Article(id=1295068029663077275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=1753200000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-23, acceptedDate=1753632000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-28, onlineDate=1786697879472, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697879472, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697879472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697879472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068030015398812, articleId=1295068029663077275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of low-temperature pyrolysis and oxidative behavior of biomass, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biomass resources in China are widely distributed and highly abundant, holding great potential for substituting traditional fossil fuels and promoting the achievement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. During storage and transportation, biomass is prone to self-heating. When the accumulated heat raises the internal temperature of biomass to a certain level, chemical reactions will gradually accelerate, leading to biomass self-ignition. In traditional biomass self-ignition studies, thermogravimetric/calorimetric experiments typically employ powdered samples. However, this approach significantly deviates from the actual storage conditions of biomass. Moreover, existing biomass reaction kinetics models exhibit poor adaptability below 250 ℃. To address these issues, a testing platform for the low-temperature pyrolysis and oxidation characteristics of biomass was established. The thermal degradation behavior of rice straw and soybean shell samples with different particle sizes (original large particles, 2.0 mm particles, and 0.2 mm particles) was investigated under various oxygen concentrations. Two kinetic models, namely the pyrolysis-independent component oxidation model and the pyrolysis-lumped oxidation model, were developed and optimized. These models accurately predicted the pyrolysis and oxidation behavior of biomass in the low-temperature range. The results indicated that the reaction rate increased significantly with temperature. However, as biomass consumption progressed, the promoting effect of temperature on the reaction rate gradually diminished. Increasing the oxygen concentration also accelerated the reaction rate, but its impact was weaker than that of temperature elevation. Under the same temperature and oxygen concentration conditions, the 2.0 mm particle samples exhibited the highest reaction rate, while the original samples had the lowest rate, with the 0.2 mm particle samples falling in between. Experiments on biomass samples with original particle sizes and the development of targeted kinetic models are more representative of real-world conditions. The pyrolysis-lumped oxidation model effectively predicted the mass loss behavior of rice straw and soybean shell samples with different particle sizes under various oxygen concentrations as the temperature increased, demonstrating its applicability for predicting low-temperature pyrolysis and oxidation reactions of biomass.

, authors=Fu ZHOU1, Cunhua PAN1, Zhongyi DENG2, Ke ZHANG1, Xinke CHEN3, Qingyan FANG3, Mingshuo CUI3, Cheng ZHANG3, Gang CHEN3, authorsList=Fu ZHOU, Cunhua PAN, Zhongyi DENG, Ke ZHANG, Xinke CHEN, Qingyan FANG, Mingshuo CUI, Cheng ZHANG, Gang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068033144349609, articleId=1295068029663077275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=生物质低温热解与氧化动力学特性研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生物质在储存与运输过程中易发生自燃,传统生物质自燃研究中热重分析/量热实验常采用粉末状样品,这与生物质的实际储存状态存在较大差异。另外,现有的生物质反应动力学模型在250 ℃以下温度区间的适应性较差。基于此,搭建了生物质低温热解与氧化特性测试平台,在不同氧气气氛下对不同颗粒尺寸(原始大颗粒、2.0 mm颗粒以及0.2 mm颗粒)的稻草秆与大豆壳的热失重行为开展测试。构建了热解-组分独立氧化模型与热解-总包氧化模型,并进行了参数优化,实现了生物质在低温区间热解与氧化行为的准确预测。结果表明:生物质反应速率随温度升高显著提升,但当生物质消耗到一定程度后,升温对生物质反应速率的促进作用逐渐减弱。提高氧气含量可加快生物质的反应速率,但其对反应速度的促进作用弱于温度升高的影响;在相同温度和氧含量条件下,2.0 mm颗粒样品的反应速率最高,原始样品的反应速率最低,0.2 mm颗粒样品的反应速率介于两者之间;对原始颗粒尺寸的生物质样品开展实验并针对性地构建生物质自燃反应动力学模型更符合实际情况;该热解-总包氧化模型能较好地预测不同粒径的稻草秆和大豆壳在不同氧含量下随温度升高过程中质量损失规律,适用于低温区间生物质热解及氧化反应的预测。

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周福(1989),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤锅炉燃烧优化及调整、污泥燃煤机组耦合发电,

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周福(1989),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤锅炉燃烧优化及调整、污泥燃煤机组耦合发电,

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articleId=1295068029663077275, language=CN, label=图6, caption=大豆壳化学反应进程的实验与模型计算结果对比, figureFileSmall=r/Sc37944tzDx1ccl/HL+Q==, figureFileBig=RnjEHxNciVYtFsNWthW9UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068041096750073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068029663077275, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Compositions of biomass samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质稻草秆大豆壳
产地安徽河南
低位发热量/(MJ·kg–114.1414.12
工业分析wad(M)/%5.205.96
wad(V)/%66.5368.99
wad(FC)/%17.1716.44
wad(A)/%11.108.61
元素分析wd(C)/%40.6044.74
wd(H)/%6.026.33
wd*(O)/%52.6248.17
wd(N)/%0.700.68
wd(S)/%0.060.08
有机组分纤维素质量分数/%42.3240.72
半纤维素质量分数/%29.2816.73
木质素质量分数/%1.8711.17
), ArticleFig(id=1295068041218384890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068029663077275, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物质样本成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质稻草秆大豆壳
产地安徽河南
低位发热量/(MJ·kg–114.1414.12
工业分析wad(M)/%5.205.96
wad(V)/%66.5368.99
wad(FC)/%17.1716.44
wad(A)/%11.108.61
元素分析wd(C)/%40.6044.74
wd(H)/%6.026.33
wd*(O)/%52.6248.17
wd(N)/%0.700.68
wd(S)/%0.060.08
有机组分纤维素质量分数/%42.3240.72
半纤维素质量分数/%29.2816.73
木质素质量分数/%1.8711.17
), ArticleFig(id=1295068041314853883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068029663077275, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Initial mass fractions of components in biomass chemical reaction system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质组分稻草秆大豆壳
挥发分VOL70.1873.36
固定碳CHAR18.1117.48
灰分ASH11.719.16
纤维素CELL29.7029.87
半纤维素HC20.5512.27
木质素LIG1.318.19
提取物XTR*18.6223.03
), ArticleFig(id=1295068041428100092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068029663077275, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生物质化学反应体系中各组分初始质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质组分稻草秆大豆壳
挥发分VOL70.1873.36
固定碳CHAR18.1117.48
灰分ASH11.719.16
纤维素CELL29.7029.87
半纤维素HC20.5512.27
木质素LIG1.318.19
提取物XTR*18.6223.03
), ArticleFig(id=1295068041507791869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068029663077275, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Summary of evaluation results of biomass original sample parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目稻草秆大豆壳
原始样品2.0 mm0.2 mm原始样品2.0 mm0.2 mm
热解模型参数
CELLEa,pyr/(J·kmol–1185185185185185185
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–18.73×10121.74×10131.07×1081.74×10131.73×10137.51×1012
npyr0.830.304.940.300.300.76
HCEa,pyr/(J·kmol–1150150150150150150
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–12.38×10112.95×1093.39×1092.95×10103.03×1091.31×109
npyr333333
LIGEa,pyr/(J·kmol–1125125125125125125
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–11.43×1075.19×1065.80×1045.87×1064.93×1062.57×106
npyr444444
XTREa,pyr/(J·kmol–1606060606060
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–116.7759.9125.0537.5847.2846.06
npyr2.502.502.502.502.502.50
氧化模型参数-总包氧化模型
CHAREa,ox/(J·kmol–1185185185185185185
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–13.18×1081.77×1093.24×1031.83×1091.71×1091.11×109
nox4.344.004.554.674.034.22
nO20.500.500.500.500.500.50
VOLEa,ox/(J·kmol–1130130130130130130
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–18.79×1031.74×1068.69×10–12.08×1061.62×1065.00×104
nox0.800.001.590.010.000.37
nO21.240.532.190.320.520.92
R20.960.950.980.970.970.98
氧化模型参数-组分独立氧化模型
CELLEa,ox/(J·kmol–1225225225225225225
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–12.07×10116.30×10112.68×1096.08×10116.21×10114.32×1011
nox3.464.432.054.713.952.06
nO21.101.101.101.101.101.10
HCEa,ox/(J·kmol–1200200200200200200
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–14.05×10127.09×10142.58×1097.10×10147.10×10144.87×1014
nox1.601.601.601.601.601.60
nO20.500.500.500.500.500.50
LIGEa,ox/(J·kmol–1120120120120120120
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–15.01×1041.81×10516.21.92×1051.87×1059.17×104
nox2.502.502.502.502.502.50
nO20.600.600.600.600.600.60
R20.550.790.720.880.870.82
), ArticleFig(id=1295068041600066558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068029663077275, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生物质原始样本参数评估结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目稻草秆大豆壳
原始样品2.0 mm0.2 mm原始样品2.0 mm0.2 mm
热解模型参数
CELLEa,pyr/(J·kmol–1185185185185185185
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–18.73×10121.74×10131.07×1081.74×10131.73×10137.51×1012
npyr0.830.304.940.300.300.76
HCEa,pyr/(J·kmol–1150150150150150150
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–12.38×10112.95×1093.39×1092.95×10103.03×1091.31×109
npyr333333
LIGEa,pyr/(J·kmol–1125125125125125125
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–11.43×1075.19×1065.80×1045.87×1064.93×1062.57×106
npyr444444
XTREa,pyr/(J·kmol–1606060606060
k0,pyr/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–116.7759.9125.0537.5847.2846.06
npyr2.502.502.502.502.502.50
氧化模型参数-总包氧化模型
CHAREa,ox/(J·kmol–1185185185185185185
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–13.18×1081.77×1093.24×1031.83×1091.71×1091.11×109
nox4.344.004.554.674.034.22
nO20.500.500.500.500.500.50
VOLEa,ox/(J·kmol–1130130130130130130
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–18.79×1031.74×1068.69×10–12.08×1061.62×1065.00×104
nox0.800.001.590.010.000.37
nO21.240.532.190.320.520.92
R20.960.950.980.970.970.98
氧化模型参数-组分独立氧化模型
CELLEa,ox/(J·kmol–1225225225225225225
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–12.07×10116.30×10112.68×1096.08×10116.21×10114.32×1011
nox3.464.432.054.713.952.06
nO21.101.101.101.101.101.10
HCEa,ox/(J·kmol–1200200200200200200
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–14.05×10127.09×10142.58×1097.10×10147.10×10144.87×1014
nox1.601.601.601.601.601.60
nO20.500.500.500.500.500.50
LIGEa,ox/(J·kmol–1120120120120120120
k0,ox/((cm3·mol–1n–1·s–15.01×1041.81×10516.21.92×1051.87×1059.17×104
nox2.502.502.502.502.502.50
nO20.600.600.600.600.600.60
R20.550.790.720.880.870.82
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生物质低温热解与氧化动力学特性研究
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周福 1 , 潘存华 1 , 邓中乙 2 , 张科 1 , 陈鑫科 3 , 方庆艳 3 , 崔明硕 3 , 张成 3 , 陈刚 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(4): 62-71
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (4) : 62 -71
生物质低温热解与氧化动力学特性研究
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周福(1989),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤锅炉燃烧优化及调整、污泥燃煤机组耦合发电,

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周福1 , 潘存华1, 邓中乙2, 张科1, 陈鑫科3, 方庆艳3, 崔明硕3, 张成3, 陈刚3
作者信息
  • 1.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司华东电力试验研究院,安徽 合肥 230088
  • 2.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司,北京 100040
  • 3.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
作者简介:

周福(1989),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤锅炉燃烧优化及调整、污泥燃煤机组耦合发电,

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of low-temperature pyrolysis and oxidative behavior of biomass
Fu ZHOU1 , Cunhua PAN1, Zhongyi DENG2, Ke ZHANG1, Xinke CHEN3, Qingyan FANG3, Mingshuo CUI3, Cheng ZHANG3, Gang CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1.East China Electric Power Test and Research Institute, China Datang Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China
  • 2.China Datang Corporation Science and Technology General Research Institute Ltd., Beijing 100040, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507110
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生物质在储存与运输过程中易发生自燃,传统生物质自燃研究中热重分析/量热实验常采用粉末状样品,这与生物质的实际储存状态存在较大差异。另外,现有的生物质反应动力学模型在250 ℃以下温度区间的适应性较差。基于此,搭建了生物质低温热解与氧化特性测试平台,在不同氧气气氛下对不同颗粒尺寸(原始大颗粒、2.0 mm颗粒以及0.2 mm颗粒)的稻草秆与大豆壳的热失重行为开展测试。构建了热解-组分独立氧化模型与热解-总包氧化模型,并进行了参数优化,实现了生物质在低温区间热解与氧化行为的准确预测。结果表明:生物质反应速率随温度升高显著提升,但当生物质消耗到一定程度后,升温对生物质反应速率的促进作用逐渐减弱。提高氧气含量可加快生物质的反应速率,但其对反应速度的促进作用弱于温度升高的影响;在相同温度和氧含量条件下,2.0 mm颗粒样品的反应速率最高,原始样品的反应速率最低,0.2 mm颗粒样品的反应速率介于两者之间;对原始颗粒尺寸的生物质样品开展实验并针对性地构建生物质自燃反应动力学模型更符合实际情况;该热解-总包氧化模型能较好地预测不同粒径的稻草秆和大豆壳在不同氧含量下随温度升高过程中质量损失规律,适用于低温区间生物质热解及氧化反应的预测。

生物质  /  低温热解  /  氧化  /  动力学  /  颗粒尺寸  /  数值建模

Biomass resources in China are widely distributed and highly abundant, holding great potential for substituting traditional fossil fuels and promoting the achievement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. During storage and transportation, biomass is prone to self-heating. When the accumulated heat raises the internal temperature of biomass to a certain level, chemical reactions will gradually accelerate, leading to biomass self-ignition. In traditional biomass self-ignition studies, thermogravimetric/calorimetric experiments typically employ powdered samples. However, this approach significantly deviates from the actual storage conditions of biomass. Moreover, existing biomass reaction kinetics models exhibit poor adaptability below 250 ℃. To address these issues, a testing platform for the low-temperature pyrolysis and oxidation characteristics of biomass was established. The thermal degradation behavior of rice straw and soybean shell samples with different particle sizes (original large particles, 2.0 mm particles, and 0.2 mm particles) was investigated under various oxygen concentrations. Two kinetic models, namely the pyrolysis-independent component oxidation model and the pyrolysis-lumped oxidation model, were developed and optimized. These models accurately predicted the pyrolysis and oxidation behavior of biomass in the low-temperature range. The results indicated that the reaction rate increased significantly with temperature. However, as biomass consumption progressed, the promoting effect of temperature on the reaction rate gradually diminished. Increasing the oxygen concentration also accelerated the reaction rate, but its impact was weaker than that of temperature elevation. Under the same temperature and oxygen concentration conditions, the 2.0 mm particle samples exhibited the highest reaction rate, while the original samples had the lowest rate, with the 0.2 mm particle samples falling in between. Experiments on biomass samples with original particle sizes and the development of targeted kinetic models are more representative of real-world conditions. The pyrolysis-lumped oxidation model effectively predicted the mass loss behavior of rice straw and soybean shell samples with different particle sizes under various oxygen concentrations as the temperature increased, demonstrating its applicability for predicting low-temperature pyrolysis and oxidation reactions of biomass.

biomass  /  low-temperature pyrolysis  /  oxidation  /  kinetics  /  particle size  /  numerical modeling
周福, 潘存华, 邓中乙, 张科, 陈鑫科, 方庆艳, 崔明硕, 张成, 陈刚. 生物质低温热解与氧化动力学特性研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 62 -71 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507110
Fu ZHOU, Cunhua PAN, Zhongyi DENG, Ke ZHANG, Xinke CHEN, Qingyan FANG, Mingshuo CUI, Cheng ZHANG, Gang CHEN. Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of low-temperature pyrolysis and oxidative behavior of biomass[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 62 -71 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507110
可再生的生物质燃料替代传统化石燃料能够显著降低碳排放量。我国农林生物质资源丰富,其中年均秸秆产量约占全球秸秆资源总量的20%[1],应用潜能巨大。目前,生物质燃料已经在直燃锅炉燃烧[2]、燃煤锅炉掺烧[3]、气化炉气化[4]与热解炉热解[5]等领域获得广泛应用。生物质的资源化利用是我国实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的重要途径。
生物质的大规模应用也带来新的挑战:生物质固有的自热特性会导致热量积聚[6],在散热条件不足情况下易出现热失控,最终引发自燃事故[7-9]。生物质发生自燃现象早期,主要通过微生物代谢产热积累热量[10];生物质含水量提升能够显著增加微生物代谢的发热量[11]。当温度由环境温度上升至60~80 ℃时,微生物由于温度过高而失活[12];同时一些糖类与脂肪的氧化反应开始启动,进一步推高生物质内部温度[913]。在氧气供给充足的情况下,生物质温度将快速达到90 ℃以上;此时,木质素等大分子有机物的热解与氧化速度开始加快[14]。生物质有机组分通过热解氧化产热,使温度不断升高,最终导致生物质出现热失控与自燃。
生物质从环境温度到自燃的过程主要发生热解与氧化反应,研究反应进程及反应产热量的经典实验方法为热重分析法(thermo-gravimetric analysis,TGA)与差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)。Luo等人[15]发现在2~20 ℃/min的升温速率下,环境温度到400 ℃温度区间,松木的反应活性要高于鱼粉。Yang等人[16]通过TGA实验发现纤维素发生峰值反应速率的温度较半纤维素高约100 ℃,而木质素反应速率变化在实验温度区间内则相对平缓。Mohit等人[17]在10~40 ℃/min 4个升温速率下,通过TGA实验考察了微藻的热解行为,并利用Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)2种无模型动力学方法,计算得到平均表观活化能约为144~147 kJ/mol。这表明该微藻具有良好的低温热解潜力,可作为经济可行的生物燃料原料。Taraba等人[18]研究了在40~160 ℃的温度范围内,3种木质纤维素生物质(秸秆、林木屑和树皮)以及1种次烟煤样品随着温度升高释放12种气体的规律。结果表明,在较低温度下即可检测到不饱和烯烃的生成。相较而言,烷类气体的生成与生物质的氧化作用呈现出明显的相关性,因而被推荐作为判定生物质自燃发生的指示气体。Gil等人[19]通过TGA实验对烟煤、松木屑以及二者不同混合比的混合物开展研究,分析了在不同动力学模型下的动力学参数(如活化能与指前因子),并且评估了动力学参数在不同固态反应动力学模型函数下的适应性。Grotkj等人[20]将少量小麦秸秆置于固定反应床中,通过外界加热的方式观察其化学反应产物CO2与CO的释放速率变化,发现当温度达到254 ℃时,CO2与CO的释放速率达到峰值。此外,也可采用红外光谱分析探究生物质热解过程中的官能团演变[21-22]。上述实验研究方法具有易于开展且表征参数对比明显的特点,因而被广泛应用。
生物质化学反应动力学建模大多依赖TGA实验采集实验数据。其原理是绘制反应物剩余量与加热温度之间的关系曲线,通过拟合得到回归方程,再根据方程线斜率与截距确定Arrhenius方程的活化能与指前因子[6]。目前已有较多报道采用该方式对典型生物质(如木片[23-24]、小麦秸秆[25]与玉米秸秆[26]等)化学反应过程建模。尽管如此,对生物质化学反应动力学研究仍存在以下几点问题:1)传统生物质自燃研究中,热重与量热实验只能针对粉末样品开展,显然不符合实际生物质的储存状态;2)传统TGA实验构建的一阶动力学模型在250 ℃以下的低温区间适应性较差;3)该模型对不同含氧环境、不同生物质的适应性不佳等。
对此,本文搭建生物质低温热解与氧化特性测试平台,以典型生物质中的稻草秆和大豆壳为研究对象,分别采用原始大颗粒、2.0 mm颗粒及0.2 mm颗粒样品进行实验研究。在不同氧气氛围下对上述生物质样品进行阶梯升温加热,记录其在不同温度下的质量损失速度;然后,根据测试结果对2种经典热解氧化模型进行参数优化与对比分析,在250 ℃以下的低温区间构建了适应性良好的生物质热解与氧化动力学模型,为生物质自热耦合数值模拟奠定模型基础。
稻草秆与大豆壳是我国主要粮油作物水稻和大豆的加工副产物,具有显著的资源规模,被大量用作生物质电厂燃料。此外,稻草秆和大豆壳的外形分别为杆状和片状,其形状差异可以较好地反映生物质原料的典型物理特征。本文选择在空气环境下干燥的稻草秆与大豆壳作为研究对象,上述2种生物质原料分别采收于安徽省和河南省,从采收到开展实验的储存周期低于3个月。稻草秆与大豆壳的工业分析参照国家标准《固体生物质燃料工业分析方法》(GB/T 28731—2012);使用德国Elementar公司生产的vario EL cube型元素分析仪测定稻草秆与大豆壳中的C、H、N及S含量,O含量通过差减法计算得到;采用范氏法[27]测定稻草秆及大豆壳中的各生物质组分含量;参照国家标准《固体生物质燃料发热量测定方法》(GB/T 30727—2014)测定稻草秆与大豆壳的高位发热量并计算其低位发热量。稻草秆与大豆壳的工业分析、元素分析、有机组分以及热值信息详见表1
搭建生物质热解氧化作用测试平台用于研究在不同氧气气氛、不同温度下生物质热解氧化进程,进而了解生物质化学氧化特性,测试平台的结构外形如图1所示。
整套实验设备由供气部分、反应容器与配套管线组成。其中供气部分由气源、流量计和气体混合装置构成,通过调节流量计控制氮气和氧气的流量,并经气体混合装置进行配比,实现向反应容器提供不同氧气含量的混合气体。混合气体经过热风箱内金属盘管的预热后进入反应容器,反应容器中可盛放6~8只直径60 mm的称量瓶,称量瓶内可盛放20~30 g被测试生物质样品,生物质样品既可是原始形态,也可是粉末状态,以研究不同形态对反应的影响。热风箱可调节温度范围为环境温度至350 ℃,在300 ℃以下,每升温20 ℃的温度响应时间不超过10 min。其中,生物质干燥温度设置为105 ℃,测试生物质热解与氧化的温度区间为150~250 ℃。反应容器出口管线连接洗气瓶,用于对反应后烟气进行降温与焦油冷凝。
在实验过程中,通过热风箱加热生物质,使其发生化学反应。生物质质量随着温度上升而降低,生物质在特定温度下的反应速率,可根据其置于该温度下保持一段时间的前后质量差计算确定。
在150~250 ℃范围内,以20 ℃为步长设定若干温度台阶,记录生物质在每个温度台阶的停留时间和前后质量差,可得到生物质随温度升高的热解与氧化反应的质量损失规律。基于所获实验数据构建合理模型,并以最小化实验值与计算值偏差为优化目标,对模型进行参数优化,进而预测生物质各组分随温度升高的热解与氧化反应进程。
按照如下步骤开展实验:1)待测试生物质预处理,制备长度为30~50 mm原始样品、2.0 mm与0.2 mm颗粒粉末,采用封口袋包装后,置于5 ℃冷藏箱中备用;2)对空的称量瓶、盛放一定量预处理的生物质样品的称量瓶、干燥样品之后的称量瓶依此使用天平称重并记录,得到生物质的初始质量;3)将热风箱开启且设定温度为150 ℃,开启气源调节出口减压阀,设置出口压力为0.5 MPa,调节流量计配比至混合气体达到目标氧气含量,混合气体总流量为360 cm3/min(标准状态下,下同);4)将干燥后生物质样品连同称量瓶置于不锈钢密封盒中,在环境温度下吹扫3 h,然后置于热风箱中在设定温度150 ℃下放置一段时间,期间保持混合气体供应;5)将不锈钢密封盒从热风箱中取出,冷却至室温后打开密封盒,对样品与称量瓶称重;6)将样品和称量瓶放回不锈钢密封盒中,在环境温度下吹扫3 h,同时将热风箱温度设置增加20 ℃;7)吹扫结束后,将密封盒再次放入热风箱中放置一段时间,之后重复步骤5)—步骤7),直至从250 ℃热风箱取出后称重为止。实验期间记录样品每次取出热风箱的时间、生物质外观与质量。
采用上述测试方式相较于传统热重法研究的优势主要有3点:1)可一次性开展大批量样品的测试,一个密封盒最多可盛放10只称量瓶,3套密封盒在单次测试中可对30个样品同时进行实验,大幅提升了实验测试的效率;2)本文提出的实验测试方式能够通过延长在某一温度的停留时间的方式尽可能降低生物质样品在测试周期内的整体升温速率,模拟生物质在发生自热时慢速热解与氧化的状态,因而实验周期可达数天,这是传统热重法不易做到的;3)热重测试平台对样品形态和质量有严格要求,样品需为达到一定颗粒细度的粉末,同时单次测试的样品质量仅为毫克级别。而本文设计实验测试平台能够使用生物质原始样本进行测试且单次测试的样品质量可达到数十克级别,更符合实际生物质原料堆积储存状态。
选用稻草秆与大豆壳作为实验样品,分别制备原始样品(单次用量5~20 g)、2.0 mm颗粒粉末(单次用量0.3~0.5 g)、0.2 mm颗粒粉末(单次用量0.3~0.5 g)置于称量瓶中开展测试。在热风箱中以150 ℃为起点,按照20 ℃的温度间隔逐步提高热风箱内温度,每达到一个目标温度后保持一定时间,直至温度提高到250 ℃,并记录样品在每段温度区间的质量变化和外观,总实验周期为1~2天。通过调节流量计控制氧气体积分数,得到21.0%、10.5%与0共3种氧气气氛,每组气氛下开展3次重复实验。
本文采用的生物质化学反应体系如图2所示。该反应体系将生物质视为由多个组分组成,包含灰分(ASH)、固定碳(CHAR)与挥发分(VOL);其中挥发分则视为由纤维素(cellulose,CELL)、半纤维素(hemicellulose,HC)、木质素(lignin,LIG)与提取物(extractives,XTR)组成。
生物质化学反应过程分为热解和氧化两部分,其中挥发分会同时发生热解和氧化作用,固定碳仅发生氧化作用,灰分为惰性成分。在热解反应中,挥发分的4个组分各自独立发生热解反应,且针对每个组分分别建立一套热解动力学参数方程。氧化反应则包含2种反应模型:1)总包氧化模型,将挥发分视为一种物质,使其单独发生氧化反应;2)组分独立反应模型,挥发分中的4个组分各自独立发生氧化反应,并针对每个模型分别建立一套氧化动力学参数方程。
参考Schwarzer等人[28]的工作,本文建立生物质低温热解与氧化动力学模型。生物质各组分的热解与化学氧化速率与温度、当前反应进程与氧气体积分数相关,其计算公式分别为:
dXpyr,idt=kf1(Xi)
dXox,idt=kf1(Xi)f2(pO2)
式中:Xpyr,i为组分i的热解反应速率,单位与反应级数n相关,为(cm3·mol–1n–1Xox,i为组分i的化学氧化反应速率,(cm3·mol–1n–1;式(2)右侧三项分别为根据阿伦尼乌斯方程确定的反应速率常数,(cm3·mol–1n–1/s;反应进程修正项,量纲为1;氧体积分数修正项,量纲为1。其计算公式分别为:
k=k0exp(EaRT)
f1(Xi)=(1Xi)n1
f2(pO2)=(pO2pref)n2
式中:k0为指前因子,(cm3·mol–1n–1/s;Ea为活化能,J/kmol;R为气体常数,J/(kmol·K);T为温度,K;pO2为氧气分压力,Pa;pref为参考压力,设定为1 Pa;n1n2分别为反应物和氧体积分数的反应级数,无量纲。当前反应进程Xi计算公式为:
Xi(t)=m0m(t)m0mf
式中:mt)为组分当前质量,g;m0为组分的初始质量,g;mf为组分在反应终点的质量,g。
将上述反应式进行整理,可得生物质组分的反应速率计算公式:
dXidt=kpyr,i(1Xi(t))npyr,i+kox,i(1Xi(t))nox,i(pO2pref)nO2,i
式中:Xi为组分i的反应速率,(cm3·mol–1n–1kpyr,i为组分i的热解反应速率常数,(cm3·mol–1n–1/s;npyr,i为热解反应物的反应级数,无量纲;kox,i为组分i的化学氧化反应速率常数,(cm3·mol–1n–1/s;nox,i为化学氧化反应物的反应级数,无量纲;nO2,i为化学氧化氧体积分数的反应级数,无量纲。
生物质自燃动力学模型的机理本质上是将生物质在低温-中温热积累阶段发生的多种放热反应用一组数学化的反应路径(动力学模型)来表达,可以概括为以下3个层面:1)生物质自燃并不是单一反应,而是氧化、水解、微生物活动及挥发分二次反应等放热过程的叠加。在动力学模型中,通常把它们简化为低温氧化(氧与半纤维素、纤维素、木质素及提取物发生表面氧化,放出热量)及热解/挥发分氧化(当局部温度升高到420~520 K左右,半纤维素/纤维素开始热解并生成可燃气相产物,这些产物在孔隙中进一步氧化放热)两大类;2)简化复杂化学,把生物质拆成纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和提取物4类组分,各自用一个一级或n级反应来描述其氧化/热解质量损失,并赋予不同活化能和指前因子。或把全部挥发分视为一个可挥发组分,另加一个固定碳的氧化反应,共用同一活化能;3)动力学参数通过热重实验获得,通过热重实验数据反求活化能、反应级数和指前因子。将上述参数代入耦合传热-反应的微分方程组,即可模拟给定条件下生物质自燃过程的升温曲线。
将生物质在某一温度下反应前后的质量差除以在某一温度下的停留时间,可得到生物质在某一温度的平均反应速率,如式(8)所示。
Rj=mj+1mjtj+1tj
式中:Rjj时刻在某温度下生物质反应速率;mjj时刻生物质质量;tj为时刻。在jj+1时刻生物质维持在一定温度。
不同尺寸生物质在不同温度与不同氧气体积分数下平均反应速率对比如图3所示。对比各生物质化学反应速率,可发现:随着温度升高,生物质的化学反应速率逐渐升高。当生物质消耗至一定程度后,温度进一步升高,反应速率的升高幅度开始减缓;对比氧气体积分数21.0%、10.5%与0,反应速率随着氧气体积分数的降低而显著降低;对比原始样品、2.0 mm颗粒以及0.2 mm颗粒样品,2.0 mm颗粒样品的反应速率略高于其余二者,原始样品的反应速率则相对2.0 mm颗粒以及0.2 mm颗粒样品较慢。不同生物质的反应速率随温度、氧体积分数变化的规律差异较大。选用适当的化学反应模型有助于准确评估化学反应进程与反应速率。
在氧气体积分数10.5%气氛下,不同尺寸稻草秆和大豆壳样品从150 ℃升至250 ℃时每个温度区间的外观如图4所示。在生物质样品外观拍摄过程中,设置同一光源、同一相机和曝光参数,避免拍摄生物质样品外观受到色温与明亮度差异影响。
图4可见,在慢速阶梯升温条件下,生物质样品外观呈现逐步碳化变黑的过程。在温度逐渐由150 ℃升高至210 ℃的过程中,生物质颜色逐渐加深;至210 ℃之后,生物质样品颜色快速转变为黑色,生物质原始样品体积出现明显缩小,粉末样品在称量瓶玻璃上堆积厚度“变薄”。这一现象表明,当温度高于210 ℃后,生物质的质量损失速率显著加快,热解与氧化反应速率升高。
在温度由150 ℃升至210 ℃的过程中,氧气体积分数在21.0%时生物质的碳化程度显著高于10.5%及0时。当样品进一步在250 ℃热风箱中持续受热约1 h后,稻草秆与大豆壳均继续碳化,但未发生自燃。氧气体积分数为10.5%与0时碳化程度减弱。上述现象在重复实验中同样被观察到。
参数优化方式采用基于遗传算法的帕累托最优方法。优化目标:第1个采用热解-总包氧化反应体系下计算结果与实验值误差;第2个采用热解-组分独立氧化反应体系下计算结果与实验值的误差。因为2套反应体系都共用一套热解参数而氧化反应不同,因而采取多目标优化策略。
为同时提高寻优效率和降低误差,分2个阶段进行。第1阶段为了扩大参数检索范围,将遗传算法的变异率和交叉率分别设置为0.30和0.60,帕累托前沿个体的保留份额设置为0.35,种群数量设置为9 600,以此迭代1 000代。第2阶段在第1阶段形成的帕累托前沿上等距离选择5个子代作为第2阶段的初始种群,将遗传算法的变异率和交叉率分别降低为0.15和0.30,以保留更多优质个体,帕累托前沿个体的保留份额设置为0.10,继续迭代1 000代。最后留存的子代基本稳定。
根据统计,每种生物质中所有组分热解反应和氧化反应需要确定的模型参数总数为37个。对所有参数进行优化并非必要,因为各组分的活化能与反应级数可以从其纯物质测试中获得[28],因此仅针对各组分指前因子与部分反应级数进行参数评估,评估参数选用14个。生物质化学反应体系中作为初始条件的各组分质量分数详见表2,这些参数可由生物质的工业分析与有机物成分分析得到。原始状态、粒径为2.0 mm与粒径为0.2 mm的生物质样品热解与氧化反应各参数的评估结果见表3表3中:Ea,pyr为热解反应的活化能,k0,pyr为热解反应的指前因子,npyr为热解反应物的反应级数,Ea,ox为氧化反应的活化能,k0,ox为氧化反应的指前因子,nox为氧化反应物的反应级数,nO2为氧化反应氧体积分数的反应级数。
分析生物质热解与氧化模型参数的评估结果,可发现采用氧化模型组分独立反应模型的拟合度整体差于总包反应模型,该现象可能是后者参数数量少于前者所致。具体而言:一方面,当模型的参数过多,会导致模型捕捉了过多的噪声和细节,使其泛化能力差;另一方面,当采集的数据量少而不足以匹配过多的参数时,也会导致模型的预测精度差。本文采集的实验数据量足够支撑总包反应模型生成良好的评估结果。
不同粒径的稻草秆与大豆壳样品热解与氧化模型计算值与实验值对比分别如图5图6所示。图5图6中展示了在温度设定为阶梯增加条件下,不同颗粒粒径生物质在不同氧气气氛下剩余质量随时间的变化。数据记录点在实验开始时对应150 ℃,随后温度每增加20 ℃记录一次数据,直到250 ℃实验结束。
图5图6可见,在实验周期内,生物质在150~250 ℃热风箱中质量随着时间增加而逐渐降低,其质量损失速率随着温度的升高而加快。同一温度下,质量损失速率随着氧气体积分数的增加而加快,表现为前后2个测试记录点连线的斜率更陡。当后期温度稳定在250 ℃后,生物质的剩余质量迅速降低,氧气体积分数越低质量损失速度越慢,其中氧气体积分数为0时生物质的反应速率最低。
相较于以往的研究[15-17],本研究具有以下优势:1)将生物质视为由多种有机组分构成并分别构建动力学模型,在应对不同有机组成的生物质具有更好的适应性;2)模型中考虑了氧气对反应速率的影响,通过参数优化得到了更适宜的反应级数,提高了模型的预测性能;3)构建动态模型,能够及时修正温度、氧含量、有机组分变化对反应速率带来的影响;4)设计巧妙的阶梯升温测试方式,解决了传统热重法不能对生物质原始样本进行热重分析的问题。同时本研究也存在需优化改进的地方,一方面,本研究模型的参数优化需基于大量实验测试数据,模型预测性能与测试数据量相关。另一方面,求解方程数量多、参数量大、源项数量多,这使得该模型在耦合至生物质自热数值模型的非稳态过程求解时会显著增加求解难度。
1)在不同氧气气氛下,对原始大颗粒、2.0 mm颗粒以及0.2 mm颗粒的典型生物质开展了低温热解与氧化特性实验研究。随着温度逐渐升高,生物质反应速率显著提高,当生物质消耗至一定程度后,反应速率提高幅度开始降低。
2)生物质反应速率随氧气体积分数升高而增加,但氧气体积分数升高对反应速率的提升作用弱于温度升高的影响。在相同温度和氧体积分数下,2.0 mm颗粒样品的反应速率略高于原始样品和0.2 mm颗粒样品,而原始样品的反应速率最低。
3)采用实验结果对所构建的热解-总包氧化模型与热解-组分独立氧化模型进行参数优化。热解-总包氧化模型的整体预测误差较小,能较好地预测不同粒径的稻草秆和大豆壳在不同氧体积分数下随温度升高过程中质量损失规律。
4)对原始大颗粒尺寸的生物质样品开展实验,并针对性地构建生物质自燃过程反应动力学模型,该模型更符合实际情况。采用本文构建的生物质热解-总包氧化耦合动力学模型进行数值模拟,可更准确地预测生物质在低温区间的热解及氧化行为。
  • 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作资助项目(2021YFE0107300)
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2026年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507110
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
  • 修回日期:2025-07-23
  • 录用日期:2025-07-28
基金
Strategic International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Funds of National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFE0107300)
国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作资助项目(2021YFE0107300)
作者信息
    1.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司华东电力试验研究院,安徽 合肥 230088
    2.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司,北京 100040
    3.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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