Article(id=1295068052815630899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202506118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=1754064000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-02, acceptedDate=1755532800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-19, onlineDate=1786697884991, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697884991, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697884991, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697884991, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=72, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068054665318964, articleId=1295068052815630899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Simulation study on sealing performance and stability of geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in Shanxi Daning Salt Cavern considering fluid-solid coupling, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Modern industrial production emits vast quantities of CO2, and to mitigate the greenhouse effect caused by CO2, geological sequestration of CO2 is imperative. Consequently, the utilization of salt caverns for CO2 capture and storage is being considered.

[Methods]

This study uses the salt rock formation in Daning County, Shanxi Province as a potential reservoir. Based on geological survey data, a geological model is established for the Daning County salt rock CO2 storage pilot area. Under fluid-solid coupling conditions, CO2 leakage extent is represented by CO2 pore pressure as a sealing indicator, while vertical displacement at the top of the salt cavern reservoir and vertical stress serve as stability indicators. Long-term sealing integrity and stability studies are conducted for the salt cavern reservoir under varying CO2 storage pressures and different pillar spacing conditions.

[Results]

As the gas storage pressure increases, the leakage range of the gas expands, the vertical displacement of the reservoir rock increases, and the range of the plastic zone in the rock decreases. At the final state with storage pressures of 17, 23, 27 and 33 MPa, the leakage ranges of the gas are 47, 67, 73 and 84 m, the vertical displacement at the top of the cavity is –11.5, 12.9, 28.7 and 52.2 mm, and the range of the rock mass plastic zone is 22, 11.8, 8 and 4 m, respectively. As the spacing between mine pillars increases, the vertical displacement and vertical stress of the surrounding rock decrease. The spacing has little effect on the gas leakage range and plastic zone. When the spacing between mine pillars is 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 times the original spacing, the gas leakage range remains between 60 m and 63 m, and the vertical displacement at the cavity top is 31.7, 29.1, 28.2 and 27.3 mm, respectively. The plastic zone extent within the gas storage reservoir is broadly consistent, ranging between 9 m and 10 m, respectively.

[Conclusion]

Excessively high pressure in a storage reservoir compromises its sealing integrity, while excessively low pressure undermines its stability. A greater spacing between pillars within the reservoir enhances both sealing integrity and stability, but the impact is relatively minor. This study provides a theoretical foundation for CO2 storage in the Daning Salt Cavern in Shanxi Province.

, authors=Xiaosong CUI1, 2, Liuqing DONG3, Binbin FANG1, 2, Wentao YUAN1, 2, Liyuan CHENG1, Jiaoxia WANG1, Meiping YANG1, Jie GENG1, authorsList=Xiaosong CUI, Liuqing DONG, Binbin FANG, Wentao YUAN, Liyuan CHENG, Jiaoxia WANG, Meiping YANG, Jie GENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068056682779209, articleId=1295068052815630899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=考虑流-固耦合的山西大宁盐穴二氧化碳地质封存密闭性与稳定性模拟研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

现代工业生产排放了大量的CO2,为缓解CO2造成的温室效应,利用盐穴对其进行捕获封存。

【方法】

以山西省大宁县盐岩为潜在储层,基于地质勘察资料建立大宁县盐岩CO2封存试验区地质模型,在流-固耦合条件下,以CO2孔隙压力表示CO2的泄漏范围并作为密封性指标,以腔体顶部竖向位移和竖向应力作为稳定性指标,开展盐穴储气库在不同CO2封存压力、不同矿柱间距工况下的长期密闭性与稳定性研究。

【结果】

气体封存压力越大,其渗漏范围越大,储气库围岩的竖向位移越大,围岩塑性区范围越小,在封存压力分别为17、23、27、33 MPa下的最终时刻,气体的泄漏范围分别为47、67、73、84 m,腔体顶部的竖向位移分别为–11.5、12.9、28.7、52.2 mm,围岩塑性区范围分别为22、11.8、8、4 m;矿柱间距越大,围岩的竖向位移和垂直应力越小,间距对气体的渗漏范围和塑性区影响不大,在矿柱间距为1.0、1.5、2.0、3.0倍时竖向位移分别为31.7、29.1、28.2、27.3 mm。

【结论】

气体封存压力增高不利于储气库的密闭性,压力降低则不利于储气库的稳定性;矿柱间距增加有利于储气库的密闭性与稳定性,但影响较小。该研究为山西大宁盐穴封存CO2提供了理论基础。

, authors=崔晓松1, 2, 董留清3, 房斌斌1, 2, 原文涛1, 2, 程丽媛1, 王姣霞1, 杨美萍1, 耿杰1, authorsList=崔晓松, 董留清, 房斌斌, 原文涛, 程丽媛, 王姣霞, 杨美萍, 耿杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

崔晓松(1987),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为CO2地质封存,

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Model parameters

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类别模型参数数值
固体力学参数盐岩泊松比[34]0.312
泥岩泊松比[34]0.232
盐岩密度/(kg·m–3[34]2151
泥岩密度/(kg·m–3[34]2439
盐岩黏聚力/MPa[34]4.22
盐岩内摩擦角/(°)[34]39.9
泥岩黏聚力/MPa[34]5.87
泥岩内摩擦角/(°)[34]37.5
剪胀角/(°)[35]10
盐岩杨氏模量/GPa[36]12
泥岩杨氏模量/GPa[36]10
蠕变率系数/h–1[13]3.68×10–9
蠕变指数[13]4.95
参考应力/MPa10
激活自由能/(kJ·mol–1[31]7.84×104
上覆岩层自重/MPa49.56
流体力学参数盐岩孔隙度[36]0.01
盐岩渗透率/m2[36]1×10–20
泥岩孔隙度[36]0.05
泥岩渗透率/m2[36]1×10–18
CO2动力黏度/(Pa·s)[37]4.72×10–5
CO2初始密度/(kg·m–3[37]733
CO2压缩系数/(1/Pa)[37]4.4×10–10
Biot系数[38]0.75
顶部静水压力/MPa20
), ArticleFig(id=1295068065021055645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068052815630899, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数

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类别模型参数数值
固体力学参数盐岩泊松比[34]0.312
泥岩泊松比[34]0.232
盐岩密度/(kg·m–3[34]2151
泥岩密度/(kg·m–3[34]2439
盐岩黏聚力/MPa[34]4.22
盐岩内摩擦角/(°)[34]39.9
泥岩黏聚力/MPa[34]5.87
泥岩内摩擦角/(°)[34]37.5
剪胀角/(°)[35]10
盐岩杨氏模量/GPa[36]12
泥岩杨氏模量/GPa[36]10
蠕变率系数/h–1[13]3.68×10–9
蠕变指数[13]4.95
参考应力/MPa10
激活自由能/(kJ·mol–1[31]7.84×104
上覆岩层自重/MPa49.56
流体力学参数盐岩孔隙度[36]0.01
盐岩渗透率/m2[36]1×10–20
泥岩孔隙度[36]0.05
泥岩渗透率/m2[36]1×10–18
CO2动力黏度/(Pa·s)[37]4.72×10–5
CO2初始密度/(kg·m–3[37]733
CO2压缩系数/(1/Pa)[37]4.4×10–10
Biot系数[38]0.75
顶部静水压力/MPa20
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考虑流-固耦合的山西大宁盐穴二氧化碳地质封存密闭性与稳定性模拟研究
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崔晓松 1, 2 , 董留清 3 , 房斌斌 1, 2 , 原文涛 1, 2 , 程丽媛 1 , 王姣霞 1 , 杨美萍 1 , 耿杰 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(4): 72-81
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (4) : 72 -81
考虑流-固耦合的山西大宁盐穴二氧化碳地质封存密闭性与稳定性模拟研究
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崔晓松1, 2 , 董留清3, 房斌斌1, 2, 原文涛1, 2, 程丽媛1, 王姣霞1, 杨美萍1, 耿杰1
作者信息
  • 1.山西省煤炭地质一四八勘查院有限公司,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.山西省二氧化碳地质封存技术创新中心,山西 太原 030024
  • 3.东北大学资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
作者简介:

崔晓松(1987),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为CO2地质封存,

Simulation study on sealing performance and stability of geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in Shanxi Daning Salt Cavern considering fluid-solid coupling
Xiaosong CUI1, 2 , Liuqing DONG3, Binbin FANG1, 2, Wentao YUAN1, 2, Liyuan CHENG1, Jiaoxia WANG1, Meiping YANG1, Jie GENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanxi Coal Geology 148 Exploration Institute Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2.Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 3.School of Resources & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506118
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【目的】

现代工业生产排放了大量的CO2,为缓解CO2造成的温室效应,利用盐穴对其进行捕获封存。

【方法】

以山西省大宁县盐岩为潜在储层,基于地质勘察资料建立大宁县盐岩CO2封存试验区地质模型,在流-固耦合条件下,以CO2孔隙压力表示CO2的泄漏范围并作为密封性指标,以腔体顶部竖向位移和竖向应力作为稳定性指标,开展盐穴储气库在不同CO2封存压力、不同矿柱间距工况下的长期密闭性与稳定性研究。

【结果】

气体封存压力越大,其渗漏范围越大,储气库围岩的竖向位移越大,围岩塑性区范围越小,在封存压力分别为17、23、27、33 MPa下的最终时刻,气体的泄漏范围分别为47、67、73、84 m,腔体顶部的竖向位移分别为–11.5、12.9、28.7、52.2 mm,围岩塑性区范围分别为22、11.8、8、4 m;矿柱间距越大,围岩的竖向位移和垂直应力越小,间距对气体的渗漏范围和塑性区影响不大,在矿柱间距为1.0、1.5、2.0、3.0倍时竖向位移分别为31.7、29.1、28.2、27.3 mm。

【结论】

气体封存压力增高不利于储气库的密闭性,压力降低则不利于储气库的稳定性;矿柱间距增加有利于储气库的密闭性与稳定性,但影响较小。该研究为山西大宁盐穴封存CO2提供了理论基础。

CO2地质封存  /  流-固耦合  /  CO2封存压力  /  矿柱间距  /  密闭性与稳定性
[Objective]

Modern industrial production emits vast quantities of CO2, and to mitigate the greenhouse effect caused by CO2, geological sequestration of CO2 is imperative. Consequently, the utilization of salt caverns for CO2 capture and storage is being considered.

[Methods]

This study uses the salt rock formation in Daning County, Shanxi Province as a potential reservoir. Based on geological survey data, a geological model is established for the Daning County salt rock CO2 storage pilot area. Under fluid-solid coupling conditions, CO2 leakage extent is represented by CO2 pore pressure as a sealing indicator, while vertical displacement at the top of the salt cavern reservoir and vertical stress serve as stability indicators. Long-term sealing integrity and stability studies are conducted for the salt cavern reservoir under varying CO2 storage pressures and different pillar spacing conditions.

[Results]

As the gas storage pressure increases, the leakage range of the gas expands, the vertical displacement of the reservoir rock increases, and the range of the plastic zone in the rock decreases. At the final state with storage pressures of 17, 23, 27 and 33 MPa, the leakage ranges of the gas are 47, 67, 73 and 84 m, the vertical displacement at the top of the cavity is –11.5, 12.9, 28.7 and 52.2 mm, and the range of the rock mass plastic zone is 22, 11.8, 8 and 4 m, respectively. As the spacing between mine pillars increases, the vertical displacement and vertical stress of the surrounding rock decrease. The spacing has little effect on the gas leakage range and plastic zone. When the spacing between mine pillars is 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 times the original spacing, the gas leakage range remains between 60 m and 63 m, and the vertical displacement at the cavity top is 31.7, 29.1, 28.2 and 27.3 mm, respectively. The plastic zone extent within the gas storage reservoir is broadly consistent, ranging between 9 m and 10 m, respectively.

[Conclusion]

Excessively high pressure in a storage reservoir compromises its sealing integrity, while excessively low pressure undermines its stability. A greater spacing between pillars within the reservoir enhances both sealing integrity and stability, but the impact is relatively minor. This study provides a theoretical foundation for CO2 storage in the Daning Salt Cavern in Shanxi Province.

carbon dioxide geological storage  /  fluid-solid coupling  /  carbon dioxide sequestration pressure  /  pillar spacing  /  airtightness and stability
崔晓松, 董留清, 房斌斌, 原文涛, 程丽媛, 王姣霞, 杨美萍, 耿杰. 考虑流-固耦合的山西大宁盐穴二氧化碳地质封存密闭性与稳定性模拟研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 72 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506118
Xiaosong CUI, Liuqing DONG, Binbin FANG, Wentao YUAN, Liyuan CHENG, Jiaoxia WANG, Meiping YANG, Jie GENG. Simulation study on sealing performance and stability of geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in Shanxi Daning Salt Cavern considering fluid-solid coupling[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 72 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506118
随着全球气候变化问题的日益严峻,减少温室气体排放已成为国际社会的共同目标。中国作为全球最大的碳排放国,面临着巨大的环境压力和气候变化挑战[1]。对此,中国政府提出了“双碳”目标,即力争在2030年前实现碳达峰,2060年前实现碳中和[2-3]。二氧化碳(CO2)作为主要的温室气体之一,其封存技术的研究与应用尤为重要[4]
盐岩作为一种在我国分布广、规模大、构造简单的岩体,具有极低的渗透率、良好的蠕变特性及损伤自愈合特征,被认为是地下储备天然气、压缩空气储能[5]、封存CO2等气体的理想场所[6-8],在欧美等发达国家已得到广泛利用[9]。盐穴封存CO2是通过注入井将CO2注入地下盐穴,使其与大气隔离,可实现长期封存[7]。CO2在储气库中主要以超临界状态封存,超临界CO2化学性质稳定[10],不燃、无毒,相较于氢气和天然气更易存储,不易泄漏,且不考虑溶解的情况下不与储存矿物发生反应[11],因此在盐穴中储存CO2危险性低,基本可行。
与国外的盐丘型盐岩[12]不同,我国盐岩为层状盐岩,具有层数多、夹层多、盐层杂质含量高、埋藏深等特点[13],众多学者针对层状结构盐腔封存CO2的密闭性[14]和稳定性进行了研究。Mou等人[15]发现可将盐穴周围具有足够厚度的盐岩作为密封环来保证盐穴的密闭性,并结合现场水封试验验证了目标盐穴的密闭性。齐得山等[16]基于声呐测腔数据,提出以偏溶系数来定量表征腔体的偏溶程度。陈祥胜等[17]总结了地下盐穴储气库的泄漏原因,并提出了相关的防治措施。White等人[18]系统阐述了超临界CO2从捕集再到地质封存的关键工艺。王同涛等[19]分析了不同矿柱宽度、埋深和相邻盐穴内压差等条件对盐穴储气库间矿柱受力和变形的影响规律。梁光川等[20]分析了在不同蠕变时间内、不同内压下储气库溶腔在不同直径处的变形量。尹雪英等[21]对金坛盐矿老腔储气库的长期稳定性进行了数值模拟,发现流变会引起溶腔体积的减小,溶腔内压对储气库体积减小有直接影响。刘冰冰等[22]就腔体埋深和蠕变率对盐穴储气库群地表沉降的影响进行了预测分析,结果表明地表沉陷集中在盐腔附近。屈丹安等[23]基于开采沉降的分层传递原理,对盐穴变形收缩引起的地表沉降及盐穴报废垮塌可能导致的地表沉降进行了预测。王志荣等[24]针对平顶山盐田盐层薄、夹层多、埋藏深的特点,对单腔、双腔和群腔等不同工况下层状盐穴储气库的地面沉降稳定性进行了研究。
目前,针对盐穴储气库的力学特性及围岩的稳定性研究较多,而地下盐穴储气库在实际运行过程中,流体流动与储气库围岩之间存在复杂的应力-渗流耦合过程[25]。另外,与利用盐穴储存天然气或压缩空气储能[26-27]不同,储气库中的超临界CO2密度接近流体,同时具有类似气体的扩散特性和黏度[28](黏度约为天然气的1.3~2.8倍),这种独特的物性组合使其与天然气等气体在岩石中的渗透、扩散具有显著差异[29];且利用盐穴进行CO2封存不存在周期性注采,是一个单向过程,盐穴储气库在长期封存下的密闭性与稳定性是研究的重点[7]
本文依托山西大宁县潜在的盐岩资源,基于有限元分析方法开展盐岩的流-固耦合特性研究,分析不同封存压力、矿柱间距条件下CO2长期封存的密闭性与稳定性,为山西大宁盐穴CO2封存提供理论基础。
盐穴储气库的流-固耦合分析是其安全性和稳定性评估的核心环节。在将超临界CO2注入盐穴的过程中,盐岩会发生显著的流变变形,同时流体压力变化也会影响盐岩的力学行为。在进行流-固耦合分析时,一般通过有效应力原理将流体力学和固体力学进行耦合。其中,岩石总应变包括弹性应变、塑性应变、温度引起的应变以及蠕变应变。由于研究区域盐岩厚度不大,所以忽略温度引起的应变,将岩石总应变表示为:
ε=εe+εp+εc
式中:ε为总应变;εe为弹性应变;εp为塑性应变;εc为蠕变应变。
对于弹性应变部分,可使用Hooke定律表示应力和应变的关系:
σe=C(Ei,υi)εe
式中:σe为弹性应力,MPa;CE,υ)为弹性刚度矩阵;Ei为杨氏模量,GPa;υi为泊松比;下标i为s表示盐岩,i为m则表示泥岩,下同。
对于塑性部分,盐岩的屈服函数采用Drucker-Prager准则:
f=J2+αpiI1kpi=0
式中:J2为第二偏应力不变量;I1为第一应力不变量,MPa;αpikpi为材料参数,其取值为:
αpi=2sinβi3(3sinβi)
kpi=6cicosβi3(3sinβi)
式中:βi为内摩擦角,°;ci为黏聚力,MPa。
塑性应变的改变量由流动法则确定:
Δεp=Δλgσp
式中:λ为塑性因子,由一致性条件求解;g为势函数;σp为塑性应力,MPa。
采用非关联性法则,势函数表示为:
g=2sinψ3(3sinψ)I1+J2
式中:ψ为剪胀角,°;J2为第二偏应力不变量。
对于蠕变应变部分,采用Norton模型表示有效应力对岩体的长期作用,并考虑温度的影响[30-31],在蠕变阶段岩石应变与时间的关系可表示为:
εct=Aexp(QRT)(σtσref)η
式中:σt为长期强度,MPa;σref为参考应力,MPa;A为蠕变系数,h–1η为蠕变指数;Q为激活自由能,kJ/mol;T为绝对温度,K;R为普氏气体常数,kJ/(mol·K)。
其中,长期强度可按式(9)计算:
σt=12[(σ1σ2)2+(σ2σ3)2+(σ3σ1)2]12
式中:σ1为第一主应力,MPa;σ2为第二主应力,MPa;σ3为第三主应力,MPa。
在进行瞬态求解时,运动方程可表示为:
ρi2dt2=(σe+σp)+Fv
式中:ρi为岩石密度,kg/m3d为位移矢量,m;Fv为体积力,MPa。
渗流场会影响盐岩的应力场,在流体压力作用下盐岩发生蠕变变形,导致盐岩溶腔体积变化;由于超临界CO2的可压缩性远大于液体,腔体体积的改变又会使腔体压力产生变化。渗流场对盐岩应力场的影响主要通过有效应力体现,渗流场分布影响应力场中有效应力的分布。依据有效应力原理,将有效应力分为流态分应力和固态分应力:
σe+σp=σf+σs
式中:σf为流态分应力,MPa;σs为固态分应力,MPa。其中,流态分应力表示为:
σf=αp
式中:α为Biot系数;p为CO2压力,MPa。
在盐穴封存CO2的过程中,考虑CO2的压缩性,流体运动的连续性方程可表示为:
ρfSpt+(ρfu)=0
式中:ρf为CO2密度,kg/m3S为储存系数,1/Pa;u为CO2流速,m/s。
由于CO2可压缩性较强,忽略其密度变化会导致结果失真。为了尽可能还原CO2的真实流动状态,同时降低模型计算压力,使用线性压缩表示CO2密度与压力的关系:
ρf=ρ0[1+χ(pp0)]
式中:ρ0为CO2初始密度,kg/m3χ为压缩系数,1/Pa;p0为CO2初始压力,MPa。
储存系数可按式(15)计算:
S=φiχ
式中:φi为岩层i的孔隙度。
盐岩的孔隙度和渗透率极低,超临界CO2在盐岩中以低速渗流,雷诺数远小于1,盐岩为均质各向同性,且不与超临界CO2发生反应,其流动通常可以视为层流[32],此时CO2在岩层中的流动速度可以使用达西定律表示:
u=kiμ(pρfg)
式中:ki为盐岩渗透率,m2μ为CO2动力黏度,Pa·s;g为重力加速度,m/s2
大宁-吉县区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘晋西挠褶带南端与伊陕斜坡东南缘,总体形态为北西倾的大型单斜构造,地层平缓,倾角小于10°。其中主要含盐岩地层为奥陶系马家沟组一段中的II号盐岩矿层,即目标地层。地层埋深为1 964.44~2 088.32 m,厚度123.88 m,圈定矿层形状为三角形,推断面积为152.56 km2,地层中的矿物无色透明,为巨晶结构、中-厚层状构造,主要成分为NaCl。矿层共含24层夹层,模型边界范围内含有2条夹层,均为泥灰岩,夹层为泥晶结构、块状构造,主要成分为黏土矿物及方解石,夹层厚度较小,仅0.11~ 1.77 m,具有优异的建腔条件。
根据大宁县地质勘察资料,选取位于马家沟组一段中部的II号盐岩矿层作为目标地层,利用COMSOL软件建立大宁县试验区地质模型(图1),建立长度为800.0 m(X方向)、深度为120.0 m(Y方向)的盐岩层作为储层。根据实际地质条件,在盐岩储层高13.32、52.44 m处分别设置厚度1.20、0.83 m的泥岩夹层。盐岩层中有2个形状为钟形的溶腔,溶腔高度55.91 m,最大直径57.80 m,相邻盐腔矿柱间距为86.7 m。《盐穴储气库腔体设计技术要求》(SY/T 7689—2023)规定[33],腔体顶部预留高度宜大于35 m,底部预留高度宜大于2 m,因此将溶腔顶部高度设置在80 m处(埋深2 004 m),保证腔体顶部预留高度为40 m,底部预留高度为20 m。
对于固体力学边界,模型底部采用固定约束,模型四周采用辊支撑约束。由于模型未建至地表,因此模型顶部使用应力边界模拟上覆岩层自重,可按式(17)计算:
σtop=ρsghtop
式中:σtop为上覆岩层自重,MPa;htop为上覆岩层厚度,m。
同时,在初始条件下模型内部应力条件受重力影响,表示为:
σ0=σtop+ρsg(120h)
式中:σ0为模型内部初始应力,MPa;h为模型厚度,m。
对于流体力学边界,溶腔处使用恒压边界模拟CO2封存产生的压力环境,四周和底部边界为无流动边界,顶部同样使用恒压边界模拟静水压力,可按式(19)计算:
ptop=ρfghtop
式中:ptop为模型顶部静水压力,MPa。
同时,在初始条件下模型内部孔隙压力受重力影响,表示为:
p0=ptop+ρfg(120h)
式中:p0为模型内部初始静水压力,MPa。
模型采用自由四面体网格,盐岩层和盖层的计算单元最小为14.4 m,最大为30 m,共85 838个单元;夹层的计算单元最小为8.8 m,最大为20 m,共30 670个单元。地质模型几何尺寸及边界条件如图1所示。
模型中的部分参数参考已有盐穴封存CO2相关成果的取值,蠕变相关参数通过拟合文献中的实测数据获得[1319-24]。此外,部分参数参考了《山西省大宁县昕水岩盐资源调查》中的相关记录,模型中参数、对应变量以及取值如表1所示。
不同的气体封存压力会影响盐穴腔体的密闭性。《盐穴地下储气库安全技术规程》(SY/T 6806—2010)规定[39]:盐穴地下储气库上限压力不得高于地层破裂压力的80%,同时也不得高于上覆地层压力的80%。此外,其下限压力不能过低,以防止储气库失稳被破坏[34]。因此,设置4种封存压力工况:17、23、27、33 MPa。以CO2压力表征储气库中CO2的影响范围,以CO2泄漏范围为储气库密闭性评价指标,研究不同封存压力对盐穴储气库密闭性能的影响。图2为27 MPa封存压力下CO2渗漏范围的演化。由图2可知:随着运行时间的增加,由于腔体内的气体压力较高,储气库中的气体会不断地往地层内缓慢渗流,且渗透范围不断增大;而夹层的孔隙率和渗透率较盐岩高2个数量级,因此夹层的气体渗流速度比盐岩快,渗透范围大于盐岩,夹层是气体泄漏的主要通道。
图3为不同封存压力下腔体内CO2气体的泄漏范围随时间演化情况。
图3可知:0~10年内,气体的泄漏范围快速增大,此时气体的运移速率较快;10~50年间,气体运移速率有所降低,泄漏范围按照某一速率增加,封存压力越大,气体泄漏速率越快,泄漏范围越大;在50年时封存压力分别为17、23、27、33 MPa下,气体的泄漏范围分别为47、67、73、84 m。
气体封存压力会影响盐穴储气库的长期稳定性,竖向位移作为稳定性评价指标需要被重点关注[23]。为研究同一深度围岩在不同封存压力下的位移分布情况,在腔体顶部深度处(埋深2 004 m)设置截线,截线在不同封存压力下最终时刻的竖向位移分布如图4所示。
图4可知:同一深度的围岩中,储气库中心处的竖向位移最大,并向两侧递减;在封存压力为17、23、27、33 MPa时,腔体顶部的竖向位移分别为–11.1、12.9、28.8、53.3 mm,随着封存压力的增加,腔体顶部的竖向位移显著增大。当封存压力为17 MPa时,封存CO2盐穴储气库的封存压力小于围岩的孔隙压力,此时腔体顶部位移向下,储气库顶板有垮塌的风险,因此储气库的封存压力不宜过低。
此外,2个盐穴腔体之间会互相影响,因此腔体中间围岩处的竖向位移会大于同一深度下两侧围岩的竖向位移。当封存压力分别为17、23、27、33 MPa时,两腔体中点处围岩竖向位移分别为–7.10、8.40、18.80、34.42 mm。随着封存压力增加,同一深度的围岩竖向位移的影响范围也越大:100 m范围内封存压力对竖向位移的影响较大;100~200 m范围内影响较小,仅10 mm左右;200 m以外则影响很小,符合地表变形的一般规律。
在不考虑构造应力的情况下,当地下储气库的埋深超过1 500 m时,垂直应力方向一般为最大应力方向,因此以垂直应力为盐穴储气库的稳定性指标,研究不同封存压力对盐穴储气库围岩垂直应力的影响。腔体顶部围岩在不同封存压力下的垂直应力如图5所示。
图5可知,在同一深度处垂直应力呈对称分布,远离腔体的围岩垂直应力接近50 MPa,越接近腔体位置其垂直应力越大,而在腔体正上方处围岩的垂直应力则快速降低,仅有8~10 MPa。因此要注意腔体顶部可能存在张拉破坏的情况,盐穴腔体中间的围岩应力略高于腔体两侧的围岩应力,说明2个相邻腔体之间的相互作用对围岩的垂直应力有影响。
随着封存压力的增加,储气库围岩的垂直应力降低,腔体左侧围岩在封存压力17、23、27、33 MPa下的垂直应力最大值分别为64.4、67.6、69.7、72.8 MPa,两腔体中间围岩垂直应力最大值分别为65.8、69.5、71.9、75.6 MPa,因此在变形允许范围内,适当增大储气库的气体封存压力可以降低围岩应力。
此外,储气库围岩的塑性区分布反映围岩的屈服状态,其范围大小与连通性决定储气库的长期稳定性,是评价储气库稳定性的重要指标。不同封存压力下储气库围岩的塑性区分布范围如图6所示。由图6可知:储气库围岩的塑性区主要分布在腔体两侧以及中部的不规则突出部位;因设置的封存压力较高,腔体两侧的塑性区并未连通。封存压力与塑性区范围呈显著负相关关系,腔体封存压力越高,围岩的塑性区范围越小:在封存压力为17 MPa时塑性区最大范围为22 m;封存压力为23 MPa时塑性区最大范围为11.8 m,较封存压力为17 MPa时降低了约50%;封存压力为27、33 MPa时,塑性区范围分别为8、4 m,较封存压力为17 MPa时分别降低了63.6%、81.8%。
矿柱间距指2个腔体之间围岩的距离,盐穴储气库的矿柱间距是建库时的重要参数,对腔体的密闭性和腔体之间围岩的稳定性均有影响。参照前人的研究[1924],选取盐穴腔体最大直径的1.0、1.5、2.0、3.0倍间距为矿柱间距,即57.8、86.7、115.6、173.4 m作为工况(封存压力为27 MPa)。图7为腔体在不同矿柱间距下的气体泄漏范围。
图7可知:第50年时泄漏范围为60~63 m;不同矿柱间距下气体的泄漏速度与范围基本一致,矿柱间距对气体泄漏速率的影响较小。考虑腔体之间的气体尽量不接触,同时又尽可能地利用资源,2个盐穴腔体之间的矿柱间距最好为其直径的1.5~2.0倍。
不同矿柱间距下腔体顶部深度处最终时刻的竖向位移分布如图8所示。由图8可知,在同一深度的围岩中,储气库顶点的竖向位移最大,腔体顶部在1.0、1.5、2.0和3.0倍间距下的竖向位移分别为32.5、29.9、28.8和27.6 mm,两腔体中点围岩处的竖向位移分别为24.2、18.2、15.5和10.5 mm。
储气库围岩的竖向位移随矿柱间距的增大而减小,因此可以通过合理增大矿柱间距来降低相邻盐穴腔体之间的互相影响,但间距过大会造成盐岩资源浪费,因此2个相邻盐穴腔体的矿柱间距在其直径的1.5~2.0倍之间较为合理。
腔体顶部围岩在不同矿柱间距下的垂直应力分布如图9所示。由图9可知:在同一深度处垂直应力沿两腔体的中点呈对称分布,腔体两侧围岩垂直应力为57~58 MPa;腔体对地应力的影响范围约为110 m,超过110 m范围围岩的垂直应力在50 MPa左右,接近于真实垂直地应力。改变储气库的矿柱间距主要对两储气库中间围岩的垂直应力有影响:在1.0倍和1.5倍间距时,中间围岩的垂直应力分别为65.9、60.9 MPa,大于腔体两侧的垂直应力;在2.0倍和3.0倍间距时,中间围岩的垂直应力分别为56.9、52.9 MPa,小于腔体两侧的垂直应力。实际工程中可通过增大盐腔间距来合理降低矿柱间的围岩应力,2个盐穴腔体的间距最好不小于其最大直径的1.5倍。
相邻盐穴开挖后,各自的塑性区会向矿柱方向扩展。当矿柱间距较小时,2个盐穴的塑性区可能相互重叠,形成连通的塑性区带。在封存压力为27 MPa时不同矿柱间距条件下储气库的塑性区分布如图10所示。由图10可知,在封存压力为27 MPa时,不同矿柱间距下储气库的塑性区范围基本一致,在9~10 m之间,说明改变矿柱间距对储气库的塑性区分布影响较小。
基于有限元方法建立了大宁县试验区盐穴封存CO2的数值模型,以泄漏范围为密闭性指标,以围岩竖向位移和垂直应力为稳定性指标,进行了不同封存压力、不同盐穴矿柱间距条件下的盐穴封存CO2数值模拟,得到如下结论。
1)夹层的孔隙率和渗透率高于盐岩,是气体泄漏的主要通道。CO2气体在封存后前10年在盐穴储气库中的泄漏范围和运移速率较大,之后以某一固定速率泄漏。封存压力越高,气体的泄漏范围就越大,运移速率也越快,腔体的密闭性能越差,在封存压力分别为17、23、27、33 MPa下,气体的泄漏范围分别为47、67、73、84 m;而不同矿柱间距对气体泄漏范围与速率的影响较小,其对储气库密闭性的影响主要体现在是否会导致相邻储气库之间的气体接触而加速CO2泄漏。
2)同一深度的围岩中,储气库中心处的竖向位移最大,并向两侧递减,且2个盐穴腔体之间会互相影响,导致中间围岩的竖向位移和垂直应力大于两侧围岩。同一深度下的围岩竖向位移随封存压力的增加而增加,随矿柱间距的增加而降低,在封存压力为17、23、27、33 MPa时,腔体顶部的竖向位移分别为–11.1、12.9、28.8、53.3 mm,在矿柱间距为1.0、1.5、2.0、3.0倍时,腔体顶部的竖向位移分别为32.5、29.9、28.8、27.6 mm,封存压力对位移的影响大于矿柱间距对位移的影响。
3)同一深度处围岩的垂直应力呈对称分布,腔体两侧越靠近腔体的围岩其垂直应力越大,而在腔体正上方处围岩的垂直应力则快速降低。同一深度处围岩的垂直应力随封存压力和矿柱间距的增加而降低,增加封存压力可降低整体围岩的垂直应力,而增大矿柱间距会降低腔体中间围岩的垂直应力。
4)封存压力与围岩塑性区范围呈显著的负相关关系:腔体封存压力越高,围岩塑性区范围就越小,当封存压力从17 MPa增加到23、27、33 MPa时,围岩塑性区最大范围分别降低了50%、63.6%、81.8%。而矿柱间距对储气库塑性区的影响较小,在保证封存压力下改变矿柱间距基本不会改变围岩的塑性区范围。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506118
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
  • 修回日期:2025-08-02
  • 录用日期:2025-08-19
基金
Key Technology Research on Selecting Sites for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Underground Saltwater Aquifer in Shanxi Province(202102090301009)
山西省地下咸水层二氧化碳地质封存选址关键技术研究(202102090301009)
Shanxi Provincial Department of Natural Resources 2023 Geological Survey Project(2023-1-29)
山西省自然资源厅2023年度地质勘查项目(2023-1-29)
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    1.山西省煤炭地质一四八勘查院有限公司,山西 太原 030024
    2.山西省二氧化碳地质封存技术创新中心,山西 太原 030024
    3.东北大学资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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