Article(id=1295068170079981968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507058, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=1756310400000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-28, acceptedDate=1757952000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-16, onlineDate=1786697912949, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697912949, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697912949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697912949, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068171887726993, articleId=1295068170079981968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Minute-level dynamic response-based capacity planning for alkaline-PEM hybrid hydrogen production systems, columnId=1295068070763065606, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage and renewable energy technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Challenges such as adapting to renewable energy power fluctuations and coping with start-stop mechanisms exist during the operation of electrolyzers. Capacity configuration models based on long time scales struggle to accurately capture these dynamic characteristics, which reduces the accuracy of capacity planning for hydrogen production systems.

[Methods]

Taking a hybrid hydrogen production system composed of alkaline (ALK) electrolyzers and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers as the research object, this paper proposes a minute-level time-scale capacity planning method for hybrid hydrogen production. First, a minute-level electrolyzer start-stop control model is designed to accurately describe the operating states of the two types of electrolyzers. Second, considering ALK electrolyzers’ poor adaptability to power fluctuations and long start-stop time, we develop a power allocation strategy that prioritizes the stable operation of ALK electrolyzers. Finally, we conduct multi-objective optimization for the capacity planning problem of the hybrid hydrogen production system, and the Pareto solution set of the model is obtained via the augmented ε-constraint method.

[Results]

Simulation results show that under the condition of 20 MW installed wind power capacity and 20 MW installed photovoltaic capacity, with a total system investment cost of 25 million yuan, the proposed 1-minute time-scale model increases the average daily hydrogen production by 14.7%, reduces the unit hydrogen production cost by 7.5%, and decreases the renewable energy curtailment rate by 63.6% compared with the traditional 15-minute time-scale model. In addition, with 1-minute scheduling accuracy, the ALK/PEM electrolyzer capacity ratio is gradually optimized as investment increases: when the total investment is below 25 million yuan, the proportion of ALK electrolyzers exceeds 90%; when the total investment exceeds 30 million yuan, the investment proportion of PEM electrolyzers rises to 19.4%. In contrast, for the 15-minute time-scale model, the ALK/PEM capacity ratio reaches 4:1 even when the investment is only 20 million yuan. This prematurely increased proportion of PEM electrolyzers not only deviates from practical engineering conditions but also degrades overall system performance, indicating that coarse time-scale scheduling may lead to capacity mismatch.

, authors=Chuansheng CAO1, Cong JIANG1, Wei LI1, Chang TANG1, Lei HUANG2, Chang WEN2, authorsList=Chuansheng CAO, Cong JIANG, Wei LI, Chang TANG, Lei HUANG, Chang WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chang WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068176891531688, articleId=1295068170079981968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=考虑电解槽分钟级动态特性的碱性与质子交换膜电解槽混合制氢系统容量规划, columnId=1295068072533061896, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能与可再生能源技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

电解槽运行过程中存在适应新能源功率波动和启停机制等问题,长时间尺度的容量配置模型难以准确描述其动态特性,会影响制氢系统的容量规划精度。

【方法】

以碱性(ALK)电解槽与质子交换膜(PEM)电解槽混合制氢系统为研究对象,提出了一种分钟级时间尺度的混合制氢容量规划方法。首先,设计了分钟级时间尺度电解槽启停控制模型,用于精确描述2类电解槽的运行状态;其次,针对ALK电解槽适应波动能力差以及启停时间长等问题,设计了优先保障ALK电解槽稳定运行的功率分配策略;最后,针对混合制氢系统的容量规划问题进行多目标优化,基于增广ε约束算法求解模型的Pareto解集。

【结果】

仿真结果表明:在风光装机各20 MW、系统投资成本2 500万元的情况下,所提1 min级模型较传统15 min尺度的模型系统平均单日制氢量提升14.7%,单位制氢成本降低7.5%,弃电率下降63.6%;此外,1 min级调度精度下,ALK/PEM电解槽配比随投资渐进优化,小于2 500万元投资ALK电解槽占比>90%,大于3 000万元时PEM电解槽投资占比升至19.4%,而15 min级在2 000万元投资时ALK/PEM容量就达到4:1,其过早的提升PEM电解槽占比,不仅不符合工程实际,也降低了各项产出参数,显示大时间尺度调度可能致容量失配。

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曹传胜(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为氢能制备与利用技术,

, correspAuthorsNote=
温昶(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢技术,
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Parameters related to the ALK and PEM electrolyzer

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参数ALK 电解槽PEM 电解槽
电氢转化系数(标况下)/(m3·(kW·h)–15.04.5
运行功率范围/%20~1005~105
冷启动时长/min601
热启动时长/min5
电解槽功率最大波动率/%50100
), ArticleFig(id=1295068185296916974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ALK和PEM电解槽相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数ALK 电解槽PEM 电解槽
电氢转化系数(标况下)/(m3·(kW·h)–15.04.5
运行功率范围/%20~1005~105
冷启动时长/min601
热启动时长/min5
电解槽功率最大波动率/%50100
), ArticleFig(id=1295068185376608751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Equipment cost parameters and service life

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设备名称投资成本/(元·kW–1每年运维成本/(元·kW–1使用寿命/a
ALK 电解槽1 24037.207
PEM 电解槽5 560166.8010
风力发电机2 02960.8730
光伏发电机69220.7620
), ArticleFig(id=1295068185447911920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

设备成本参数和使用寿命

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设备名称投资成本/(元·kW–1每年运维成本/(元·kW–1使用寿命/a
ALK 电解槽1 24037.207
PEM 电解槽5 560166.8010
风力发电机2 02960.8730
光伏发电机69220.7620
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Weights of typical daily scenarios

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场景典型日1典型日2典型日3典型日4
权重0.2780.1430.3200.259
), ArticleFig(id=1295068185565352434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各典型日场景权重

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场景典型日1典型日2典型日3典型日4
权重0.2780.1430.3200.259
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1-minute ALK-PEM capacity configuration

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投资成本/万元ALK电解槽容量/MWPEM电解槽容量/MW平均单日制氢量/m3单位制氢成本/(元·kg–1弃电率/%
5004.03012 800.9520.3360.99
1 0008.06020 197.0014.3336.11
1 50011.720.0824 143.8313.1121.44
2 00013.410.6127 220.4612.4413.26
2 50013.261.5428 821.5912.339.54
3 00011.822.7628 996.0212.679.62
3 50010.353.9929 578.9712.899.94
4 0009.964.9729 961.5413.2210.15
4 50011.995.4229 406.6414.2210.01
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1 min 级ALK-PEM 容量配置

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投资成本/万元ALK电解槽容量/MWPEM电解槽容量/MW平均单日制氢量/m3单位制氢成本/(元·kg–1弃电率/%
5004.03012 800.9520.3360.99
1 0008.06020 197.0014.3336.11
1 50011.720.0824 143.8313.1121.44
2 00013.410.6127 220.4612.4413.26
2 50013.261.5428 821.5912.339.54
3 00011.822.7628 996.0212.679.62
3 50010.353.9929 578.9712.899.94
4 0009.964.9729 961.5413.2210.15
4 50011.995.4229 406.6414.2210.01
), ArticleFig(id=1295068185837982197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

15-minute ALK-PEM capacity configuration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投资成本/万元ALK 电解槽容量/MWPEM 电解槽容量/MW平均单日制氢量/m3单位制氢成本/(元·kg–1弃电率/%
5003.970.0112 708.2720.5661.51
1 0008.030.0119 971.3814.5636.98
1 5009.260.6324 003.8012.8925.95
2 0007.841.8524 595.2813.1125.29
2 5006.383.0725 110.7713.3325.81
3 0007.463.7324 941.0814.2225.94
3 5009.104.2724 988.2315.1126.04
4 0009.954.9824 407.4516.2226.61
4 50014.834.7924 234.9617.6725.44
), ArticleFig(id=1295068185930256886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

15 min级ALK-PEM容量配置

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投资成本/万元ALK 电解槽容量/MWPEM 电解槽容量/MW平均单日制氢量/m3单位制氢成本/(元·kg–1弃电率/%
5003.970.0112 708.2720.5661.51
1 0008.030.0119 971.3814.5636.98
1 5009.260.6324 003.8012.8925.95
2 0007.841.8524 595.2813.1125.29
2 5006.383.0725 110.7713.3325.81
3 0007.463.7324 941.0814.2225.94
3 5009.104.2724 988.2315.1126.04
4 0009.954.9824 407.4516.2226.61
4 50014.834.7924 234.9617.6725.44
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186018337271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Time-of-use electricity price

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段00:0004:0006:0008:0011:0016:0018:0022:00
04:0006:0008:0011:0016:0018:0022:0024:00
电价0.420.761.060.760.420.761.060.76
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186106417656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分时电价

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时段00:0004:0006:0008:0011:0016:0018:0022:00
04:0006:0008:0011:0016:0018:0022:0024:00
电价0.420.761.060.760.420.761.060.76
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186181915129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Grid-connected ALK-PEM capacity configuration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投资成本/万元ALK电解槽容量/MWPEM电解槽容量/MW平均单日制氢量/m3单位制氢成本/(元·kg–1弃电率/%
50004.0316 159.3724.2260.60
1 00008.0626 397.0415.5634.61
1 500012.1032 120.2214.1118.52
2 0000.3414.6035 327.5212.3310.81
2 5001.5613.1836 501.6912.118.96
3 0002.7711.7736 989.5912.119.06
3 5003.9910.3537 386.3013.789.44
4 0004.989.9537 605.2913.899.54
4 5005.6011.1937 616.9413.899.43
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186274189818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068170079981968, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

并网ALK-PEM容量配置

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投资成本/万元ALK电解槽容量/MWPEM电解槽容量/MW平均单日制氢量/m3单位制氢成本/(元·kg–1弃电率/%
50004.0316 159.3724.2260.60
1 00008.0626 397.0415.5634.61
1 500012.1032 120.2214.1118.52
2 0000.3414.6035 327.5212.3310.81
2 5001.5613.1836 501.6912.118.96
3 0002.7711.7736 989.5912.119.06
3 5003.9910.3537 386.3013.789.44
4 0004.989.9537 605.2913.899.54
4 5005.6011.1937 616.9413.899.43
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考虑电解槽分钟级动态特性的碱性与质子交换膜电解槽混合制氢系统容量规划
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曹传胜 1 , 姜聪 1 , 李伟 1 , 唐畅 1 , 黄蕾 2 , 温昶 2
热力发电 | 储能与可再生能源技术 2026,55(5): 1-12
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热力发电 |储能与可再生能源技术 2026 , 55 (5) : 1 -12
考虑电解槽分钟级动态特性的碱性与质子交换膜电解槽混合制氢系统容量规划
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曹传胜(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为氢能制备与利用技术,

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曹传胜1 , 姜聪1, 李伟1, 唐畅1, 黄蕾2, 温昶2
作者信息
  • 1.湖北省电力规划设计研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 430040
  • 2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
通讯作者:
温昶(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢技术,
作者简介:

曹传胜(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为氢能制备与利用技术,

Minute-level dynamic response-based capacity planning for alkaline-PEM hybrid hydrogen production systems
Chuansheng CAO1 , Cong JIANG1, Wei LI1, Chang TANG1, Lei HUANG2, Chang WEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.PowerChina Hubei Electric Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507058
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【目的】

电解槽运行过程中存在适应新能源功率波动和启停机制等问题,长时间尺度的容量配置模型难以准确描述其动态特性,会影响制氢系统的容量规划精度。

【方法】

以碱性(ALK)电解槽与质子交换膜(PEM)电解槽混合制氢系统为研究对象,提出了一种分钟级时间尺度的混合制氢容量规划方法。首先,设计了分钟级时间尺度电解槽启停控制模型,用于精确描述2类电解槽的运行状态;其次,针对ALK电解槽适应波动能力差以及启停时间长等问题,设计了优先保障ALK电解槽稳定运行的功率分配策略;最后,针对混合制氢系统的容量规划问题进行多目标优化,基于增广ε约束算法求解模型的Pareto解集。

【结果】

仿真结果表明:在风光装机各20 MW、系统投资成本2 500万元的情况下,所提1 min级模型较传统15 min尺度的模型系统平均单日制氢量提升14.7%,单位制氢成本降低7.5%,弃电率下降63.6%;此外,1 min级调度精度下,ALK/PEM电解槽配比随投资渐进优化,小于2 500万元投资ALK电解槽占比>90%,大于3 000万元时PEM电解槽投资占比升至19.4%,而15 min级在2 000万元投资时ALK/PEM容量就达到4:1,其过早的提升PEM电解槽占比,不仅不符合工程实际,也降低了各项产出参数,显示大时间尺度调度可能致容量失配。

电解槽  /  混合制氢  /  多目标优化  /  容量配置优化  /  可再生能源
[Objective]

Challenges such as adapting to renewable energy power fluctuations and coping with start-stop mechanisms exist during the operation of electrolyzers. Capacity configuration models based on long time scales struggle to accurately capture these dynamic characteristics, which reduces the accuracy of capacity planning for hydrogen production systems.

[Methods]

Taking a hybrid hydrogen production system composed of alkaline (ALK) electrolyzers and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers as the research object, this paper proposes a minute-level time-scale capacity planning method for hybrid hydrogen production. First, a minute-level electrolyzer start-stop control model is designed to accurately describe the operating states of the two types of electrolyzers. Second, considering ALK electrolyzers’ poor adaptability to power fluctuations and long start-stop time, we develop a power allocation strategy that prioritizes the stable operation of ALK electrolyzers. Finally, we conduct multi-objective optimization for the capacity planning problem of the hybrid hydrogen production system, and the Pareto solution set of the model is obtained via the augmented ε-constraint method.

[Results]

Simulation results show that under the condition of 20 MW installed wind power capacity and 20 MW installed photovoltaic capacity, with a total system investment cost of 25 million yuan, the proposed 1-minute time-scale model increases the average daily hydrogen production by 14.7%, reduces the unit hydrogen production cost by 7.5%, and decreases the renewable energy curtailment rate by 63.6% compared with the traditional 15-minute time-scale model. In addition, with 1-minute scheduling accuracy, the ALK/PEM electrolyzer capacity ratio is gradually optimized as investment increases: when the total investment is below 25 million yuan, the proportion of ALK electrolyzers exceeds 90%; when the total investment exceeds 30 million yuan, the investment proportion of PEM electrolyzers rises to 19.4%. In contrast, for the 15-minute time-scale model, the ALK/PEM capacity ratio reaches 4:1 even when the investment is only 20 million yuan. This prematurely increased proportion of PEM electrolyzers not only deviates from practical engineering conditions but also degrades overall system performance, indicating that coarse time-scale scheduling may lead to capacity mismatch.

electrolyzer  /  hybrid hydrogen production  /  multi-objective optimization  /  capacity configuration optimization  /  renewable energy
曹传胜, 姜聪, 李伟, 唐畅, 黄蕾, 温昶. 考虑电解槽分钟级动态特性的碱性与质子交换膜电解槽混合制氢系统容量规划. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507058
Chuansheng CAO, Cong JIANG, Wei LI, Chang TANG, Lei HUANG, Chang WEN. Minute-level dynamic response-based capacity planning for alkaline-PEM hybrid hydrogen production systems[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507058
在“碳达峰,碳中和”的大背景下,新能源产量处于稳步上升态势[1-2],然而,风能和太阳能等新能源存在出力不稳定等问题,对电网的稳定性造成很大影响从而难以大规模消纳。根据历年的能源消耗情况分析,2010年到2020年间风能、太阳能等新能源的消耗占我国总能源消耗不足25%[3]。因此,还需寻求消纳风光资源的合理方式。氢能作为一种高效清洁的二次能源,可通过电解水制氢的方式将风光产生的电力转化为氢能,减少风光资源的浪费。目前,已达到商业化水平的电解水制氢技术主要是碱性(alkaline,ALK)电解水和质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解水技术[4]
碱性电解槽制氢技术已实现完全商业化,但其存在启停时间长、爬坡功率小、处理波动能力差等问题[5],这使其很难与风光等可再生能源发电形成良好的功率适配。而PEM电解水技术目前虽然还处于初步商业化阶段,但其具备响应速度快、处理波动能力强的特点[6-7],能够很好地与可再生能源发电适配。基于此,近年来ALK和PEM混合制氢系统的容量配置优化得到了学者们的广泛重视和研究。郑博等[8]提出了一种风光互补复合制氢系统的功率分配协同运行策略与容量优化方法,结果显示该系统不仅有效降低了波动性对电解槽的影响,还提升了制氢量。徐衍会等[9]提出一种电解制氢单元的功率分配策略,结合风光耦合制氢系统的能量流动模式,构建了系统容量配置优化模型。杨金彬[10]构建了基于混合电解制氢的光伏发电制氢系统的容量配置双层优化模型,上层优化模型考虑系统全生命周期成本,下层优化模型结合实验所得电解制氢的稳动态性能指标,通过差分-粒子群混合优化算法和CPLEX求解器进行模型的优化求解。此外,在进行容量优化的同时还涉及到混合制氢系统功率分配相关问题,因此许多学者也进行了相关研究。杨胜等[11]针对风光出力不确定性对系统优化运行的影响,以系统日运行成本最低为目标,提出了可再生能源碱性-质子交换膜联合制氢系统多时间尺度优化策略。Zhang等人[12]提出了包括使用XGBoost算法分类预测模块的源荷协同优化策略,该策略可平衡电解槽阵列之间的负载,减少冷启动情况,延长稳态制氢时间。
上述文献总结了目前混合制氢容量配置的多种方法及功率分配方案,文献[8-10]中模型选用的时间尺度为1 h,文献[12]时间尺度为15 min,然而电解槽需要更小的时间尺度才能更好地反映出其相关动态特性,从而更精确地进行容量规划和功率分配。另外,上述文献所设计模型均采用单目标优化解决问题,无法综合反映出制氢系统内多个指标之间的关系。
针对上述问题,本文构建了ALK-PEM混合制氢容量规划模型及相应求解算法。模型中建立了电解槽启停控制机制,并采用分钟级仿真间隔以更细致地反映运行状态;其次,考虑到频繁启停以及功率波动频繁变化对ALK电解槽所带来的影响,设计了优先保证ALK电解槽稳定运行的混合制氢功率分配策略;随后,针对容量规划问题的求解,本文设计了制氢量、单位制氢成本、初始投资成本、弃电率等多个目标函数,并采用多目标优化增广ε约束算法对模型进行求解,分析系统的Pareto解集,寻找系统内多个指标之间的关系,从解集中获取最佳的容量规划方案;最后,以内蒙古某地区的风光数据进行算力分析,并选用15 min级模型与1 min级模型进行对比,验证模型的有效性以及合理性。
针对ALK、PEM电解槽各自优势,提出了如图1所示的ALK-PEM混合制氢系统架构。该系统架构由风力、光伏发电单元、ALK、PEM电解槽制氢单元以及配电网组成。风力发电单元存在波动性强、功率输出不稳定等问题,光伏发电单元存在昼夜功率输出差值大等问题[13-14],故发电侧存在较大波动,而ALK电解槽作为目前商业化成熟的电解水制氢设备,并不能与其出力特性相适配[15]。于是通过引入PEM电解槽,结合功率分配策略,实现对可再生能源出力更好的消纳,提升制氢系统的稳定性和经济性。此外,考虑到采用1 min时间尺度对全年的数据进行模拟会产生过高的计算负担,本文将采用聚类分析获得典型日的方法以降低计算复杂度,因此,本文后续模型介绍基于单日时间尺度即1 440 min,采用1 min时间步长。
风力发电通过风力带动叶片转动从而将风能转化为机械能,再利用发电机将机械能转化为电能,最终实现风能-电能的转换[16];光伏发电主要是利用半导体的光电效应将照射的太阳能转化为光电压形式的电能,其输出能量与辐照强度相关[17]。风机、光伏具体数学模型如下:
PWT={0,νwνw,inPWT,maxνw3νw,in3νw,max3νw,in3,νw,in<νwνw,maxPWT,max,νw,max<νwνw,out0,νw,out<νw}
PPV=PPV,maxβSsolar/1000
式中:vw,invw,out分别为风机的切入风速和切出风速;vw,max为额定风速;PWT,max为风机的额定输出功率;PPV,max为光伏的额定功率;β为光伏板效率;Ssolar为辐照强度。
通过上述分析,电解槽模型的时间尺度采用1 min,以真实模拟频繁风光波动以及对电解槽启停状态的影响。ALK电解槽的运行状况分为冷启动、热启动和工作模式,冷启动消耗功率为ALK电解槽额定功率的10%,最低冷启动时间设定为60 min;热启动消耗功率为ALK额定功率的15%,最低热启动时间为5 min;工作状态的最低功率需求为额定功率的20%,ALK槽的运行功率范围为额定功率20%~100%。ALK电解槽启停运行逻辑如图2所示。
相比之下,PEM电解槽具备响应速度快、适应波动能力强等优势,故对PEM电解槽的建模将不考虑热启动的影响。ALK和PEM电解槽的相关参数如表1所示。需要说明的是,本文所采用的PEM电解槽模型为稳态参数化模型,即假设电解槽在稳定运行温度下工作,以及膜含水量处于稳定状态。
ALK-PEM混合制氢系统能够充分结合两者的优势,实现成本与效率之间的优化平衡。通过合理的功率分配,系统可以在ALK电解槽较稳定运行的同时,由PEM电解槽处理剩余功率波动,从而减少启停次数并提升整体系统的氢气生产能力和能源利用效率[18]。因此,本文提出的功率分配原则是优先保证ALK电解槽稳定运行,并由PEM电解槽承担剩余波动功率,据此设计了以下功率分配策略,功率分配逻辑如图3所示。
1)当输入功率PPcold时,输入功率不能满足ALK电解槽的冷启动条件,故输入功率全部分配给PEM电解槽。
2)当输入功率Pcold<PPhot时,若ALK电解槽处于冷启动或停机状态,则供给足够的电力保障ALK电解槽冷启动,剩余功率分配给PEM电解槽制氢。
3)当输入功率Phot<PPmin时,先进行2)中的判断,此时若ALK电解槽处于热启动状态,供给足够的电力保障ALK电解槽热启动;剩余功率分配给PEM电解槽制氢。
4)当输入功率P>Pmin时,先进行3)中的判断,若ALK电解槽处于工作状态,则优先分配电力给ALK电解槽,保障ALK电解槽在额定功率附近运行,避免低负荷运行给ALK电解槽带来损害;剩余功率分配给PEM电解槽制氢。
5)当PEM电解槽无法消纳多余电力时,则选择弃电。
本文针对混合制氢系统设计包括系统的制氢量、单位制氢成本、初始投资成本、弃电率4个目标函数,探索混合制氢系统绿色经济的规划-运营方案。
制氢量QH2(m3)指单位时间内通过电解槽生产的氢气体积。QH2是衡量制氢系统产能的重要指标。制氢量的大小取决于系统的电力输入、设备效率以及工作时间[19]
QH2=i=11440(PALK,i/ηALK+PPEM,i/ηPEM)
式中:PALK,iPPEM,i分别为ALK槽和PEM槽处于工作状态时单位时间的输入功率,若电解槽处于冷/热启动状态,则该值为0;ηALKηPEM分别为ALK槽和PEM槽的制氢效率。
单位制氢成本指每立方米氢气的生产成本,包含设备投资、运行维护成本及电力消耗等。该指标反映了氢气生产的经济性,是成本效益分析中的关键参数[20]
Ccon=(NPEMCPEM,conYYPEM+NALKCALK,conYYALK)
Com=(NPEMCPEM,omY+NALKCALK,omY)
Cpower=(CwindPwind+CPVPPV+CgridPgrid)
CH2=(Ccon+Com+Cpower)/QH2/Y
式中:CconComCpowerCH2分别为设备建设成本、设备维护成本、电力成本、单位制氢成本;NPEMNALK分别为PEM和ALK电解槽的装机容量;CPEM,conCALK,con分别为PEM和ALK电解槽的单位建设成本;YYPEMYALK分别为该混合制氢项目的生命周期、PEM或ALK电解槽的使用寿命;CPEM,omCALK,om分别为PEM和ALK电解槽的单位维护成本;CwindCPVCgrid分别为风力发电、光伏发电、从电网购电的单位电力成本;PwindPPVPgird分别为风力发电、光伏发电、从电网购电的电量。
初始投资成本指建造制氢系统所需的固定成本,该成本直接影响到系统的资本回收期。
Cinit=(NPEMCPEM,con+NALKCALK,con)
弃电率指由于系统无法处理全部输入功率而导致的电力浪费比例,通常用百分比表示。降低弃电率能够提高系统的能源利用效率ηpremind
ηpremind=i=11440(PALK,i+PPEM,iPtotal)
式中:Ptotal为系统输入的总功率。
针对ALK电解槽和PEM电解槽分别设置容量约束以及调度约束,随后针对系统整体设置总功率平衡约束。
ALK电解槽的容量不应超过风光出力的峰值,以免造成装机容量过剩,同时考虑其单位时间内的机组出力边界条件[21],因此对ALK电解槽做如下约束:
0NALKPmax,pv,wind
0Pt,ALKNALK
Pt,ALK(1xALK)Pt1,ALK(1xALK)zNALK
VH2,ALK=Pt,ALKηALK(1xALK)
式中:NALKPmax,pv,wind分别为ALK电解槽装机容量和风光出力峰值;Pt,ALKt时刻ALK电解槽的输入功率;xALK为0-1变量,代表ALK电解槽是否处于产氢状态;z为ALK电解槽的每分钟最大波动功率(表1);VH2,ALKηALK分别为ALK电解槽的产氢速率和电解制氢效率。式(12)旨在代表单位时间内ALK电解槽所能承受的功率变化不能超过某一值,式(13)旨在代表单位时间内ALK电解槽的制氢速率。PEM电解槽相关约束与ALK电解槽约束类似,不再详细介绍。
功率平衡约束要求电力的出力端与消耗端在每一时刻满足如下平衡关系:
0<Pbuy<Pbuy,max0<Psell<Psell,max
PPV+Pwind+Pgrid=Pt,ALK+Pt,PEM+Pt,remind
式中:PbuyPsell分别为单位时间内从电网的购售电功率;Pbuy,maxPsell,max分别为单位时间内从电网的购售电功率最大值,设置为2 MW;PPVPwindPgrid分别代表单位时间内光伏发电机组、风力发电机组以及电网出力;Pt,ALKPt,PEMPt,remind分别代表单位时间内ALK电解槽、PEM电解槽以及弃电所消耗的功率。式(15)确保了每一时刻内电力供给和消耗之间的平衡。
针对多目标求解,增广ε约束优化算法是一种可以有效避免主观影响,得到模型Pareto解集的方法[22]。针对本文的混合制氢模型,如图4所示该算法的基本步骤如下。
步骤1) 该算法的第1步为在不考虑其他目标函数影响的情况下对第1目标函数制氢量进行求解,得到第1目标函数的最优值为F1=F1*Fi为优化目标,Fi*为第i个目标函数在单目标优化下得到的最优值)。然后,以制氢量为约束条件,对第2个目标函数单位制氢成本进行求解,得到在制氢量最优情况下,第2目标函数单位制氢成本的最优解为F2=F2*。由于考虑了4个目标函数,需要重复这个过程,直至得到各目标函数在其他目标函数作为约束时的最优解。将本次循环得到的4个值保存在列表的第1行中。收益表第1行仅为以第1目标函数制氢量为最优循环开始时的情况,并不能得到多目标模型中各优化目标的取值范围。因此还需依次选取不同的目标函数作为第1目标函数进行另外3次循环。收益表计算流程如图4所示。
步骤2) 通过将其他准则转化为约束条件来优化单一准则,为此需确定准则的范围。可以通过步骤1得到收益表中第i列的最大值和最小值之差来确定,即等于Fi,maxFi,min。然后,决策者预先定义每个准则的网格点数G。兼顾高精度求解和降低计算复杂度,本文选取G为8。如果这些点在范围内均匀分布,则该值为:
ei,g={ei,g1+Fi,maxFi,minG,g=2,,GFi,min,g=1
式中:Fi,maxFi,min分别为优化目标Fi在列表中的最大值和最小值;ei,g为优化目标在松弛g次时的松弛值。
步骤3) 选择1个主目标函数,并将其他目标函数转化为增广约束,其他目标函数按照步骤2的松弛值依次作为主目标函数的约束,求出解集。原始目标函数可改写为:
min{F1ε(i={2,3}(siFi,maxFi,min))}s.t.{F2+s2=e2,gF3+s3=e3,g,g=1,2,,G
重复步骤2、步骤3,对所有优化目标函数分别松弛求解,得到全面的Pareto解集。
本文采用内蒙古东部某地区的风速和辐照强度数据为例,纬度为39.58,经度为107.57,采集时间为2015年1月1日至12月31日。风电机组和光伏机组的装机容量均设置为20 MW。风机设备、光伏设备、ALK电解槽、PEM电解槽相关参数如表2所示。数据参考中国电建2024年度内蒙古赤峰风光制氢一体化示范项目。分时电价参考蒙东上网电价。仿真环境为CPU model:12th Gen Intel(R)Core(TM)i5-12600KF,Gurobi求解器版本为11.0.2,目标函数收敛精度为0.5%。
首先采用K-means算法[23]对全年的风速和辐照强度数据进行聚类分析,得到4个典型日的风速和辐照强度出力场景,具体如图5所示。各场景权重如表3所示。本文共设计3种实验方案:1)在离网条件下,采用传统的15 min级时间尺度模型,模型的功率分配策略由求解器自由分配;2)在离网条件下,将模型的时间尺度缩小至1 min,模型的功率分配策略采用优先确保ALK槽稳定运行;3)在并网条件下,采用1 min级别时间尺度,模型的功率分配策略采用优先确保ALK槽稳定运行。
根据本文提到的ALK、PEM电解槽建模以及功率分配逻辑,采用增广ε约束优化算法得到模型的Pareto解集,分别得到1 min级和15 min级时间尺度Pareto解集如图6图7所示,ALK-PEM容量配置如表4表5所示。
图6表4分析可知,当系统投资成本小于2 500万元时,随着投资成本的提升,ALK-PEM混合制氢系统的单日平均制氢量呈现出稳定上升的趋势,平均每增加100万元的投资成本,单日平均制氢量可增加6.25%;此外,系统的单位制氢成本和弃电率也随投资成本的增加而下降,投资成本从500万元增加到2 500万元,系统的单位制氢成本下降了39.3%,弃电率下降了84.36%。
当投资成本超过2 500万元后,系统的单日平均制氢量虽仍在上升,但增幅相较于小于2 500万元时大幅度减少,从2 500万元到4 000万元,平均每增加100万元的投资成本,单日平均制氢量仅增加0.26%,甚至在投资成本达到4 500万元时,系统的单日平均制氢量还出现了下降;系统的单位制氢成本也出现了上升的趋势,从2 500万元到4 500万元,系统单位制氢成本上升了15.31%,投资成本上升的同时还带来了生产成本的上升,使得系统的回本周期变长。随着投资成本的上升,系统弃电率变化不明显。
综上所述,投资成本为2 500万元是该Parero解集的1个拐点,选择此点(对应ALK容量为13.26 MW,PEM容量为1.54 MW)作为随后的容量配置可以实现各项指标的综合最优。
此外,对比1 min级和15 min级模型Pareto解集图以及容量配置,当投资成本小于1 000万元时,2种模型均给出几乎纯ALK电解槽的配置,2种模型的结果无明显差异。当投资成本超过1 000万元时,所提出的模型及功率分配方案的平均单日制氢量、单位制氢成本、弃电率均比传统15 min级时间尺度模型有明显优势。在投资成本2 500万元时,1 min级模型的单日制氢量达28 821.59 m³,较15 min级模型提升14.7%。在单位制氢成本方面,需要说明的是新疆、内蒙、青海等风光资源丰富的区域,绿氢成本已经降到14~16元/kg[24],本模型进行成本测算时,尚未考虑人工、设备故障等带来的成本,故所得实际成本较真实数据偏低。1 min级模型在2 500万元投资时达成全域最低制氢成本(12.33元/kg),相较于15 min单位制氢成本降低7.5%。1 min级模型弃电率随投资增加急剧下降,2 500万元投资时为9.54%;而15 min级在同等投资下弃电率仍高达25.29%,且始终维持在25%以上。这表明1 min级能更好地响应风电波动,弃电率降低63.6%。1 min级模型中ALK/PEM电解槽容量配比呈现渐进优化:低投资区间(小于2 500万元)以ALK电解槽主导,占比大于90%,仅在高投资区间时(大于3 000万元)提升PEM电解槽占比至19.4%(3 000万元时),符合工程实际。而15 min级模型中,ALK/PEM电解槽容量配比在投资成本为2 000万元时就达到4:1,其过早的提升PEM电解槽占比,不仅不符合工程实际,也降低了各项产出参数,反映其粗时间尺度导致的容量失配。
传统15 min时间尺度模型因时间聚合效应忽略风光出力与电解槽响应的瞬态特性,而1 min级模型通过精确追踪动态过程,显著优化了系统性能。
1)减少启停过程误判进而减少了无效能耗与设备损耗。ALK电解槽冷启动需持续60 min,热启动需5 min。对于2种不同级别的时间尺度,1 min和15 min数据集对比如图8所示。15 min数据集为1 min数据集每隔15 min选取1次数据。在此条件下,对于1 min级别的模型系统需要连续判断60次是否满足冷启动条件,故降低了因误判冷启动带来的能量损失;而15 min模型将启动过程简化为1~2个时段,系统由60个点的判断,减少为4个点的判断,进而导致电解槽错误冷启动,一方面造成功率的浪费,另一方面造成电解槽频繁启停,降低电解槽寿命。最终结果显示,投资成本为2 500万元时,15 min模型因时段内功率波动误触发冷启动2.2次/日,而1 min模型仅有1.1次/日。因此,1 min级时间尺度可以精确模拟启停时间与功率需求,避免无效预热以及频繁启停。
2)发挥PEM电解槽动态潜力。风光出力存在频繁的随机波动且包含关键功率极值点。15 min模型因时间尺度过大往往掩盖掉瞬时波动细节,导致PEM电解槽在15 min时段内功率恒定,使其无法响应波动。在15 min模型中,系统对每个时段仅使用功率中间值进行调度判断,忽略了时段内部可能存在的高功率峰值。例如:某一15 min时段内,风电实际出力在前3 min为10 MW,其后持续为0,其功率中间值为0,低于ALK或PEM电解槽的启停阈值。此时,15 min模型将误判为“无可用电力”,从而导致该时段全部弃电。而分钟级模型可识别出10 MW的短时高值,并调度PEM电解槽在波峰期间短时运行吸收该部分电能,从而有效避免弃电。
基于上述分析,选择系统投资成本2 500万元时,ALK和PEM电解槽容量配置分别为13.26 MW和1.54 MW,进行4个典型日场景下系统的运行状态分析,旨在清晰展示不同风光场景对ALK-PEM混合制氢系统运行的影响。图9为4种典型日场景风机和光伏出力。图10为该容量配置下,4种场景下ALK-PEM混合制氢系统运行状态。
典型日1属于风机出力贫瘠、光伏出力适度的情况(图5,权重0.278),在此情况下,由于光伏在夜间无法提供电力,且风机出力贫瘠,在夜间00:00—07:00时,没有足够的电力维持ALK电解槽冷启动,此时电力供PEM电解槽制氢(图10a));在07:00—19:00时,光伏出力和风机出力开始维持ALK电解槽进行冷启动、热启动、运行等一系列工况,ALK电解槽作为主力进行制氢,而PEM电解槽吸收风光出力波动,防止ALK电解槽因波动而导致停机,维持ALK电解槽稳定运行;19:00—24:00,光伏机组无法提供电力,由PEM电解槽吸收风机所剩功率。
典型日2属于风机出力富足、光伏出力贫瘠的情况。在此情况下,由于风机出力富足,00:00—24:00均有足够的电力维持ALK电解槽稳定运行,PEM电解槽也始终以满负荷运行,还有较多弃电产生。
典型日3属于风机、光伏出力均贫瘠的情况。在此情况下,其运行情况与典型日1类似。但值得注意的是,由于风机、光伏出力均贫瘠,出现多次PEM电解槽急剧变化的情况(图10c)中400~600 min)。产生此情况的原因是PEM电解槽在吸收波动维持ALK电解槽稳定运行的同时,若ALK电解槽此时供电不足,PEM电解槽还需快速降低自己的功耗,分配给ALK电解槽,以保证ALK电解槽维持稳态。
典型日4属于风机出力适中、光伏出力富足的情况。在此情况下,由于夜间00:00—07:00时,风机出力所提供的能量不能保证ALK电解槽稳定运行,在此期间,ALK电解槽进行了长时间的热启动保持状态,剩余电力由PEM电解槽消耗制氢;在07:00—19:00时,由于光伏的参与,ALK电解槽稳定运行制氢;但在19:00—24:00时,由于风机出力所提供的能量不能保证ALK电解槽稳定运行,出现了2次ALK电解槽维持在热启动的状态(图10d)中1 200~ 1 350 min),等待有足够的电力供应时,才进行制氢。
考虑并网模型时,分时电价方案是并网策略的核心,通过在电价低谷时段高效制氢,而在电价高峰时减少电力消耗或将电力用于其他用途,可以最大化经济效益[25]。式(7)使用的分时电价参考内蒙古蒙东电价(表6)。新能源并网售电电价根据内蒙古政策按照蒙东地区燃煤基准价收购为0.282 9元/(kW·h)。图11为并网系统Pareto求解结果,表7为并网ALK-PEM容量配置。
对比图6图11,分析离网和并网ALK-PEM的容量配置可以发现,离网容量配置的拐点出现在了投资成本2 500万元,而并网系统的拐点出现在了投资成本2 000万元(表7)。这是由于并网系统相较于离网系统,电网可以通过对ALK电解槽的放电,实现对ALK电解槽功率波动的补偿,而PEM电解槽作为制氢设备,只能通过调整自己的吸收功率降低功率波动对ALK电解槽的影响。因此,电网的接入一方面使得混合制氢系统稳定性增强,电解槽的制氢量也随之提升,另一方面电网替代了一部分PEM电解槽的作用,使得系统对PEM电解槽的依赖度降低,降低了系统的成本,导致拐点提前出现。
本研究针对ALK-PEM混合制氢系统容量规划中长时间尺度模型难以精确刻画电解槽动态特性的问题,提出并验证了一种基于分钟级时间尺度的容量规划方法。通过构建精细化的电解槽动态模型、设计保障稳定性的功率分配策略以及实施多目标优化求解,最终得到多场景下系统的Pareto解集以及运营情况。
1)多目标优化方法能够有效揭示指标间权衡关系。本文所提出的方法成功展示了投资成本、制氢量、单位制氢成本、弃电率等指标在Pareto解集中的复杂权衡关系,离网系统在投资2 500万元,ALK和PEM电解槽容量配置分别为13.26、1.54 MW配置下,可实现日制氢量28 821.59 m3,单位成本12.33元/kg,弃电率9.54%的较优平衡点。
2)分钟级模型显著提升了系统性能。与传统15 min级模型相比,在风光各装机20 MW、2 500万元制氢系统投资条件下,分钟级模型平均单日制氢量提升14.7%,单位制氢成本降低7.5%,弃电率降低63.6%。这主要归因于分钟级模型避免了粗时间尺度对启停和PEM槽调节能力的误判,优化了功率分配和容量配置。
3)PEM电解槽能有效提升系统稳定性与经济性。分析不同典型日运行状态表明,本文所设计的功率分配策略下,PEM电解槽能有效吸收风光波动,尤其在低出力或波动剧烈时段,显著减少ALK电解槽的启停次数,保障其稳定运行在高效区间,最终提升系统整体制氢量和经济性。
4)考虑并网购/售电后,系统的Pareto解集拐点提前至2 000万元(离网为2 500万元)。拐点提前的主要原因是电网的灵活功率支撑部分替代了PEM电解槽的调峰作用,降低了系统对PEM电解槽容量的依赖。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB4006505)
  • 中国电力建设股份有限公司科技项目(DJ-ZDXM-2023-16)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507058
  • 接收时间:2025-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-21
  • 修回日期:2025-08-28
  • 录用日期:2025-09-16
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFB4006505)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB4006505)
Technology Project of China Power Construction Co., Ltd.(DJ-ZDXM-2023-16)
中国电力建设股份有限公司科技项目(DJ-ZDXM-2023-16)
作者信息
    1.湖北省电力规划设计研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 430040
    2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

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温昶(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢技术,
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