Article(id=1295068002374939356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752854400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-19, revisedDate=1760630400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-17, acceptedDate=1760976000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-21, onlineDate=1786697872966, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697872966, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697872966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697872966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068002601431773, articleId=1295068002374939356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Multivariable optimization and performance analysis for reversible solid oxide cell system, columnId=1236714914522395257, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

In response to the growing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels, the global installed capacity of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power continues to rise rapidly. However, the intermittent and variable nature of these energy sources poses significant challenges to power grid stability and the effective integration of clean energy. Solid oxide cells offer a promising pathway toward resolving these issues, owing to their ability to operate reversibly, high energy conversion efficiency, and compatibility with a wide range of fuels. By flexibly switching between solid oxide fuel cell mode and solid oxide electrolysis cell mode, they enable efficient electrical energy storage and chemical fuel production, demonstrating considerable potential for large-scale renewable energy storage and grid-balancing applications. This study conducts multivariable parameter optimization for a reversible solid oxide cell system, aiming to investigate the effect of multivariable parameters on the performance of reversible solid oxide cell systems.

[Methods]

A stack-level model is established and integrated with auxiliary components, such as fans, heat exchangers, and separators. The Aspen Plus software is used to construct a full system model. Using mixed-integer linear programming with an objective function that minimizes total energy demand, along with a pinch analysis technique, the thermal integration of the system is optimized for a given current density. This approach determines the optimal operating temperature under different current conditions, calculates the required air flow rate to satisfy stack temperature limits under optimized heat recovery, and evaluates the resulting auxiliary power consumption, ultimately leading to the computation of optimal system efficiency.

[Results]

The results show that in the power generation mode, the system efficiency increases at first and then decreases with the increase of current, and the maximum value is 53.5%. In the endothermic state of hydrogen production mode, the stack efficiency decreases with the increase of current, and the maximum value is 119.5%. While the system efficiency increases with the current, the maximum value reaches 79.2%. In the exothermic state of hydrogen production mode, the stack efficiency increases with the current, with the maximum value of 95.4%, and the system efficiency is stable at about 79.3%.

[Conclusion]

This research clarifies how operating current and other key parameters influence the performance of reversible solid oxide cell systems. The findings offer theoretical insights and practical optimization strategies to enhance the efficiency and operational flexibility of such systems in real-world energy storage applications, supporting the broader integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the power grid.

, authors=Shikui YU1, Shumin SUN2, Dengke GUO1, Yumeng ZHANG1, Shibai WANG2, Liqun SUN2, Xiaohui QIN3, Qianwei LIU4, Ligang WANG1, authorsList=Shikui YU, Shumin SUN, Dengke GUO, Yumeng ZHANG, Shibai WANG, Liqun SUN, Xiaohui QIN, Qianwei LIU, Ligang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yumeng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068006829290231, articleId=1295068002374939356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=可逆固体氧化物电池系统多变量参数优化及性能分析, columnId=1295068002681123550, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

固体氧化物电池具有可逆运行、高效及燃料适用性广等特点,在可再生能源大规模存储领域应用潜力巨大,针对可逆固体氧化物电池系统展开多变量参数优化研究,分析多变量参数对系统效率的影响规律。

【方法】

通过混合整数线性规划方法,在不同电流下以系统效率最高为目标优化电堆进出口温度及空气流量,实现系统最大热回收,计算最优系统效率。

【结果】

优化结果显示,在发电模式下,系统效率随电流升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,峰值达53.5%;在制氢模式吸热状态下,电堆效率随电流增大而减小,最大值为119.5%,系统效率则随电流升高而增大,最大值为79.2%;在制氢模式放热状态下,电堆效率随电流升高而增大,最大值为95.4%,系统效率稳定在79.3%左右。

【结论】

研究揭示了电流与操作参数对系统性能的影响规律,为其在实际储能应用中的高效、灵活运行提供了理论依据与优化策略。

, authors=于诗魁1, 孙树敏2, 郭登科1, 张雨檬1, 王士柏2, 孙立群2, 秦晓辉3, 刘前卫4, 王利刚1, authorsList=于诗魁, 孙树敏, 郭登科, 张雨檬, 王士柏, 孙立群, 秦晓辉, 刘前卫, 王利刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张雨檬, authorNote=

于诗魁(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃料电池系统模拟与优化,

, correspAuthorsNote=
张雨檬(1992),女,副教授,主要研究方向为能量系统能效灵活性提升与高温电化学电氢转化性能调控,
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Specified parameters of the solid oxide cell stack

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模式变量下限上限定值
基本变量电池活化面积/cm2240
电堆运行压力/Pa1.1×105
燃料利用率/%80
电堆最大进出口温差/K120
SOFC电流密度/(A·cm–20.060.50
电堆进口温度/K953.151 073.15
电堆出口温度/K1 073.15
SOEC(吸热)电流密度/(A·cm–20.020.70
电堆进口温度/K1 073.15
电堆出口温度/K953.151 073.15
SOEC(放热)电流密度/(A·cm–20.620.70
电堆进口温度/K953.15
电堆出口温度/K953.151 073.15
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015888986964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002374939356, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

固体氧化物电堆参数

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模式变量下限上限定值
基本变量电池活化面积/cm2240
电堆运行压力/Pa1.1×105
燃料利用率/%80
电堆最大进出口温差/K120
SOFC电流密度/(A·cm–20.060.50
电堆进口温度/K953.151 073.15
电堆出口温度/K1 073.15
SOEC(吸热)电流密度/(A·cm–20.020.70
电堆进口温度/K1 073.15
电堆出口温度/K953.151 073.15
SOEC(放热)电流密度/(A·cm–20.620.70
电堆进口温度/K953.15
电堆出口温度/K953.151 073.15
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可逆固体氧化物电池系统多变量参数优化及性能分析
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于诗魁 1 , 孙树敏 2 , 郭登科 1 , 张雨檬 1 , 王士柏 2 , 孙立群 2 , 秦晓辉 3 , 刘前卫 4 , 王利刚 1
热力发电 | 储能技术 2026,55(4): 21-29
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热力发电 |储能技术 2026 , 55 (4) : 21 -29
可逆固体氧化物电池系统多变量参数优化及性能分析
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于诗魁1 , 孙树敏2, 郭登科1, 张雨檬1 , 王士柏2, 孙立群2, 秦晓辉3, 刘前卫4, 王利刚1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源电力创新研究院新型储能技术北京实验室,北京 102206
  • 2.国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003
  • 3.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
  • 4.国网电力工程研究院有限公司,北京 100069
通讯作者:
张雨檬(1992),女,副教授,主要研究方向为能量系统能效灵活性提升与高温电化学电氢转化性能调控,
作者简介:

于诗魁(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃料电池系统模拟与优化,

Multivariable optimization and performance analysis for reversible solid oxide cell system
Shikui YU1 , Shumin SUN2, Dengke GUO1, Yumeng ZHANG1 , Shibai WANG2, Liqun SUN2, Xiaohui QIN3, Qianwei LIU4, Ligang WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Energy Power Innovation, Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250003, China
  • 3.China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
  • 4.State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507051
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【目的】

固体氧化物电池具有可逆运行、高效及燃料适用性广等特点,在可再生能源大规模存储领域应用潜力巨大,针对可逆固体氧化物电池系统展开多变量参数优化研究,分析多变量参数对系统效率的影响规律。

【方法】

通过混合整数线性规划方法,在不同电流下以系统效率最高为目标优化电堆进出口温度及空气流量,实现系统最大热回收,计算最优系统效率。

【结果】

优化结果显示,在发电模式下,系统效率随电流升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,峰值达53.5%;在制氢模式吸热状态下,电堆效率随电流增大而减小,最大值为119.5%,系统效率则随电流升高而增大,最大值为79.2%;在制氢模式放热状态下,电堆效率随电流升高而增大,最大值为95.4%,系统效率稳定在79.3%左右。

【结论】

研究揭示了电流与操作参数对系统性能的影响规律,为其在实际储能应用中的高效、灵活运行提供了理论依据与优化策略。

可逆固体氧化物电池  /  电流密度  /  参数优化  /  性能分析  /  余热利用
[Objective]

In response to the growing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels, the global installed capacity of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power continues to rise rapidly. However, the intermittent and variable nature of these energy sources poses significant challenges to power grid stability and the effective integration of clean energy. Solid oxide cells offer a promising pathway toward resolving these issues, owing to their ability to operate reversibly, high energy conversion efficiency, and compatibility with a wide range of fuels. By flexibly switching between solid oxide fuel cell mode and solid oxide electrolysis cell mode, they enable efficient electrical energy storage and chemical fuel production, demonstrating considerable potential for large-scale renewable energy storage and grid-balancing applications. This study conducts multivariable parameter optimization for a reversible solid oxide cell system, aiming to investigate the effect of multivariable parameters on the performance of reversible solid oxide cell systems.

[Methods]

A stack-level model is established and integrated with auxiliary components, such as fans, heat exchangers, and separators. The Aspen Plus software is used to construct a full system model. Using mixed-integer linear programming with an objective function that minimizes total energy demand, along with a pinch analysis technique, the thermal integration of the system is optimized for a given current density. This approach determines the optimal operating temperature under different current conditions, calculates the required air flow rate to satisfy stack temperature limits under optimized heat recovery, and evaluates the resulting auxiliary power consumption, ultimately leading to the computation of optimal system efficiency.

[Results]

The results show that in the power generation mode, the system efficiency increases at first and then decreases with the increase of current, and the maximum value is 53.5%. In the endothermic state of hydrogen production mode, the stack efficiency decreases with the increase of current, and the maximum value is 119.5%. While the system efficiency increases with the current, the maximum value reaches 79.2%. In the exothermic state of hydrogen production mode, the stack efficiency increases with the current, with the maximum value of 95.4%, and the system efficiency is stable at about 79.3%.

[Conclusion]

This research clarifies how operating current and other key parameters influence the performance of reversible solid oxide cell systems. The findings offer theoretical insights and practical optimization strategies to enhance the efficiency and operational flexibility of such systems in real-world energy storage applications, supporting the broader integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the power grid.

reversible solid oxide cell  /  current density  /  parameter optimization  /  performance analysis  /  waste heat utilization
于诗魁, 孙树敏, 郭登科, 张雨檬, 王士柏, 孙立群, 秦晓辉, 刘前卫, 王利刚. 可逆固体氧化物电池系统多变量参数优化及性能分析. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 21 -29 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507051
Shikui YU, Shumin SUN, Dengke GUO, Yumeng ZHANG, Shibai WANG, Liqun SUN, Xiaohui QIN, Qianwei LIU, Ligang WANG. Multivariable optimization and performance analysis for reversible solid oxide cell system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 21 -29 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507051
为应对日益严峻的环境污染和化石能源短缺问题,风能、光伏等可再生能源装机容量持续快速增长[1]。然而,此类间歇性能源的波动性对电力系统清洁能源消纳能力带来严峻挑战[2]。在此背景下,化学储能系统因其选址灵活、自放电率低、兼具分布式与规模化储能潜力等优点,受到了广泛关注。其中,可逆固体氧化物电池(reversible solid oxide cell,RSOC)是当前的研究热点[3]。RSOC具有可逆运行特性、系统效率高和燃料适用性广等优势,能够灵活切换于固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)模式和固体氧化物电解池(solid oxide electrolytic cell,SOEC)模式,从而实现能量的高效存储与转化[4]
RSOC系统由核心部件固体氧化物电堆及泵、风机、高温换热器和燃烧器等辅助部件组成,辅助部件为电堆运行提供稳定的高温运行环境和燃料、空气供应。RSOC系统效率受电堆性能(发电功率或制氢耗功)、辅机及换热网络的综合影响,电流密度、燃料利用率和工作温度等参数与系统效率存在强耦合关系,进而影响系统的质量流与能量流分布、设备运行性能和整体换热策略。因此,探究最优系统效率的前提是定量分析输入参数对电堆及辅机性能的影响。
针对SOFC发电系统,刘汉宇等[5]基于500 W实验台定量研究了燃料流量、进气比例对氢、甲烷燃料SOFC系统开路电压和功率的影响,并分析了降低积碳的最佳入口燃料比例。Selvam等人[6]提出阳极尾气分离再循环设计可将氨燃料SOFC发电系统燃料利用率提升至100%,系统能量效率提高12.17%,并通过参数分析和基于人工神经网络-遗传算法的优化方法解析了电流密度、工作温度等参数对系统效率的影响。李青山等[7]针对甲醇重整SOFC热电联产系统中水醇比及反应器温度、SOFC燃料利用率及工作温度双参数协同调节的影响进行了分析,确定了系统最佳运行工况点。
针对SOEC制氢系统,Chen等人[8]基于三维电化学-流动-传热耦合SOEC电池仿真模型对不同工况下的电解池性能和温度分布进行了分析,指出提高温度可显著改善电解性能,空气流速对性能的影响较小。靳壮杰等[9]分析了反应温度、反应压力、水蒸气含量和电流密度等因素对制氢系统电解电压和制氢效率的影响,并探索了多因素影响下的最佳反应条件。Chen等人[10]则基于3 kW系统模型全面分析了运行参数对电堆电压和功率、电堆出口温度、产氢量、比能耗、系统效率及辅机功耗的影响,并在考虑系统耐用性的前提下以工作电流、温度、流量和燃料利用率为优化变量对制氢系统效率进行了优化。
针对RSOC系统,Wang等人[11]建立了RSOC系统的动态集总参数模型,分析了模式切换过程中入口温度、电流密度和切换频率等参数对电堆性能的影响。Wang等人[12]考虑了RSOC系统多品位热量梯级高效利用,讨论了电-X(氢气、合成气、甲烷、甲醇和氨)-电过程中不同中间物质导致的系统效率的变化。Wei等人[13]则开展了RSOC系统换热网络优化设计,最大化系统热回收并降低热交换器数量,对含纯氧燃烧的SOFC系统和SOEC共电解制甲烷系统进行了优化。
综上所述,学者已研究了燃料利用率、电堆工作温度及电流密度等参数对多元燃料SOFC发电系统或SOEC电解系统性能的影响,仍需进一步研究RSOC系统效率多参数优化。针对此问题,本文构建了RSOC发电/制氢系统仿真模型,基于夹点分析技术,采用混合整数线性规划方法优化给定电流密度下系统热集成,指出不同电流密度下系统最佳运行温度,并计算系统最优热集成下满足电堆温度约束的空气流量,从而获得系统辅机功耗,计算系统效率。
图1为RSOC系统流程。SOFC模式系统流程如图1a)所示,氢气经过加压、升温后通入电堆氢电极,与来自氧电极的氧气发生电化学反应;空气经加压、升温后通入电堆氧电极,参与电化学反应的同时维持电堆工作温度稳定;电堆出口尾气通入燃烧器充分燃烧,燃烧器出口高温尾气经充分换热后排出系统。SOEC模式系统流程如图1b)所示,水经加压、汽化后与部分氢气混合以维持还原性气氛,混合气经进一步加热后通入电堆氢电极,经电化学反应生成氢气与氧气;空气经加压、升温后通入电堆氧电极,带走电化学反应生成的氧气同时维持电堆工作温度稳定;电堆氢电极出口尾气换热降温至合适温度后通入汽水分离器分离出纯净的氢气,电堆氧电极出口尾气则经换热后直接排出系统。在双模式切换过程中,首先通过换热器维持电堆处于热备用状态,然后通过调节电流、入口物流组分、流量及燃料利用率等参数实现模式切换,并同步观测电堆电压等数据,保障切换过程的安全和系统运行的稳定。
RSOC系统中,系统入口燃料流量通过电流密度、电池活化面积和燃料利用率计算得出,入口空气流量则在电堆进出口温度满足设定要求的条件下迭代计算得出,燃料流量F˙in计算公式如下:
F˙in=JAcell2FUF
式中:J为电流密度,A/cm2Acell为电池活化面积,cm2F为法拉第常数;UF为燃料利用率。
RSOC系统双模式效率计算公式为:
ηSOFC=WSTACKWFUELWAIRWELECEHYD
ηSOEC=EHYDWSTACK+WFUEL+WAIR+WELEC
式中:WSTACK为燃料电池模式下电堆输出功率或制氢模式下制氢耗功,kW;WFUEL为燃料泵耗功,kW;WAIR为风机耗功,kW;WELEC为系统所需额外电加热耗功,kW;EHYD为燃料电池模式下系统输入能量或电解池模式下系统输出能量,kJ/s。
EHYD=mH2QLHV
式中:mH2为燃料电池模式下消耗或电解池模式制取的氢气的质量流量,kg/s;QLHV为氢气的低位热值。
此外,本文同样关注SOEC模式下电堆效率的变化,其计算公式如下:
ηSOEC, stack=EHYDWSTACK
RSOC电堆的电压由能斯特电压、活化过电势、浓差过电势、欧姆过电势以及由连接体引起的过电势共同决定。氢气作为燃料的条件下,电堆电压由下式计算,SOFC模式下过电势项为负数,SOEC模式下过电势项为正数[14]
V=Vnernst+Vact+Vohm+Vmic
式中:Vnernst为能斯特电压,V;Vact为活化过电势,V;Vohm为欧姆过电势,V;Vmic为连接体过电势,V。
其中,电堆活化过电势分为氢电极侧活化过电势和氧电极侧活化过电势2部分,计算公式如下:
Vact=Vact,her+Vact,oer
式中:Vact,her为氢电极活化过电势,V;Vact,oer为氧电极活化过电势,V。
电堆考虑浓差过电势项的能斯特电压计算公式如下:
VNernst=ΔGH2O,02F+RTK2Fln[PH2×PO20.5PH2O]+RT2Fln(ZH2,her,TPBPoerZO2,oer,TPBZH2O,her,TPB)
式中:ΔGH2O,0为氢氧化反应的标准摩尔吉布斯自由能变,J/mol;R为理想气体常数;TK为电堆运行温度,K;PH2PO2PH2O分别为电堆入口氢、水蒸气和氧气的分压,Pa;ZH2,her,TPBZO2,oer,TPBZH2O,her,TPB为各物质在三相界面处的摩尔分数;Poer为氧电极侧气体压力,Pa。
电堆活化过电势通过巴特勒-伏尔摩方程计算:
J=J0,H2(eF(1+βoer)Vact,herRTKeFβherVact,herRTK)
J=J0,O2(eFβoerVact,oerRTKeFβherVact,oerRTK)
式中:J为氢气作为燃料时的电流密度,A/cm2J0,H2J0,O2为交换电流密度,A/cm2βoerβher为氧、氢电极的不对称电荷转移系数。
电堆欧姆过电势与连接体导致的过电势参考文献[14]进行计算。利用不同电流密度、温度及流量下的单电池与短堆实验数据,对电堆模型参数进行校准。以电解池模式为例验证模型的准确性,具体如图2所示[14]。由图2可知,在温度973、1 023、1 073 K下,IV曲线模拟数据与电堆测试数据吻合度较好,模型准确度高[14-15],燃料电池模式验证可参考文献[12]。
系统中除电堆以外的辅助部件,包括泵、风机、换热器与燃烧器,其模拟工作均基于Aspen Plus软件的基础模块完成,并通过与实验数据对比来验证模型的准确性。在参数设定方面,泵的模型效率与电机效率分别取值为0.85和0.95;而风机模型的绝热效率及机械效率也同样设置为0.85和0.95。
本文在给定电流密度、电堆进出口温度条件下,对RSOC系统热集成进行了优化,确定了不同电流密度下系统最佳运行温度,并以此实现了系统效率的最大化。采用夹点分析技术进行系统热集成优化,以实现最大热回收,该优化过程通过混合整数线性规划实现。夹点分析技术为过程集成的核心方法之一,基于“温度对口,梯级利用”原则,通过对系统中所有冷物流与热物流综合分析,以识别系统热能回收瓶颈,并获得系统所需的最小公用工程。本文优化方法如图3所示,首先确定RSOC系统的工作模式建立系统模型,并设定电流密度、电堆进出口温度等关键运行参数,然后基于Aspen Plus仿真模拟获得系统质量流、能量流。基于混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)以最小能源需求为目标函数对所有能流进行系统过程集成分析,模型中的0-1变量用于热、冷物流与冷、热共用工程换热量的非负约束[16]。本文采用AMPL(a mathematical programming language)数学规划平台并调用CPLEX求解器,实现系统最大热回收,获得系统总组合曲线及最小热源或者热阱需求并计算系统效率。进一步,通过遗传算法确定系统最佳运行温度,实现系统多工况下效率最优。
电堆部件各参数设定及约束见表1。为保障电堆在不同电流密度下的安全高效运行,避免因燃料未充分反应导致的效率下降,或燃料利用率过高引发的燃料不足和电池寿命衰减,本文将固体氧化物电堆的燃料利用率设置为固定值80%[17]。基于此,改变电堆电流密度,电堆入口燃料流量可通过式(1)计算得出。
SOFC模式系统效率随电流的变化如图4所示。由图4可知,电流从14.4 A提高至120.0 A,系统效率由51.9%变化至46.1%,系统效率随电流增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在电流为36 A时达到峰值,最高系统效率为53.5%。
进一步解析系统效率变化趋势,电流从14.4 A提高至120 A,电堆发电功率从0.81 kW增大到5.82 kW。SOFC模式电堆进出口温度及系统入口流量如图5所示。电堆出口温度保持1 073 K不变,入口温度随电流的提高从1 018 K逐渐降低,当电流提高至36 A后,受电堆温差约束入口温度稳定在953 K。本文从电堆安全和效率角度考虑,将燃料利用率设定为固定值80%,则根据式(1),系统入口燃料流量随电流的提高从2.81 L/min(标准状态,下同)增大到23.47 L/min,系统输入能量增大(式(3))。受堆内电化学反应和不可逆损失放热的影响,电堆冷却所需空气流量从90.38 L/min持续增大到441.73 L/min,风机耗功从0.057 kW增大到0.280 kW。但电流增大至36 A后,受电堆入口温度变化的影响,空气流量增长速度加快。
本文采用总组合曲线展示系统热集成优化结果,总组合曲线展示了不同温度下,整个系统所需的净加热或者净冷却负荷。SOFC模式系统热集成如图6所示,各电流密度下系统均无需外部热源,因此SOFC模式系统效率计算无需考虑电加热器耗功。
基于上述分析,在电流从14.4 A提高至120 A的过程中,电堆发电功率、燃料泵功及系统输入能量均持续增大;风机耗功虽持续上升,但到达转折点后,入口温度的变化导致其增速加快,系统效率因此开始呈现下降趋势。
由于SOEC模式电堆存在热中性电压,系统运行分为放热状态和吸热状态。在工作电压低于热中性电压时,电化学反应吸热量大于电堆不可逆损失放热,此时系统为吸热状态,电堆出口温度低于入口温度;在工作电压高于热中性电压时,电化学反应吸热量小于电堆不可逆损失放热,此时系统为放热状态,电堆出口温度高于入口温度。
SOEC模式吸热状态下系统效率与电堆效率随电流的变化如图7所示。电流从4.8 A提高至168 A时,电堆效率从119.5%减小到98.4%,系统效率从73.3%增大到79.2%。
进一步解析吸热状态下系统效率变化趋势,电流从4.8 A提高至168 A,系统各部分电耗如图7所示。电堆制氢耗功从0.32 kW增大到13.70 kW,产氢量从2.16 L/min增大到86.02 L/min,系统输出能量增大。根据式(1)及燃料利用率设定值80%,入口水流量随电流变化从2.68 L/min增大到93.65 L/min(图8),蒸汽发生器耗功因此从0.083 kW增大到2.920 kW。电加热器耗功先增大后减小,电流提高至72 A前,电堆入口流量增大导致电加热器耗功从0.12 kW增大到0.89 kW;进一步提高电流,入口空气流量逐渐减小导致电加热器耗功从0.89 kW减小到0.47 kW;电流提高至96 A后,电堆出口温度升高导致电堆尾气余热增大,电加热器耗功从0.47 kW减小到0.39 kW。
SOEC模式吸热状态下电堆进出口温度及系统入口流量如图8所示。入口温度保持1 073 K不变;出口温度在小电流条件下受电堆最大温差约束维持在953 K左右,当电流提高至96 A后,电堆不可逆损失放热量增大导致出口温度逐渐增大到1 017 K。空气流量受电化学反应吸热和不可逆损失放热影响,电流提高至48 A前,电堆通过高温空气维持其温度,入口空气流量从21.23 L/min增大到134.47 L/min,风机耗功从0.005 2 kW增大到0.033 0 kW;进一步提高电流,不可逆损失放热增大导致所需空气流量减小,入口空气流量逐渐减小到21.23 L/min,风机耗功逐渐减小到0.005 2 kW;电流提高至96 A后,电堆出口温度升高,入口空气流量和风机耗功不变。
此外,SOEC模式吸热状态系统热集成总组合曲线如图9所示,系统热源需求随电流的提高从0.26 kW增大到1.03 kW,其增速与空气流量变化相对应,呈现出先增大、再减小后稳定的变化趋势。
基于上述分析,在电流从4.8 A提高至120 A的过程中,系统输出能量与电堆制氢功率均保持增大趋势。在电流达到96 A拐点前,空气流量的变化导致风机耗功与系统电加热耗功呈现先增大后减小的趋势,但由于电堆制氢耗功与蒸汽发生耗功为效率的主要影响因素,因此电堆效率与系统效率的变化趋势保持不变;到达拐点后,电堆出口温度升高、空气流量不变导致电堆制氢耗功增长放缓,电堆效率下降速率减缓,系统效率的提升幅度也随之减小。
SOEC模式放热状态系统效率随电流的变化如图10所示。由于小电流难以维持电堆工作温度,因此将工作电流范围设定为148.8~168.0 A,在此电流区间内,电堆效率从94.6%升高至95.4%,系统效率则基本保持不变(79.3%)。
进一步解析放热状态下系统效率变化趋势,电流从148.8 A提高至168.0 A,系统热源需求随电流的提高从0.81 kW增大到0.96 kW(图11),电堆制氢耗功从12.62 kW升高至14.12 kW(图10),产氢量从75.94 L/min增大到86.02 L/min,系统输出能量增大,水流量从82.94 L/min增大到93.65 L/min(图12,式(1)),蒸汽发生器耗功因此从2.44 kW增大到2.87 kW。系统在放热模式下可通过尾气余热加热入口物流,因此电加热器耗功为零。
同时由图12可知,放热状态下电堆出口温度保持1 073 K不变,电堆不可逆损失放热量增大导致入口温度从增大到993 K,入口空气流量和风机耗功保持不变,系统热源需求因此呈现均匀增大的变化趋势(图11)。
基于上述分析,在电流从148.8 A提高至168.0 A的变化过程中,系统输出能量增大、电堆制氢功率增大、风机耗功不变,综合作用下导致电堆功率呈现升高趋势,而蒸汽发生耗功增大则导致系统效率基本不变。
本文构建了可逆固体氧化物电池系统,采用数学规划方法优化不同电流密度和运行温度下的系统热集成,计算系统最小能源需求和系统效率,并通过优化算法确定系统最佳运行温度,获得最优系统效率,得出结论如下。
1)在燃料电池发电模式下,提高电流导致系统输入能量、电堆发电功率及风机耗功均增大,系统效率在电流增大至拐点0.15 A/cm2前呈现增大趋势,到达拐点后,系统效率最大,为53.5%,此后电堆入口温度不变导致风机耗功增长速度加快,系统效率因此呈现下降趋势。
2)在电解池制氢模式下,吸热状态下,提高电流导致系统输出能量、电堆制氢耗功增大,电堆出口温度不变导致风机耗功与系统电加热耗功先增大后减小,但由于二者非效率的主要影响因素,电堆效率与系统效率仍维持稳定的降低与增大趋势。电流增大至拐点值0.4 A/cm2后,电堆出口温度升高导致电堆制氢耗功增长速度减缓,电堆效率与系统效率的变化趋势不变,但变化速率降低,系统效率最高达到79.2%;放热状态下,提高电流导致系统输出能量、电堆制氢耗功增大,电堆出口温度升高而风机耗功不变,电堆功率呈现增大趋势,系统效率基本维持在79.3%不变。
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2026年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507051
  • 接收时间:2025-07-19
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-19
  • 修回日期:2025-10-17
  • 录用日期:2025-10-21
基金
Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China(1400-202455280A-1-1-ZN)
国家电网有限公司科技项目(1400-202455280A-1-1-ZN)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源电力创新研究院新型储能技术北京实验室,北京 102206
    2.国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003
    3.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
    4.国网电力工程研究院有限公司,北京 100069

通讯作者:

张雨檬(1992),女,副教授,主要研究方向为能量系统能效灵活性提升与高温电化学电氢转化性能调控,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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