环运行特性实验
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刘世宇 1 , 叶睿 1 , 杜轶昊 2 , 李星运 3 , 苗政 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(6): 135-143
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (6) : 135 -143
混合工质有机朗肯循环运行特性实验
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刘世宇1 , 叶睿1, 杜轶昊2, 李星运3, 苗政2
作者信息
  • 1.电力规划总院有限公司，北京 100120
  • 2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室，北京 102206
  • 3.龙源电力集团股份有限公司，北京 100034
通讯作者:
苗政（1982），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化，。
作者简介:

刘世宇（1981），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电碳耦合与能源转型，。

Experimental investigation of the operating characteristics of an organic Rankine cycle using mixture working fluid
Shiyu LIU1 , Rui YE1, Yihao DU2, Xingyun LI3, Zheng MIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Flow and Heat Transfer of Low-grade Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3.China Longyuan Power Group Corporation Limited, Beijing 100034, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508030
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摘要
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【目的】

为解决混合工质有机朗肯循环机组实际运行特性研究不足的问题，

【方法】

测试了采用混合工质R236fa/R123的4 kW有机朗肯循环原型机组，获得了机组的动态和稳态运行特性。

【结果】

对混合工质R236fa/R123不同质量比下系统性能与运行特性的分析发现：混合工质有机朗肯循环机组的稳态和动态运行特性与单纯工质一致，工质流量变化对系统输出功率有显著影响而对热效率影响很小；混合工质R236fa/R123质量比的变化对机组输出功率和热效率的影响较小，机组输出性能较为平稳，膨胀机入口压力稳定，出口压力逐渐升高，总体上压比较高，采用内容积比较大的膨胀机可优化机组性能；不同R236fa/R123质量比下，蒸发器和冷凝器不可逆损失“此消彼长”的叠加效果是决定机组输出性能的主要因素，冷凝器压损引起的工质冷凝过程温度滑移抑制了混合工质对系统性能的优化能力。

【结论】

混合工质机组设计和运行中需要综合考虑冷凝器压损与工质自身特性的匹配。

有机朗肯循环  /  混合工质  /  实验测试  /  输出功率  /  热效率
[Objective]

This study aims to enrich the experimental study of the ORC using mixture working fluids and analyze its transient and steady-state operating characteristics.

[Methods]

A 4-kW organic Rankine cycle (ORC) prototype using R236fa/R123 was tested to obtain the transient and steady-state operating data.

[Results]

The results of the ORC system at different mixture concentrations reveal that the operation characteristics of the ORC with mixed working fluids are consistent with those using a pure working fluid. The adjustment of the working fluid mass flow rate significantly affects the system output power, while it has a limited impact on the thermal efficiency. The ORC system operates relatively stable with the variation in the mixture concentration, as it has a minimal effect on both the output power and thermal efficiency. With the increase in the R236fa mass fraction, the expander inlet pressure is stable while its outlet pressure gradually increases, resulting in high pressure ratios. This phenomenon indicates that adopting the expander with a larger internal volume ratio can optimize the ORC performance. The trade-off between the exergy destructions of the evaporator and condenser at different mixture concentrations is the main factor determining the system performance. The temperature glide caused by the condenser pressure drop limits the attribution of the mixture working fluid to optimize the system performance.

[Conclusions]

In the design and operation of mixed-working-fluid ORC systems, it is crucial to consider the matching of the condenser pressure drop and the working fluid inherent properties.

organic Rankine cycle  /  mixed working fluid  /  experimental test  /  output power  /  thermal efficiency
刘世宇, 叶睿, 杜轶昊, 李星运, 苗政. 混合工质有机朗肯循环运行特性实验. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (6) : 135 -143 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508030
Shiyu LIU, Rui YE, Yihao DU, Xingyun LI, Zheng MIAO. Experimental investigation of the operating characteristics of an organic Rankine cycle using mixture working fluid[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (6) : 135 -143 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508030
正文
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传统工业和新能源领域均存在大量的中低温热能没有得到有效的利用。“双碳”背景下，中低温热能的高效利用受到越来越多的关注。有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle，ORC）技术采用沸点低的化合物作为循环工质，可以利用温度较低的热源产生足够的压力推动透平做功，是目前最有效的中低温热能发电技术之一[1-2]。现阶段有关ORC系统的研究主要包括系统热力学分析与参数优化[3-5]、工质筛选及开发[6]、系统主要设备和系统控制方法[7-8]等。目前，绝大部分ORC系统的研究中均采用纯物质作为循环工质。纯物质相变过程中温度保持不变，这使得蒸发器和冷凝器中出现较大的换热温差。而由2种或多种纯物质混合而成的工质在相变过程中温度逐渐变化，称为温度滑移特性。因此，采用混合工质可以优化换热过程的温度匹配[9-12]，减小蒸发器和冷凝器的不可逆损失，提高系统性能。
目前，大部分研究集中在系统热力学分析与优化[13-14]，对混合工质ORC机组实验测试的研究还非常缺乏[15-18]。Li等人[19]测试了采用R245fa/R601a混合工质的ORC性能，发现混合工质的热效率（4.45%）略高于纯工质R245fa的热效率（4.38%）。Wang等人[20]研究了混合工质R601a/R600a的质量比与热源温度等对系统性能的影响，发现混合工质R601a/R600a质量比为0.6/0.4在115 ℃热源下可获得最大输出功。Feng等人[21]测试了R245fa与R123混合工质ORC的性能，发现系统输出功率与热效率在R245fa/R123质量比为0.67/0.33时最优，同时指出混合工质是否优于纯工质除与组分有关外，还与运行参数紧密相关。Pang等人[22]同样开展了R245fa/R123混合工质ORC实验，发现R245fa在110 ℃热源下输出功与热效率最大，而R245fa/R123质量比为0.67/0.33在120 ℃热源下时性能最优。Wang等人[23-24]以R245fa/R141b工质对作为ORC系统的工作流体，探究实验条件下ORC系统变工况及不同工质混合比例对系统性能的影响。结果发现，在稳态实验中，系统的理论功率和等熵效率随着冷却水流量和膨胀机转速的增加而增加，在动态实验中，工质流量和膨胀机进口温度的波动对膨胀机轴功率的影响较小。Liu等人[25]利用CO2/R134a混合物对某重型柴油机进行了余热回收实验研究，发现适当的混合物组成比例可以提高系统的热效率和净功率输出。Lu等人[18，26]测试了采用R1234ze（E）/R245fa工质的ORC系统，在R1234ze（E）/R245fa质量比为0.5：0.5下获得净输出功比纯R245fa效率高4.63%。
通过对混合工质ORC研究相关文献的梳理可以发现，机组的运行性能对系统运行参数和设备特性等均较为敏感，混合工质能否取得优于纯工质的性能与具体的机组配置和运行有关。目前，混合工质ORC机组特性实验的研究报道还非常缺乏，特别是基于实验测试开展的对混合工质ORC机组性能、运行特性与纯工质机组的对比与机理分析。本文采用R236fa和R123混合工质对实验室设计功率4 kW的ORC原型机组进行实验测试；分析混合工质ORC系统的性能与运行参数及设备匹配的相互影响机理，为混合工质ORC机组设计和运行提供数据支撑。
1　ORC实验系统
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1.1　ORC原型机组
图1为本文实验测试的ORC原型机组设计及机组实物照片。该ORC测试系统由热源回路、冷源回路、有机工质回路及数据采集单元4个部分组成。
热源回路采用电加热导热油提供中低温热源。锅炉设计功率为200 kW，采用PID控制，控温精度为±1 ℃。冷源回路采用循环冷却水从冷凝器中吸收工质热量，并通过安装在实验室外的闭式喷淋塔将热量散发到环境当中。工质回路膨胀机采用额定功率为4 kW的涡旋式膨胀机。蒸发器与冷凝器均为板式换热器。工质泵采用液压隔膜泵以避免有机工质被污染。数据采集装置主要包括NI数据采集卡和安装在各设备进出口管道上的温度、压力、流量等传感器。传感器详细信息见表1。通过温度和压力数据计算出焓值。通过流量计测得导热油、冷却水和ORC工质的质量流量。采用交流测功仪实时记录膨胀机的转速和转矩，从而计算出对应的膨胀机输出功率：
We=Ne×Te/9.55
式中：Ne为膨胀机的转速；Te为膨胀机的转矩；We为膨胀机的输出功率。
工质泵由变频器驱动，其消耗的功率可以直接测量。因此，ORC系统的净输出功率为：
WORC=We−Wp
式中：WORC为ORC系统净输出功；Wp为工质泵耗功。
ORC系统热效率ηORCRC为：
ηORC=WORCQEVP
QEVP=mf(hEVP,in−hEVP,out)
式中：QEVP为蒸发器热负荷；mf为工质流量；hEVP，in、hEVP，out分别为蒸发器进出口比焓值。
实验数据处理误差通过误差传递公式计算：
ΔY=∑i(∂Y∂Xi)2ΔXi2
εY=ΔYY
式中：ΔY为变量Y的绝对误差；εY为变量Y的相对误差；X为与Y相关的因素。
在误差分析中，式（4）涉及焓值的计算，本文中焓值通过物性数据库NIST Refporp获得，其不确定度为0.5%（气相）和0.3%（液相）。进而可得到换热量不确定度为1%，系统输出功率和热效率的不确定度分别为0.5%和1.1%。
1.2　工质选择
综合考量有机工质的ODP（臭氧消耗潜能值），GWP（全球变暖潜能值），热力学做功潜力和工质的临界温度，选择R236fa与R123及其混合物作为循环工质。图2为5组典型质量比下R236fa/R123混合工质的T-s图和冷凝压力250 kPa下的相图。实验中热源入口温度控制在150 ℃下，可以看到，R236fa、R123工质及其混合物的临界温度区间与热源温度接近；且在较大浓度区间内可以获得5~8 ℃的温度滑移（泡点温度和露点温度差值），能较好的吻合冷凝器中循环冷却水的温度变化。
2　实验结果与分析
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2.1　混合工质ORC机组的动态运行特性
以混合工质R236fa/R123的质量配比0.5/0.5为例，测试机组的动态运行特性，工质流量控制在800 kg/h。图3为机组动态测试中膨胀机转速控制和对应转矩与各回路流量的动态运行情况。实验过程中，膨胀机转速以200 r/min的步长阶梯式下降（图3a））。每次转速调整后机组运行约10 min，以使得机组有充分的时间逐渐趋稳。可以看到，通过变频器调整转速后，膨胀机转速响应即时，能够迅速稳定在新转速下。与此同时，膨胀机转矩也迅速响应并趋稳（图3b））。从稳定值来看，膨胀机转矩随着转速降低而逐渐升高。实验转速范围内，转矩从11 N·m增加至33 N·m，且转速越低，转矩对应步长也越大。图3c）为3组工质流量在转速调整过程中的变化趋势，可以看出工质和冷热源的流量在整个运行过程中均较为稳定，未受到转速调整的影响。
图4为膨胀机进出口压力、温度和输出功率在转速调整过程中的动态响应情况。由图4a）可以看出，膨胀机入口压力在转速调低后迅速产生阶跃，之后逐渐趋稳。压力稳定值随着转速降低（图3a））而升高，这是由于转速降低直接减小了膨胀机中通流工质的体积流量，因此需要增大蒸发压力来平衡工质泵的质量流量。膨胀机转速从2 400 r/min调整到1 000 r/min，膨胀机入口压力从1 078 kPa逐步增加至1 660 kPa，较为稳定，这是由于膨胀机出口压力主要受到冷凝器侧冷凝压力的影响。由图4b）可以看出，膨胀机入口温度在运行过程中均较为稳定，维持在148 ℃左右，表明蒸发器有充分的换热面积满足工质与热源间的换热需求。与入口温度的趋势不同，膨胀机出口温度随转速的降低而阶梯下降，在转速调整范围内逐渐从121 ℃下降到109.5 ℃。这是由于低转速下膨胀机压比较大（图4a）），增大了工质做功焓降，使得出口温度下降。由于热惯性的影响，压力响应较快而温度响应较慢。由图4c）可见，转速调整时，膨胀机轴功率响应迅速，其稳定值随着转速的下降先逐渐增加，在转速1 200 r/min处达到3.7 kW，之后随着转速继续下降，轴功率开始下降。这是由于转速过低时，虽然转矩继续增加，但转速与转矩乘积值下降。
2.2　混合工质ORC机组稳态运行特性
本节对采用工质R236fa/R123（质量比1：1）的ORC稳态性能进行分析。不同流量下膨胀机进口压力及压比随转速变化如图5所示。由图5a）可见：固定转速下，膨胀机入口压力随工质流量增大而增大；固定工质流量下，膨胀机入口压力随着膨胀机转速减小而增大。原因是通过压力变化平衡膨胀机和工质泵的质量流量。由图5b）可见，由于膨胀机出口压力较为稳定，因此膨胀机的压比变化趋势与膨胀机入口压力一致，总体上，膨胀机的压比均在3.5以上。由于该涡旋膨胀机的内置容积比在3以下，所以大部分工况下膨胀机工作在欠膨胀状态。
图6为实测轴功率与热效率的变化趋势。可以看到，轴功率和热效率随转速的变化趋势类似，即随着膨胀机转速的降低而先上升后下降，最优性能出现在转速1 200 r/min处。固定转速下，实测轴功率随工质流量增大而增大，这是由于在转速一样的情况下，大工质流量意味着更大的膨胀机入口压力推动膨胀机做功。工质流量每增大100 kg/h，对应输出功增大约为400 W。系统热效率随转速的变化趋势与膨胀机输出功率类似，但其对工质流量的变化不敏感，这意味着工质流量的增加在提高输出功率的同时也强化了蒸发器换热，增大了工质吸热量。
2.3　混合工质质量比对机组运行特性的影响
本节对5组R236fa/R123质量比0：1.00、0.25：0.75、0.50：0.50、0.75：0.25、1.00：0下ORC运行特性进行对比。实验过程中，膨胀机转速维持在1 200 r/min，工质流量范围600~800 kg/h。图7为膨胀机进出口压力及压比随工质质量比的变化。由图7可以看到：固定质量比下，膨胀机入口压力随工质流量增大而增大，这与图5结果一致；同时，膨胀机入口压力对工质质量比的变化不敏感。随着R236fa质量分数增大，给定流量下膨胀机入口压力变化很小。这表明工质R236fa和工质R123二者密度值较为接近，在固定的流量和转速下可以在相近的压力下维持平衡的体积流量。图7b）中膨胀机出口压力随着R236fa质量比的增加而升高，且不同工质流量下的区别不大。相对于R123，工质R236fa为低沸点工质，因此随着其质量比升高，冷凝温度降低，冷凝器侧的换热温差减小，为满足系统换热需求，冷凝压力升高，使得换热温差维持在合适水平。从图7c）中可见，纯工质R123膨胀比最高，约为7.7，其他工质质量比下膨胀机压比在4.5~6.5范围。因此，膨胀机处于欠膨胀状态，增大设计膨胀比可以优化系统性能。
图8为3组工质流量下各R236fa质量分数的系统实测轴功率和热效率。由图8可以看到：流量的变化对系统轴功率有明显的影响，而工质质量比变化对轴功率影响较小；3组工质流量下，纯工质R236fa均表现出最高的轴功率，但同一流量下轴功率整体变化范围很小，说明采用R236fa/R123为循环工质时，机组能保持较稳定的出力。图8b）表明，热效率对工质流量和工质质量比的变化均不敏感，热效率集中在6.5%~7.0%内。
大量的热力学研究表明，采用混合工质可以利用其相变过程的温度滑移特性来优化冷凝器中的温度匹配，从而减小换热不可逆损失，提升系统性能。为深入剖析混合工质实际运行特性，本文计算了测试条件下冷凝器侧的工质温度滑移情况，并绘制了不同工质质量比对应的ORC系统T-s图，以揭示工质组分对系统运行的影响。热力学分析中通常只考虑混合工质冷凝过程中由于露点和泡点的不同而造成的温度滑移，而在实际机组运行中还有一个不容忽视的因素，即工质流动过程的压力损失，流动压降会导致对应的饱和温度降低。图9为冷凝器进出口压差与工质温度滑移。由图9a）可见：随着流量的增加冷凝器进出压差增大，这与工质流动损失正相关；同时，随着R236fa组分的增加，冷凝器进出口压差出现先减小后增大的趋势，在R236fa质量分数为0.25时出现最小压降，纯R236fa压降最大。压降造成的冷凝温度滑移和工质本身的温度滑移叠加，形成了冷凝器中工质表现出的温度滑移，结果如图9b）所示。工质本身的温度滑移和压差引起的温度滑移分别如图9c）所示。由于冷凝器压降较大，其造成的温度滑移与工质本身的温度滑移量级相同，且工质接近纯R123和纯R236fa时压降引起的温度滑移更大，而在R123与R236fa占比接近时以工质本身的温度滑移为主。2种因素叠加，使得即便是纯工质也出现相当大的温度滑移，纯R123工质的温度滑移为6.0~11.5 ℃，纯R236fa工质的温度滑移为4.5~8.0 ℃。可以看出，机组实际运行中，换热器实际流动压损会导致纯工质也产生一定的温度滑移，从而改变与冷源流体的温度匹配。这一现象在一定程度上削弱了使用混合工质的效果。因此，在混合工质机组设计中对冷凝器压损要给予更多关注。
图10给出了工质流量为600 kg/h时5组工质组分下ORC系统的T-s图。由图10可见，工质在蒸发器出口存在较大的过热度，在冷凝器出口存在较大的过冷度，表明蒸发器和冷凝器换热面积充分。随工质R236fa质量分数的增加，蒸发温度和冷凝温度出现不同程度的降低，过热度逐渐增加而过冷度逐渐减小。这使得蒸发器侧的换热温差增大，不可逆损失增大，而冷凝器侧则相反。同时，可以看到纯工质R123和纯工质R236fa与冷源流体的温度曲线匹配良好。从热功转化的角度来看，ORC系统的最大损失即为换热过程的不可逆损失。由此，二者的此消彼长使得该系统的输出功率相对平稳（图8）。因此，混合工质ORC系统的设计和运行有必要考虑机组换热器的压差对系统运行的影响，来选取合适的工质对和与工质相匹配的换热设备。
3　结论
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为揭示混合工质对ORC系统实际运行特性与性能的影响规律，本文对采用混合工质R236fa/R123的4 kW ORC原型机组进行了测试，从动态和稳态运行特性及设备运行参数角度分析了系统性能与工质和设备的匹配机理，主要结论如下。
1）ORC机组采用混合工质时，其动态和稳态运行特性与纯工质机组一致。工质流量和膨胀机转速是控制ORC机组运行的有效手段。工质流量变化对系统输出功率有显著影响而对热效率影响很小。工质流量增大100 kg/h，对应输出功增大约为400 W。对于该机组所采用的涡旋膨胀机而言，其最佳转速范围在1 200 r/min附近。
2）ORC机组的输出功率和热效率对混合工质R236fa/R123的质量比变化不敏感，混合工质不同质量比下运行均较为平稳。同时，随着低沸点工质R236fa质量分数的增大，膨胀机入口压力稳定，出口压力逐渐升高，总体上压比仍较高。因此，采用内容积较大的膨胀机可优化机组性能。
3）混合工质不同质量比下，蒸发器和冷凝器不可逆损失呈现此消彼长的变化趋势，二者的叠加效果是决定ORC机组输出性能的主要机理。冷凝器压降引起的工质温度滑移增大了混合工质冷凝温度滑移量，抑制了混合工质对系统性能的优化潜力。混合工质ORC机组设计和运行中需要综合考虑换热器压损与工质物性的匹配。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52476007)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2026年第55卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508030
  • 接收时间：2025-08-12
  • 首发时间：2026-08-14
  • 出版时间：2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-08-12
  • 修回日期：2025-09-11
  • 录用日期：2025-09-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52476007)
国家自然科学基金(52476007)
作者信息
    1.电力规划总院有限公司，北京 100120
    2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室，北京 102206
    3.龙源电力集团股份有限公司，北京 100034

通讯作者:

苗政（1982），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化，。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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