Article(id=1295068192116858996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752249600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-12, revisedDate=1755705600000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-21, acceptedDate=1755792000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-22, onlineDate=1786697918203, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697918203, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697918203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697918203, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068190569164906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697917835, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698816898, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=63, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068192406265974, articleId=1295068192116858996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Preparation and performance characterization of ultra-low carbon coal-gangue-based composite phase-change materials, columnId=1295068192326574197, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reduce the production costs and carbon emissions associated with phase change composite materials, coal gangue was utilized as the skeletal raw material, and NaNO3 was used as the phase change material to prepare of composite thermal energy storage materials. Through the cold pressing and hot sintering method, nine distinct composite phase change materials with varying coal gangue to NaNO3 ratios were successfully synthesized. The fundamental properties of these coal gangue-based composite phase change materials were systematically investigated, encompassing thermal storage capacity, microstructural characteristics, mechanical strength, chemical compatibility, and economic viability. Results demonstrated that the composite with a coal gangue to NaNO3 mass ratio of 4.5:5.5 (designated as sample SC3) exhibited optimal performance across all evaluated parameters. Specifically, sample SC3 achieved a mechanical strength of 49.33 MPa. Within the temperature range of 100 ℃ to 335 ℃, its thermal storage capacity reached 399.29 J/g, accompanied by a thermal conductivity of 1.484 W/(m·K). Elemental distribution within this composite was found to be homogeneous, and chemical compatibility between constituents was excellent. Furthermore, after undergoing 1858 thermal cycles of heating and cooling, sample SC3 retained remarkable thermal storage performance, stable mechanical properties, and maintained its physical integrity without degradation.

, authors=Meichao YIN1, Yaxuan XIONG1, 2, Jing YAN3, Zeling JIANG1, Meng LI1, Jing REN4, Yuting WU5, Cancan ZHANG5, Yulong DING6, authorsList=Meichao YIN, Yaxuan XIONG, Jing YAN, Zeling JIANG, Meng LI, Jing REN, Yuting WU, Cancan ZHANG, Yulong DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaxuan XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068200127979695, articleId=1295068192116858996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=煤矸石超低碳复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究, columnId=1236714914694361723, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为了实现相变复合材料在生产过程中成本与碳排放的双降低,创新性地选用煤矸石作为骨架材料,并以NaNO3作为相变材料来制备复合相变储热材料。

【方法】

借助冷压热烧结法,成功制备出9种不同配比的复合相变储热材料。对煤矸石基复合相变材料的关键性能进行了深入探究,涵盖热储存能力、微观结构、机械强度、化学相容性以及经济可行性等。

【结果结论】

研究结果显示,当煤矸石与NaNO3的质量比为4.5:5.5,即得到样品SC3,该样品各项性能均达到优良状态。样品SC3的机械强度可达49.33 MPa,在100~335 ℃温度范围内,其热储存能力为399.29 J/g,热导率为1.484 W/(m·K),且各元素分布均匀,具有良好的化学相容性。此外,样品SC3在历经1 858次加热-冷却循环后,仍具有优异的热储存性能、稳固的机械强度以及良好的外观形貌。

, authors=尹美超1, 熊亚选1, 2, 闫京3, 蒋泽龄1, 李萌1, 任静4, 吴玉庭5, 张灿灿5, 丁玉龙6, authorsList=尹美超, 熊亚选, 闫京, 蒋泽龄, 李萌, 任静, 吴玉庭, 张灿灿, 丁玉龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=熊亚选, authorNote=

尹美超(1993),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固废储热,

, correspAuthorsNote=
熊亚选(1977),教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑,
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尹美超(1993),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固废储热,

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Components of the activated coal gangue

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组成SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3K2OTiO2MgOSO3其他
质量分数/%53.8131.408.972.081.130.640.341.63
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活化后的煤矸石成分

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组成SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3K2OTiO2MgOSO3其他
质量分数/%53.8131.408.972.081.130.640.341.63
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Appearances and morphologies of coal gangue composite phase change thermal storage materials with different proportions

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样品SC1SC2SC3SC4SC5SC6SC7SC8SC9
煤矸石质量分数/%40.042.545.047.550.052.555.057.560.0
NaNO3质量分数/%60.057.555.052.550.047.545.042.540.0
外观形貌
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不同比例煤矸石复合相变储热材料外观形貌

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样品SC1SC2SC3SC4SC5SC6SC7SC8SC9
煤矸石质量分数/%40.042.545.047.550.052.555.057.560.0
NaNO3质量分数/%60.057.555.052.550.047.545.042.540.0
外观形貌
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Appearances and morphologies of coal gangue composite phase change thermal storage materials after heating-cooling cycle

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样品SC3SC4SC5SC6SC7SC8SC9
循环次数1 8581 2911 2911 2911 1071 1071 107
循环后外观形貌
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加热-冷却循环后的煤矸石复合相变储热材料外观形貌

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样品SC3SC4SC5SC6SC7SC8SC9
循环次数1 8581 2911 2911 2911 1071 1071 107
循环后外观形貌
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Comparisons of thermal conductivity between different materials

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样品相变材料质量分数/%热导率/(W·(m·K)–1文献
NaNO3/煤矸石55.01.02~1.48本文
Na2SO4-KSO4/粉煤灰60.00.61[25]
1-十八醇/多孔生物炭85.00.71[26]
月桂酸肉-豆蔻酸/泡沫铜骨架67.01.08[27]
LiNO3/膨胀蛭石84.60.51[28]
NaNO3/膨胀蛭石85.70.44[28]
KNO3/膨胀蛭石87.00.33[28]
NaNO3/硅藻土50.00.453[29]
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不同材料热导率对比

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样品相变材料质量分数/%热导率/(W·(m·K)–1文献
NaNO3/煤矸石55.01.02~1.48本文
Na2SO4-KSO4/粉煤灰60.00.61[25]
1-十八醇/多孔生物炭85.00.71[26]
月桂酸肉-豆蔻酸/泡沫铜骨架67.01.08[27]
LiNO3/膨胀蛭石84.60.51[28]
NaNO3/膨胀蛭石85.70.44[28]
KNO3/膨胀蛭石87.00.33[28]
NaNO3/硅藻土50.00.453[29]
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Energy consumption of the power equipment

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设备时间/h功率/kW耗电量/(kW·h)
干燥箱12.0012144.0
行星式研磨机0.502211.0
液压压力机0.05743.7
马弗炉3.0090270.0
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电力设备能耗

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设备时间/h功率/kW耗电量/(kW·h)
干燥箱12.0012144.0
行星式研磨机0.502211.0
液压压力机0.05743.7
马弗炉3.0090270.0
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煤矸石超低碳复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究
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尹美超 1 , 熊亚选 1, 2 , 闫京 3 , 蒋泽龄 1 , 李萌 1 , 任静 4 , 吴玉庭 5 , 张灿灿 5 , 丁玉龙 6
热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2026,55(6): 63-72
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热力发电 |储能技术研究 2026 , 55 (6) : 63 -72
煤矸石超低碳复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究
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尹美超1 , 熊亚选1, 2 , 闫京3, 蒋泽龄1, 李萌1, 任静4, 吴玉庭5, 张灿灿5, 丁玉龙6
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 102600
  • 2.北京市可持续城市排水系统构建与风险控制工程技术研究中心,北京 102600
  • 3.北京天岳恒房屋经营管理有限公司,北京 100032
  • 4.北京中建建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100076
  • 5.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 6.伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,伯明翰 B15 2TT
通讯作者:
熊亚选(1977),教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑,
作者简介:

尹美超(1993),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固废储热,

Preparation and performance characterization of ultra-low carbon coal-gangue-based composite phase-change materials
Meichao YIN1 , Yaxuan XIONG1, 2 , Jing YAN3, Zeling JIANG1, Meng LI1, Jing REN4, Yuting WU5, Cancan ZHANG5, Yulong DING6
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Key Lab of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102600, China
  • 2.Beijing Engineering Research Center for Sustainable Urban Drainage System, Beijing 102600, China
  • 3.Beijing Tianyueheng Housing Management & Administration Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
  • 4.Beijing Building Research Institute Co. Ltd. of CSCEC, Beijing 100076, China
  • 5.Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 6.Birmingham Center for Energy Storage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507128
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【目的】

为了实现相变复合材料在生产过程中成本与碳排放的双降低,创新性地选用煤矸石作为骨架材料,并以NaNO3作为相变材料来制备复合相变储热材料。

【方法】

借助冷压热烧结法,成功制备出9种不同配比的复合相变储热材料。对煤矸石基复合相变材料的关键性能进行了深入探究,涵盖热储存能力、微观结构、机械强度、化学相容性以及经济可行性等。

【结果结论】

研究结果显示,当煤矸石与NaNO3的质量比为4.5:5.5,即得到样品SC3,该样品各项性能均达到优良状态。样品SC3的机械强度可达49.33 MPa,在100~335 ℃温度范围内,其热储存能力为399.29 J/g,热导率为1.484 W/(m·K),且各元素分布均匀,具有良好的化学相容性。此外,样品SC3在历经1 858次加热-冷却循环后,仍具有优异的热储存性能、稳固的机械强度以及良好的外观形貌。

煤矿固废  /  煤矸石  /  复合相变储热材料  /  化学相容性  /  储能

To reduce the production costs and carbon emissions associated with phase change composite materials, coal gangue was utilized as the skeletal raw material, and NaNO3 was used as the phase change material to prepare of composite thermal energy storage materials. Through the cold pressing and hot sintering method, nine distinct composite phase change materials with varying coal gangue to NaNO3 ratios were successfully synthesized. The fundamental properties of these coal gangue-based composite phase change materials were systematically investigated, encompassing thermal storage capacity, microstructural characteristics, mechanical strength, chemical compatibility, and economic viability. Results demonstrated that the composite with a coal gangue to NaNO3 mass ratio of 4.5:5.5 (designated as sample SC3) exhibited optimal performance across all evaluated parameters. Specifically, sample SC3 achieved a mechanical strength of 49.33 MPa. Within the temperature range of 100 ℃ to 335 ℃, its thermal storage capacity reached 399.29 J/g, accompanied by a thermal conductivity of 1.484 W/(m·K). Elemental distribution within this composite was found to be homogeneous, and chemical compatibility between constituents was excellent. Furthermore, after undergoing 1858 thermal cycles of heating and cooling, sample SC3 retained remarkable thermal storage performance, stable mechanical properties, and maintained its physical integrity without degradation.

coal mine solid waste  /  coal gangue  /  composite phase change thermal storage material  /  chemical compatibility  /  energy storage
尹美超, 熊亚选, 闫京, 蒋泽龄, 李萌, 任静, 吴玉庭, 张灿灿, 丁玉龙. 煤矸石超低碳复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (6) : 63 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507128
Meichao YIN, Yaxuan XIONG, Jing YAN, Zeling JIANG, Meng LI, Jing REN, Yuting WU, Cancan ZHANG, Yulong DING. Preparation and performance characterization of ultra-low carbon coal-gangue-based composite phase-change materials[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (6) : 63 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507128
我国“双碳”战略目标要求可再生能源占一次能源消费的80%以上,同时实现净碳排放量减少90%以上[1]。实现“双碳”目标依赖于清洁能源技术的发展及应用,而清洁能源的推广受气象条件、季节变化等现实因素制约。储能技术在实现能源的连续利用及跨季节调配中发挥着重要作用[2]。然而传统储热技术在储热密度、占据空间以及循环利用方面存在各种问题。为此,大量研究人员对相变储热技术进行了研究,尤其是复合相变储热技术。
制备复合相变储热材料时,传统骨架材料(天然矿石或人造材料)提取与制备通常伴随高能耗、高环境风险,违背节能减排目标。为此,研究者转向探索用工业固废制备骨架材料。Anagnostopou-los等人[3]采用太阳盐和赤泥制备的复合相变材料能够承受48次的加热-冷却循环。樊颜搏等[4]制备的Na2CO3/兰炭灰复合相变储热材料热能储存密度可达961.58 J/g,导热系数为1.306 W/(m·K),机械强度为23.57 MPa。杨洋等[5]采用钢渣和电石渣作为骨架材料,开发的NaNO3/钢渣和电石渣复合相变储热材料储热密度可达371.1 J/g,抗压强度131.2 MPa。经过1 307次加热-冷却循环后,最优样品导热系数为1.263 W/(m·K)。此外杨洋[6]将骨架材料(SM)进行固碳后进行研究发现与未固碳样品相比,其热储存能力提升19.7%,热导率降低27.5%,机械强度提高8.4%。历经1 440次加热-冷却循环后,材料依然具有优异的化学相容性和热储存性能。上述研究为利用工业固体废物作为骨架材料制备相变复合材料开辟了新途径,既往研究已成功采用污泥炉渣[7-8]、钢渣[9]、铜渣[10]、脱硫石膏与电石渣[11]以及废弃混凝土[12]制备复合相变储热材料,实现了低成本与高热能储存密度的效果。
煤矸石等煤矿废弃物是中国主要的污染源之一[13]。煤矸石是煤炭开采和洗选过程中产生的固体废物[14],呈黑色或灰色,含碳量低,硬度低于煤[15]。在煤的生产过程中的排放量约占煤炭总产量的15%~20%[16]。目前,我国的煤矸石产量已达70亿吨[17-18],煤矸石的长期堆放不仅占用大量土地资源,而且其所含的有害物质容易造成环境污染,降低水质、土壤和大气质量,还会带来安全隐患,对公共安全构成威胁[19]
同时,中高温复合相变储热材料的相变温度在200~800 ℃,其在太阳能热发电和热储存、工业余热回收以及电力调峰等方面的应用具有显著优势,中高温复合相变储热材料高热容、低过冷度等特性,使其在实现热能的时空转移和高效管理方面极具优势。
基于上述的背景,本文在实验室中将活化后的煤矸石作为骨架材料与相变材料(PCM)NaNO3(相变温度为306~308 ℃)结合,制备出一种成本低、效益高的煤矸石复合相变储热材料(CGPCMS)。本文全面探讨了这种制备方法的可行性及复合相变储热材料的储热性能。在实际工程应用时,进行大批量的复合相变储热材料的制备时,煤矸石骨架材料的来源为煤矸石燃烧利用后的灰烬废弃物,既能解决固废堆积促进工业固废的循环利用,减少储能行业对天然矿物资源的依赖,也降低污染和浪费,加速推进“碳中和”目标的实现。
实验中使用的煤矸石(图1)原始骨料购自山西卓明贸易有限公司(图1a)),破碎后如图1b)所示。相变材料采用硝酸钠(分析纯,纯度≥99%)购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司,如图1c)所示。煤矸石的处理过程为:将原材料破碎后置于马弗炉中于850 ℃下以10 ℃/min的升温速率煅烧3 h,以去除杂质和反应性成分,这样获得更稳定的性能[20]。处理后的煤矸石材料见图1d)
采用X射线荧光光谱仪(X-ray fluorescence spectrometer,XRF)对活化后的煤矸石进行成分分析,结果见表1。煤矸石的主要构成元素为SiO2,质量分数53.8%。其次为Al2O3,质量分数31.39%。此外,该材料还包含Fe2O3、K2O以及TiO2等。
本文采用冷压热烧结法制备CGPCMS,具体制备流程如图2所示。
1)将煤矸石研磨成粒径小于38 μm的粉末,置于马弗炉中,850 ℃高温煅烧3 h。将NaNO3置于干燥箱中170 ℃下干燥12 h去除结晶水;将处理后的煤矸石和NaNO3按照不同比例进行配比并混合,每份样品总质量为1 g。
2)将混合研磨后的粉末置于圆柱形模具中,利用液压机在2 MPa的压力下压制3 min,得到圆柱形样品。
3)将制备的不同比例的样品置于马弗炉中以5 ℃/min的升温速率将马弗炉温度从30 ℃升至100 ℃,然后恒温30 min;接着从100 ℃加热至340 ℃,恒温60 min;关闭马弗炉,使其自然冷却至室温,最终得到CGPCMS成品。
按照上述步骤制备9种定型复合相变储热材料,所制备的样品详见表2
采用文献[721]方法对CGPCMS的热物性、热循环稳定性、化学相容性以及微观形貌进行表征。各项参数测量的不确定度依据文献[22]的方法计算,计算得到熔点、潜热和导热系数的测量不确定度分别为0.260 ℃、2.224 J/g和0.136 W/(m·K)。
表2也列举了9种不同质量分数的CGPCMS。对9种烧结样品的外观形貌分析发现,当NaNO3的质量分数大于或等于57.5%时,样品表面出现了不同程度的变形。随着NaNO3质量分数的减小,样品的变形程度也在降低。在9个不同比例的样品中,均未观察到明显的NaNO3泄漏。考虑到材料的储热能力与NaNO3的质量分数成正比,暂定煤矸石与NaNO3质量比为4.5:5.5的SC3样品作为最佳样品。在选择最终最佳样品之前,SC3—SC9系列样品将接受抗压强度、加热-冷却循环等其他方面的测试。
对SC3—SC9样品进行加热-冷却循环测试,循环温度范围设定为240~360 ℃。加热-冷却循环后的煤矸石复合相变储热材料外观形貌见表3,SC7—SC9样品经过1 107次循环、SC4—SC6样品经过1 291次循环后出现轻微裂纹,而SC3样品经过1 858次循环后才出现裂纹。从外观和循环耐久性来看,SC3样品性能最佳。
CGPCMS的热能储存容量对其未来的实际应用具有重要意义。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对煤矸石复合相变材料的相变特性进行分析,升温速率为5 K/min。实验使用了同步热分析仪(STA 449F3,Netzsch),并采用高纯度氮气(99.999%)作为保护气体,确保实验过程的安全性和准确性。在分析过程中,样品在100~350 ℃的温度范围内经历了3个连续的熔化和凝固循环,以精确测量煤矸石复合相变储热材料的比热容、熔点和熔化潜热。对样品的加热-冷却循环使用的是定制的自调节电加热炉装置进行。在整个测试阶段,煤矸石复合相变材料样品在室温和炉膛加热环境之间进行循环,炉膛设定温度为360 ℃,循环氛围为空气,单次循环时间为272 s。图3展示了样品NaNO3、煤矸石(CG)、SC3—SC7以及SC3在1 858次循环后的熔化温度和潜热值变化。煤矸石的比热曲线呈线性,无熔化峰,表明煤矸石无相变储热能力。
DSC测试发现NaNO3和样品SC3—SC7的熔化潜热分别为134.33、63.24、55.23、54.99、50.14、48.27 J/g。经过1 858次加热-冷却循环后,样品SC3的熔化潜热增加到68.71 J/g。利用文献[23]的方法对样品在100~335 ℃范围内的储热密度进行计算,结果如图4所示。由图4可见,随着NaNO3含量的降低,样品的储热容量也降低,观察到最大储热密度399.29 J/g。其中,SC3样品在5组样品中表现出最高的储热能力,循环后SC3样品的储热量有所提高。
热导率是材料的固有属性,它的大小直接反映了材料的导热能力。实验对样品SC3在100、200、300、350 ℃以及经1 600次热循环后的热扩散率进行测定。图5为样品SC3加热-冷却循环前后热扩散率和导热系数。图5中线图的间断部分对应PCM的相变区间,在此区间内,样品的热导率和扩散率出现波动,因此未标记具体数值。
图5可见,无论是否经过热循环,样品SC3在100~350 ℃温度范围内的热扩散率与热导率均保持稳定。样品SC3在热循环前后的热导率峰值分别为0.504 W/(m·K)和1.484 W/(m·K),热循环后样品的热导率显著高于纯NaNO3(0.55 W/(m·K))[24]。经过1 600次加热-冷却循环后,样品SC3的热扩散率和热导率都有所提高。热导率λ的计算公式为:
λ=α(T)ρ(T)cp(T)
式中:α为煤矸石复合相变储热材料的热扩散系数,m2/s;cP为煤矸石复合相变储热材料的比热容,J/(g·K);ρ为煤矸石复合相变储热材料的密度,kg/m3。热导率的变化与材料的热扩散系数、密度、相变盐的晶粒变化等都有关系,在循环实验期间复合材料中的NaNO3反复熔化凝固从而逐渐填充骨架材料颗粒内的孔隙,使骨架颗粒的基质结构更加紧凑,排出空气降低传热热阻的同时也增大了有效导热的传热界面。此外在多次的加热-冷却循环过程中,NaNO3晶体的晶粒取向也会优化形成“热桥”。综上所述,在1 600次加热-冷却循环后,样品SC3的热扩散率和热导率呈上升趋势。
根据近期复合相变储热材料导热性的研究结果,不同材料热导率对比见表4。由表4可见,经循环后SC3的导热系数明显高于使用生物质衍生的多孔碳、粉煤灰、膨胀蛭石和硅藻土等作为骨架材料的复合材料。因此,采用煤矸石作为骨架材料和NaNO3作为PCM的复合相变储热材料在热能储存应用方面表现出更大的前景。
利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术,对样品SC3在历经1 858次加热-冷却循环前后的内部结构进行表征,分别在2 000、5 000及10 000倍数下获取显微结构影像,图6图7分别为样品SC3在循环前、后的微观形貌变化。
图6图7可见,烧结成型后,样品SC3在表面张力与内部毛细管力联合作用下形成致密结构。此过程中,PCM填充煤矸石材料的孔隙,且未出现自样品表层渗漏的情形,说明煤矸石与NaNO3间的结合良好。此外,在烧结过程中熔融NaNO3所生成的“黏结桥”进一步强化了该结构。
通过将图7图6循环前的图像进行比较可以发现,在1 858次加热-冷却循环后,样品SC3的内部结构变得更加致密。NaNO3在加热-冷却循环过程中产生微流动,能够更有效地填充煤矸石的微观孔隙,从而增强了结构的致密性[30]。此外,循环后的样品没有出现碎裂,表明其具有良好的稳定性。它表明该材料能够承受多次的热应力变化而不发生结构破坏,适用于需要长期运行的系统。
运用能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)技术对放大10 000倍循环前后的SC3样品进行元素映射分析。图8图9分别展示了样品SC3在热循环前、后的内部元素分布情况。如图8所示,样品SC3内部元素呈现高度均匀的分布特征。如图9所示在经历1 858次加热-冷却循环之后,样品SC3内部元素的分布依然保持着均匀性。总之,微观分析结果表明,即使在多次加热-冷却循环后,样品SC3也能保持良好的内部结构稳定性和均匀的元素分布,从而表现出优异的热循环稳定性。
CGPCMS的机械性能是决定其在实际工程项目中适用性的关键性能指标。为了评估煤矸石复合相变材料的抗压强度,制备厚度3 cm,直径13 mm的圆柱形标样。利用电子万能试验机(CMT6104,MTS,US)对其进行抗压强度测试,以3.0 mm/min的恒定速率施加压力直至样品碎裂。测试过程中记录的峰值压力值即为煤矸石复合相变材料的抗压强度。对5组样品(SC3—SC7)的机械性能进行了研究,并对它们的抗压强度进行比较。图10显示了CGPCMS抗压强度的变化趋势,这5组CGPCMS的峰值抗压强度为49.33 MPa,为样品SC3,其PCM质量分数为55.0%。
图10可以发现,样品的抗压强度与PCM的质量分数并非完全对应,PCM质量分数为45.0%时其抗压强度甚至高于质量分数为47.5%、50.0%和52.5%的样品。主要原因为:在PCM质量分数较低时,由PCM形成的“连接桥”难以与骨架材料建立有效的连接。随着PCM质量分数的不断降低,PCM和骨架材料之间的结合力逐渐减弱,导致CGPCMS的压缩性能下降。当PCM的质量分数继续降低时,骨架材料在抗压性能上发挥的作用更大,使得当PCM质量分数为45.0%时的抗压强度反而有所提升。在SC3样品中,煤矸石与PCM的质量比为4.5:5.5,压缩测试表明SC3具有优异的抗压强度,处于完全平衡状态。经过1 600次加热-冷却测试循环后,SC3样品的抗压强度为30.29 Mpa。尽管其抗压强度与循环前样品相比显著降低,但它仍然优于目前已知材料的抗压强度(约14 Mpa)[29-30]。经过高温烧结后,SC3样品的内部结构达到平衡和稳定。经过多次加热-冷却循环后,由PCM组成的“连接桥”结构断裂,破坏了PCM和骨架材料之间的平衡力,使得其抗压强度降低。
图10中,可以发现随着压力的增加样品的强度并非表现为单一的线性规律,在图像上表现为起伏波动。随着压力增大到某一临界值时,材料由稳定裂纹扩展阶段突变为裂纹贯通-失稳阶段,样品的外观表现为碎裂状态,从细小裂纹到整体破碎的状态。
化学相容性是评估有机聚合物材料性能的关键指标。本文通过XRD和HSC分析技术,对SC3样品、PCM、煤矸石之间的化学相容性进行评估,结果如图11所示。
XRD测试结果图11a)表明,SC3样品的衍射图谱涵盖了PCM的所有衍射峰,同时也显示出煤矸石的衍射峰,并未发现新的晶相生成,可以判定样品中的煤矸石骨架材料和NaNO3未发生化学反应。
通过调研煤矸石中各种成分与NaNO3可能的反应方程式,发现NaNO3与Fe2O3、Al2O3、TiO2、K2O、MgO、SO3、Na2O等物质不反应,或需要特定的酸性或碱性溶液条件才能反应。SiO2可能在高温下与NaNO3反应。预测的反应方程式为:
2SiO2+4NaNO3=2Na2SiO3+4NO2+O2
使用HSC软件进行计算,结果如图11b)所示。在0~500 ℃的温度范围内,吉布斯自由能大于0,表明SiO2和NaNO3在该温度范围内不会自发反应。
综上所述,基于综合XRD和HSC分析,可以得出结论,煤矸石和NaNO3在CGPCMS的制备过程中不发生反应,具有良好的化学稳定性。
为了使储热材料能够在工业生产中得到成功应用,不仅需要考察相变复合材料的储热性能,还应全面评估其经济可行性。储热性能是衡量储热材料是否满足工业需求的关键指标,而经济可行性直接关系到储热材料的大规模生产和市场推广潜力。Nieto Jose Torre[31]开发了一个预测材料制造成本的模型,根据该模型,估算煤矸石复合相变储热价格的生产成本矩阵如图12所示。生产成本包括原材料成本、劳动力成本、直接管理成本、其他直接费用和共享投资成本。通常,原材料成本占总制造成本的76%~84%,这一比例受到材料设计和形状的影响。直接间接成本,包括公用事业、维护、工具室费用、设备折旧和场地租金,占总制造成本的12%~17%。在工业环境中,劳动力和直接成本占总制造成本的不到1%,而摊销投资占1%~12%。因此,可以根据材料成本及其在总制造成本中的比例来估算复合相变储热材料的成本。由于其制造成本低,这种材料通常以砖(240 mm×115 mm×53 mm)的形状生产,导致材料成本可能占总成本的84%。
在该材料的研发过程中,煤矸石燃烧利用后的灰烬为免费的固体废弃物,NaNO3的价格为377美元/t[32]。SC3样品的材料成本计算为207.35美元/t,制备成本为246.85美元/t。
将样品SC3的制备成本和潜热结合起来,用式(3)计算样品SC3储热成本:
T=PQ
式中:T为储热材料的储热成本,美元/MJ;P为每吨储热材料的制备成本,美元/t;Q为每单位质量储热材料的相变潜热,MJ/t。
经过计算,样品SC3的储热成本3.899美元/MJ(14.29美元/(kW·h)),明显低于英国商业、能源和工业战略部(BEIS)采用的PCM储热成本,其为58.8美元/(kW·h)[33]
本文开发的复合相变储热材料在储能成本方面展现出显著优势。样品SC3的化学稳定性卓越,储热与机械性能出众。因此,本研究制备的相变复合材料具备巨大的商业潜力。
采用冷压烧结法制备复合相变储热材料样品,工业化生产的主要制造工艺主要包括12 h干燥、0.5 h球磨混合、3 min压缩成型和3 h烧结。经计算1吨混合粉末可制备复合相变储热砖416块,上述流程主要的能源消耗为电能,因此,固碳复合相变储热材料砖块制备过程中的碳排放为:
EM,CO2=WT,i×EFM
式中:EM,CO2为生产1吨复合相变储热材料砖块所消耗电力产生的碳排放量,kg;WT,i为生产1吨复合相变储热材料砖块耗电量,kW·h;EFM为电力排放因子,根据《2019年度减排项目中国区域电网基准线排放因子》公示数据,本文取0.941 9 kg/(kW·h)。
其具体制备过程电力设备能耗如表5所示。
表5可见,工业生产1吨NaNO3会向环境排放412.6 kg的CO2,以本文中质量分数55.0%的最优样品比例进行复合相变储热材料制备。制备步骤中总耗电量为428.7 kW·h,转换为碳排放量为403.79 kg的CO2,加上工业生产NaNO3的CO2排放量,计算得出生产1吨的SC3储热材料的碳排放量为630.72 kg。
常见的骨架材料通常由天然矿物或人工合成材料制成,在其开采和合成过程中会释放CO2。同样采用冷压烧结法相变材料选择NaNO3进行储热材料制备,以氧化镁为骨架材料制备1吨储热材料的碳排放量为2 350.6 kg的CO2,以氧化铝为骨架材料制备1吨储热材料的碳排放量为1 939.3 kg的CO2,以膨胀石墨为骨架材料制备1吨储热材料的碳排放量为1 586.4 kg的CO2,在固废相关研究中已有的数据生产1吨固碳电石渣钢渣基的储热材料产生1 314.3 kg的CO2[6]。综上进行对比,本文制备的SC3储热材料的碳排放量最低。
为保护环境、减少污染、回收固体废物和降低储热系统成本,本文创新性地以煤矸石作为骨架材料采用NaNO3制备形状稳定的相变复合材料。通过对其核心性能的综合分析和研究,得出以下结论。
1)当煤矸石与NaNO3的质量比为4.5:5.5时(样品SC3),材料的综合性能达到最佳,证实了使用煤矸石作为骨架材料制备煤矸石基相变储热材料的可行性。样品SC3的机械强度达到49.33 MPa,最大储热能力为399.29 J/g,在100~350 ℃温度范围内的导热系数为1.484 W/(m·K)。经历1 858次冷热循环后,样品SC3的机械强度略有下降,但储热能力和化学稳定性保持不变。且储热成本计算为14.29美元/(kW·h),显著低于英国商业、能源和工业战略部(BEIS)部署的PCM储热成本(58.8美元/(kW·h)),展现出良好的经济效益。
2)将煤矸石应用于储热领域,不仅可减轻环境污染,还能促进资源再利用,在降低碳排放方面具有极其重要的作用。经过研究分析,煤矸石基复合相变储热材料的制备碳排放量仅630.72 kg CO2/t,远低于同类产品,可为“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的实现提供助力。
利用煤矸石制备复合相变储热材料,可以拓展储能技术的应用领域,这种创新的低碳相变复合材料不仅具有出色的储热能力和良好的机械强度,还具备优异的化学相容性等独特性能,预期其将在智能电网、分布式能源系统和工业余热回收等领域发挥关键作用,为能源的高效利用提供重要支持。
  • 国家重点研发计划-政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2025YFE0118800)
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2026年第55卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507128
  • 接收时间:2025-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-12
  • 修回日期:2025-08-21
  • 录用日期:2025-08-22
基金
National Key Research and Development Program: Key Special Projects for International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation between Governments(2025YFE0118800)
国家重点研发计划-政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2025YFE0118800)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 102600
    2.北京市可持续城市排水系统构建与风险控制工程技术研究中心,北京 102600
    3.北京天岳恒房屋经营管理有限公司,北京 100032
    4.北京中建建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100076
    5.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
    6.伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,伯明翰 B15 2TT

通讯作者:

熊亚选(1977),教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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