Article(id=1295064707338096740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747929600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-23, revisedDate=1750348800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-20, acceptedDate=1751212800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-30, onlineDate=1786697087368, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697087368, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697087368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697087368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064706872528996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697087257, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698896936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064707690418278, articleId=1295064707338096740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Performance analysis and optimization of 300 MW adiabatic compressed air energy storage system, columnId=1295064707514257509, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage materials, devices, and systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Current researches on advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) systems primarily focus on optimizing designs and analyzing performance under off-design conditions based on fixed system structures, with limited attention to system-level optimization involving predefined operational modes. By taking a 300 MW-class asymmetric AA-CAES system featuring four-stage compression and three-stage expansion as the object, a novel variable-pressure (sliding-pressure) operation strategy is proposed, along with a matching design between compression and expansion stages. A quasi-dynamic thermodynamic model is developed to analyze and optimize the full charge-discharge cycle performance under fixed time constraints with sliding-pressure control. The results show that the optimized sliding-pressure mode improves the system’s round-trip efficiency to 73.32%, increases the energy density to 3.404 kW·h/m³, and reduces the required air storage volume to 440 000 m³ (only one-fourth of that under constant-pressure operation). Exergy losses are mainly concentrated in the compressors and turbines, accounting for 40.7% and 29.3% respectively. The isentropic efficiency and heat recovery capability of these components has significant influence on overall performance of the system.

, authors=Weiguo ZHANG1, Chuang WU1, Fang LUO2, Lihua FAN2, Juanli WANG2, authorsList=Weiguo ZHANG, Chuang WU, Fang LUO, Lihua FAN, Juanli WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064715596681336, articleId=1295064707338096740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=300 MW级绝热压缩空气储能系统性能分析与优化研究, columnId=1295064707795275879, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能材料、装置及系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当前针对先进绝热压缩空气储能(AA-CAES)系统的研究多基于既定结构开展优化设计与变工况性能分析,缺乏对运行模式进行预设的系统级优化。以300 MW等级四级压缩/三级膨胀的非对称AA-CAES系统为对象,创新提出滑压运行策略及压缩-膨胀级间匹配设计,构建准动态热力学模型,实现了在固定时间约束下对滑压控制充放电全过程的性能分析与参数优化。结果表明:优化后的滑压模式可将储能效率提升至73.32%,能量密度达3.404 kW·h/m³,所需储气体积缩减至44万m³,仅为定压模式的1/4。系统㶲损主要集中在压缩机和透平,分别占总损失的40.7%和29.3%;设备的等熵效率和热回收能力对整体性能具有显著影响。

, authors=张卫国1, 吴闯1, 罗方2, 范立华2, 王娟丽2, authorsList=张卫国, 吴闯, 罗方, 范立华, 王娟丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴闯, authorNote=

张卫国(2002),硕士研究生,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能科学与技术,

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吴闯(1990),博士,副教授,主要研究方向为低碳能源系统与新型储能技术,
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Renewable Energy Resources, 2025, 43(3): 316-323., articleTitle=Key start-up performance research for compression and expansion process of large-capacity compressed air energy storage system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295064725474267324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, awardId=52206003, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064725558153405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, awardId=52206003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52206003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064715823173753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064715835756666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, companyId=1295064715823173753, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064715848339579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, companyId=1295064715823173753, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.重庆大学能源与动力工程学院,重庆 400044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1295064715919642748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064715932225661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, companyId=1295064715919642748, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Dongfang Electric Corporation, 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=图3, caption=系统部件㶲损分布, figureFileSmall=ziBwgCOvzWQXVZpOTIlqfw==, figureFileBig=oCQvFbrVDcX/7Lt3Q+Kbig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722068492454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of sliding pressure range on energy storage efficiency and energy density, figureFileSmall=ly3ug+dfvoYJcqGLuu1I1A==, figureFileBig=StRXRFpApm/ypr5V9gLTBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722143989927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=图4, caption=滑压范围对储能效率和能量密度的影响, figureFileSmall=ly3ug+dfvoYJcqGLuu1I1A==, figureFileBig=StRXRFpApm/ypr5V9gLTBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722206904488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of the outlet temperature of compressors 1~3 on the energy storage efficiency and energy density, figureFileSmall=W47gY58fRqrclJh2tvjcFQ==, figureFileBig=eFFkZwtCXfIccz8K5Sb3Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722286596265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=图5, caption=压缩机1—3出口温度对储能效率和能量密度的影响, figureFileSmall=W47gY58fRqrclJh2tvjcFQ==, figureFileBig=eFFkZwtCXfIccz8K5Sb3Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722349510826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of the clamping point temperature difference of heat exchangers on energy storage efficiency and energy density, figureFileSmall=Huh/VI2nGGklFVC69e27cQ==, figureFileBig=3LJmeKwZjUnDcRLVwj5d+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722408231083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=图6, caption=换热器夹点温差对储能效率和能量密度的影响, figureFileSmall=Huh/VI2nGGklFVC69e27cQ==, figureFileBig=3LJmeKwZjUnDcRLVwj5d+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722471145644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of the outlet temperature of the turbine 2~3 on the energy storage efficiency and energy density, figureFileSmall=lcllcFI3oh0pkUlnbxi1Zg==, figureFileBig=/X0ODBNNzhyzy989SnPEdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722542448813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=图7, caption=透平2—3的出口温度对储能效率和能量密度的影响, figureFileSmall=lcllcFI3oh0pkUlnbxi1Zg==, figureFileBig=/X0ODBNNzhyzy989SnPEdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722609557678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Pressure changes during the charging and discharging process of air storage tanks, figureFileSmall=s0q97TrrVwElkm3GHLVCbQ==, figureFileBig=yyHag1Mq6IOxx9gT3eyZxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722676666543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=图8, caption=空气储罐充放电过程压力变化, figureFileSmall=s0q97TrrVwElkm3GHLVCbQ==, figureFileBig=yyHag1Mq6IOxx9gT3eyZxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064722735386800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Energy models of the components in the compressed air energy storage system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件能量方程
压缩机1Com,1=cha∙(ho,2-ho,1)/(ηcom_ele ηcom_eleηcom_mech
压缩机2Com,2=cha∙(ho,5-ho,4)/(ηcom_eleηcom_mech
压缩机3Com,3=cha∙(ho,8-ho,7)/(ηcom_eleηcom_mech
压缩机4Com,4=cha∙(ho,11-ho,12)/(ηcom_eleηcom_mech
透平1Tur,1=dis∙(hi,15-ho,16)∙ηtur_eleηtur_mech
透平2Tur,2=dis∙(hi,17-ho,18)∙ηtur_eleηtur_mech
透平3Tur,3=dis∙(hi,19-ho,20)∙ηtur_eleηtur_mech
冷却器1 Q˙Cooler,1=m˙cha(hi,2ho,3)=m˙wat,1(ho,1hhi,1c)
冷却器2 Q˙Cooler,2=m˙cha(hi,5ho,6)=m˙wat,2(ho,2hhi,2c)
冷却器3 Q˙Cooler,3=m˙cha(hi,8ho,9)=m˙wat,3(ho,3hhi,3c)
冷却器4 Q˙Cooler,4=m˙cha(hi,11ho,12)=m˙wat,4(ho,4ohi,4i)
再冷器1 Q˙HEC,1=m˙cha(hi,3ho,4)=m˙wat,1(ho,1ohi,1i)
再冷器2 Q˙HEC,2=m˙cha(hi,6ho,7)=m˙wat,2(ho,2ohi,2i)
再冷器3 Q˙HEC,3=m˙cha(hi,9ho,10)=m˙wat,3(ho,3ohi,3i)
再冷器4 Q˙HEC,4=m˙wat(hi,CWTho,3c)=m˙wat,4(ho,5ohi,5i)
加热器1 Q˙Heater,1=m˙dis(ho,15hi,14)=m˙wat,1(hi,4hho,4c)
加热器2 Q˙Heater,2=m˙dis(ho,17hi,16)=m˙wat,2(hi,5hho,5c)
加热器3 Q˙Heater,3=m˙dis(ho,19hi,18)=m˙wat,3(hi,6hho,6c)
节流阀hi,13=ho,14
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压缩空气储能系统部件能量模型

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部件能量方程
压缩机1Com,1=cha∙(ho,2-ho,1)/(ηcom_ele ηcom_eleηcom_mech
压缩机2Com,2=cha∙(ho,5-ho,4)/(ηcom_eleηcom_mech
压缩机3Com,3=cha∙(ho,8-ho,7)/(ηcom_eleηcom_mech
压缩机4Com,4=cha∙(ho,11-ho,12)/(ηcom_eleηcom_mech
透平1Tur,1=dis∙(hi,15-ho,16)∙ηtur_eleηtur_mech
透平2Tur,2=dis∙(hi,17-ho,18)∙ηtur_eleηtur_mech
透平3Tur,3=dis∙(hi,19-ho,20)∙ηtur_eleηtur_mech
冷却器1 Q˙Cooler,1=m˙cha(hi,2ho,3)=m˙wat,1(ho,1hhi,1c)
冷却器2 Q˙Cooler,2=m˙cha(hi,5ho,6)=m˙wat,2(ho,2hhi,2c)
冷却器3 Q˙Cooler,3=m˙cha(hi,8ho,9)=m˙wat,3(ho,3hhi,3c)
冷却器4 Q˙Cooler,4=m˙cha(hi,11ho,12)=m˙wat,4(ho,4ohi,4i)
再冷器1 Q˙HEC,1=m˙cha(hi,3ho,4)=m˙wat,1(ho,1ohi,1i)
再冷器2 Q˙HEC,2=m˙cha(hi,6ho,7)=m˙wat,2(ho,2ohi,2i)
再冷器3 Q˙HEC,3=m˙cha(hi,9ho,10)=m˙wat,3(ho,3ohi,3i)
再冷器4 Q˙HEC,4=m˙wat(hi,CWTho,3c)=m˙wat,4(ho,5ohi,5i)
加热器1 Q˙Heater,1=m˙dis(ho,15hi,14)=m˙wat,1(hi,4hho,4c)
加热器2 Q˙Heater,2=m˙dis(ho,17hi,16)=m˙wat,2(hi,5hho,5c)
加热器3 Q˙Heater,3=m˙dis(ho,19hi,18)=m˙wat,3(hi,6hho,6c)
节流阀hi,13=ho,14
), ArticleFig(id=1295064724572491954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Verification of simulation accuracy in energy storage process of the compressors 1~4

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项目计算值文献[15]值
功耗/MW44.13/39.11/38.14/16.1644.13/38.86/37.97/16.13
进口压力/MPa0.10/0.43/1.51/5.050.10/0.43/1.52/5.01
进口温度/℃20/40/40/4020/40/40/40
出口压力/MPa0.48/1.55/5.08/8.800.47/1.56/5.05/8.80
出口温度/℃195.0/195.0/195.0/104.6195.0/195.0/195.0/105.0
等熵效率/%91.2/87.5/85.0/87.191.2/86.9/85.8/87.0
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压缩机1—4储能过程仿真精度验证

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项目计算值文献[15]值
功耗/MW44.13/39.11/38.14/16.1644.13/38.86/37.97/16.13
进口压力/MPa0.10/0.43/1.51/5.050.10/0.43/1.52/5.01
进口温度/℃20/40/40/4020/40/40/40
出口压力/MPa0.48/1.55/5.08/8.800.47/1.56/5.05/8.80
出口温度/℃195.0/195.0/195.0/104.6195.0/195.0/195.0/105.0
等熵效率/%91.2/87.5/85.0/87.191.2/86.9/85.8/87.0
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Verification of simulation accuracy in energy release process of the turbines 1~3

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项目计算值文献[16]值
功率/MW99.47/99.03/101.5099.65/98.02/102.15
进口压力/MPa8.80/2.07/0.468.80/2.08/0.46
进口温度/℃170/170/170170/170/170
出口压力/MPa2.12/0.51/0.102.13/0.51/0.10
出口温度/℃32.8/33.0/22.033.0/33.0/22.0
等熵效率/%91.5/92.2/91.092.0/91.8/90.2
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透平1—3释能过程仿真精度验证

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项目计算值文献[16]值
功率/MW99.47/99.03/101.5099.65/98.02/102.15
进口压力/MPa8.80/2.07/0.468.80/2.08/0.46
进口温度/℃170/170/170170/170/170
出口压力/MPa2.12/0.51/0.102.13/0.51/0.10
出口温度/℃32.8/33.0/22.033.0/33.0/22.0
等熵效率/%91.5/92.2/91.092.0/91.8/90.2
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Basic input data for the typical operation conditions

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项目数值
发电功率/MW300
环境温度/℃20
环境压力/MPa0.103
压缩机1/2/3出口温度/℃195
储冷水罐温度/℃50
储热水罐温度/℃180
冷却器、再冷器、加热器夹点温差/℃10
冷凝器、再冷器、加热器、压降/MPa0.040
冷却塔冷凝水温度/℃30
压缩机1—4等熵效率/%91.2/87.5/85.0/87.1
压缩机1—4机械效率、电气效率/%99/98
透平1—3等熵效率/%92.3/93.2/93.0
透平1—3机械效率、电气效率/%99/98
空气储罐压力变化范围/MPa6.800~8.800
循环水压力/MPa2.000
), ArticleFig(id=1295064725059031223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

典型工况的基本输入参数

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项目数值
发电功率/MW300
环境温度/℃20
环境压力/MPa0.103
压缩机1/2/3出口温度/℃195
储冷水罐温度/℃50
储热水罐温度/℃180
冷却器、再冷器、加热器夹点温差/℃10
冷凝器、再冷器、加热器、压降/MPa0.040
冷却塔冷凝水温度/℃30
压缩机1—4等熵效率/%91.2/87.5/85.0/87.1
压缩机1—4机械效率、电气效率/%99/98
透平1—3等熵效率/%92.3/93.2/93.0
透平1—3机械效率、电气效率/%99/98
空气储罐压力变化范围/MPa6.800~8.800
循环水压力/MPa2.000
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Value range of the optimization parameters for the energy storage system

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优化参数取值范围
滑压/节流降压范围/MPa1~3
压缩机1—3出口温度/℃190~210
换热器夹点温差/℃5~15
透平2—3出口温度/℃20~50
), ArticleFig(id=1295064725226803385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

储能系统优化参数取值范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化参数取值范围
滑压/节流降压范围/MPa1~3
压缩机1—3出口温度/℃190~210
换热器夹点温差/℃5~15
透平2—3出口温度/℃20~50
), ArticleFig(id=1295064725302300858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Key parameters’ optimization results for sliding-pressure and constant-pressure discharge modes in the CAES system

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项目滑压释能定压释能
优化前优化后优化前优化后
空气储罐滑压范围/MPa6.8~8.85.8~8.86.8~8.87.8~8.8
压缩机1—3出口温度/℃195.00190.00195.00190.00
换热器夹点温差/℃10.005.0010.005.00
透平2—3出口温度/℃36.4031.9036.4029.63
储能效率/%71.9073.3270.1072.30
储气室体积/万m³704472173
能量密度/(kW·h·m–32.1253.4042.0700.863
), ArticleFig(id=1295064725373604027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064707338096740, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

储能系统滑压释能与定压释能关键参数对比优化结果

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项目滑压释能定压释能
优化前优化后优化前优化后
空气储罐滑压范围/MPa6.8~8.85.8~8.86.8~8.87.8~8.8
压缩机1—3出口温度/℃195.00190.00195.00190.00
换热器夹点温差/℃10.005.0010.005.00
透平2—3出口温度/℃36.4031.9036.4029.63
储能效率/%71.9073.3270.1072.30
储气室体积/万m³704472173
能量密度/(kW·h·m–32.1253.4042.0700.863
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300 MW级绝热压缩空气储能系统性能分析与优化研究
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张卫国 1 , 吴闯 1 , 罗方 2 , 范立华 2 , 王娟丽 2
热力发电 | 储能材料、装置及系统 2026,55(2): 32-40
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热力发电 |储能材料、装置及系统 2026 , 55 (2) : 32 -40
300 MW级绝热压缩空气储能系统性能分析与优化研究
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张卫国1 , 吴闯1 , 罗方2, 范立华2, 王娟丽2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆大学能源与动力工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 2.东方电气集团东方汽轮机有限公司,四川 德阳 618000
通讯作者:
吴闯(1990),博士,副教授,主要研究方向为低碳能源系统与新型储能技术,
作者简介:

张卫国(2002),硕士研究生,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能科学与技术,

Performance analysis and optimization of 300 MW adiabatic compressed air energy storage system
Weiguo ZHANG1 , Chuang WU1 , Fang LUO2, Lihua FAN2, Juanli WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 2.Dongfang Electric Corporation, Dongfang Turbine Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505092
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当前针对先进绝热压缩空气储能(AA-CAES)系统的研究多基于既定结构开展优化设计与变工况性能分析,缺乏对运行模式进行预设的系统级优化。以300 MW等级四级压缩/三级膨胀的非对称AA-CAES系统为对象,创新提出滑压运行策略及压缩-膨胀级间匹配设计,构建准动态热力学模型,实现了在固定时间约束下对滑压控制充放电全过程的性能分析与参数优化。结果表明:优化后的滑压模式可将储能效率提升至73.32%,能量密度达3.404 kW·h/m³,所需储气体积缩减至44万m³,仅为定压模式的1/4。系统㶲损主要集中在压缩机和透平,分别占总损失的40.7%和29.3%;设备的等熵效率和热回收能力对整体性能具有显著影响。

绝热压缩空气储能  /  储能系统  /  储能效率  /  能量密度

Current researches on advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) systems primarily focus on optimizing designs and analyzing performance under off-design conditions based on fixed system structures, with limited attention to system-level optimization involving predefined operational modes. By taking a 300 MW-class asymmetric AA-CAES system featuring four-stage compression and three-stage expansion as the object, a novel variable-pressure (sliding-pressure) operation strategy is proposed, along with a matching design between compression and expansion stages. A quasi-dynamic thermodynamic model is developed to analyze and optimize the full charge-discharge cycle performance under fixed time constraints with sliding-pressure control. The results show that the optimized sliding-pressure mode improves the system’s round-trip efficiency to 73.32%, increases the energy density to 3.404 kW·h/m³, and reduces the required air storage volume to 440 000 m³ (only one-fourth of that under constant-pressure operation). Exergy losses are mainly concentrated in the compressors and turbines, accounting for 40.7% and 29.3% respectively. The isentropic efficiency and heat recovery capability of these components has significant influence on overall performance of the system.

adiabatic compressed air energy storage  /  energy storage system  /  energy storage efficiency  /  energy density
张卫国, 吴闯, 罗方, 范立华, 王娟丽. 300 MW级绝热压缩空气储能系统性能分析与优化研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (2) : 32 -40 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505092
Weiguo ZHANG, Chuang WU, Fang LUO, Lihua FAN, Juanli WANG. Performance analysis and optimization of 300 MW adiabatic compressed air energy storage system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (2) : 32 -40 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505092
随着“双碳”目标的深入推进,风能、太阳能等可再生能源的开发与利用日益受到关注[1]。然而,此类能源具有间歇性、波动性和随机性,容易对电力系统的稳定运行构成挑战。在此背景下,大规模储能技术被广泛认为是提升电网调节能力、增强可再生能源消纳能力的关键支撑[2]。其中,压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)因具备储能容量大、寿命长、运行成本低等优势而备受关注[3],目前其单机装机容量已达百兆瓦级[4],被视为应对新能源波动性的重要技术路径。
作为一种新型清洁CAES形式,绝热压缩空气储能(AA-CAES)近年来发展迅速。该技术通过纯物理方式实现能量转化,具有二次碳零排放、无电化学污染等优势,尤其适用于大规模集中式风电与光伏电站的联合调节[5]。然而,系统效率偏低与建设成本较高仍是制约其推广应用的关键问题,提升系统综合性能仍是当前研究的重点方向。
系统性能优化设计一直是AA-CAES研究的重点方向之一[6]。Jiang等人[7]建立了两级压缩与两级膨胀的多联产的600 kW级AA-CAES系统模型,优化后往返效率达89.8%,热效率为68%。吴金龙等[8]研究了压缩/膨胀级数、换热器热端温差、节流阀压降对100 MW级AA-CAES热力性能和经济性的影响,发现二级压缩、二级膨胀系统效率高、成本低,其效率可达72.64%。此外,张梦洁等[9]构建并实验验证了千瓦级绝热压缩空气储能系统模型,研究发现增加压缩级数、优化压缩比分布可提升系统效率。综上所述,现有压缩空气储能系统的优化设计主要侧重于设计工况点的性能评估,尚缺乏针对预设储能与释能全过程运行模式的系统性能优化设计分析。
在运行策略方面,滑压运行模式近年来日益受到关注。Guo等人[10]发现节流阀是A-CAES系统中造成大量能量损失的主要原因。在滑动压力运行模式下,高压级膨胀机的进口压力随储气压力变化,有效消除了节流过程,显著减小了能量损失。韩中合等[11]建立100 MW级AA-CAES系统模型,提出3种膨胀机运行方式,通过数值计算得出滑压运行时储能效率和密度最大,且关键参数对不同运行方式系统性能影响显著。He等人[12]设计4种高压级涡轮并模拟其在小兆瓦级CAES系统中的性能,对比滑压CAES系统性能,发现7 MPa进口压力设计的涡轮在4~13 MPa储气压范围内综合性能最优(㶲效率75.08%、往返效率68.02%、储能密度38.55 MJ/m3),相比传统节流阀系统㶲效率提升3.3%,并显著降低㶲损。Zhao等人[13]对A-CAES系统的定压运行模式与滑压运行模式进行了对比,发现两者的用能效率分别为44.56%和45.16%,表明滑压模式不仅能够提升系统效率,还能延长释能时间。Shi等人[14]研究了100 MW级AA-CAES系统在滑压充放电运行下的热经济性能,建立了能量和经济模型,重点分析了滑压范围对系统往返效率和总资本成本的影响,得出每增加1 MPa滑压范围,效率提升0.16%,成本降低1.3×107美元。上述研究主要基于工况优化设计的系统,探讨滑压运行策略在不同工况下的性能表现,尚未充分考虑滑压运行与系统性能优化设计的一体化问题。
总体而言,现有AA-CAES研究在结构优化和运行策略方面虽已取得初步成果,但仍存在以下不足:1)研究对象主要集中于容量不超过100 MW的中小型系统,循环结构多采用对称的两级或四级配置,缺乏对300 MW等级、结构非对称系统的系统性研究;2)滑压策略通常作为后期运行策略附加,未能与结构设计过程协同考虑,限制了其效率提升潜力;3)建模过程中多假设充放电功率恒定,未能充分反映储气压力动态变化下各级设备运行状态的变化;4)对固定充放电时间等实际运行约束下的功率分配与系统性能之间关系研究相对较少。
为此,以300 MW等级、四级压缩—三级膨胀的AA-CAES系统为研究对象,结合储气压力波动特性,引入滑压运行策略并融入系统结构设计过程,重点关注末级压缩机与首级膨胀机的协同匹配问题。在此基础上,构建考虑动态变化特性的准动态热力学模型,分析典型运行参数对系统性能的影响,并以储能效率为目标,采用遗传算法对关键设计参数进行优化。本文旨在探索一种适用于大容量AA-CAES系统的结构与运行一体化设计方法,为相关系统的性能提升提供可行的技术路径与理论参考。
图1展示了压缩空气储能系统的流程示意。系统主要由压缩空气循环和储热系统循环组成,关键部件包括级间冷却器、再冷器、加热器、空气储罐、储热/冷水罐、离心压缩机及轴流透平。整个系统的运行分为储能阶段和释能阶段2个过程。
释能阶段为滑压运行模式时,在储能阶段,大气中的空气经过四级压缩机将其压缩至高压状态(1—2、4—5、7—8、10—11),压缩过程中产生的压缩热通过冷水在冷却器中进行热交换回收(2—3、4—5、8—9),并将回收热量后的热水储存在储热水罐中,随后通过再冷器将空气进一步冷却(3—4、6—7、9—10),再冷器中的循环水通过冷却塔将热量散出(1i—1o、2i—2o、3i—3o、4i—4o),随后高压的空气经冷却后(11—12)储存至空气储罐中。在释能阶段,空气储罐中的高压空气直接进入加热器进行加热(14—15、16—17、18—19),通过加热器释放热量后的冷水进入冷水储罐中储存,加热后的高温高压空气进入透平中进行透平发电(15—16、17—18、19—20),最终将空气再排放进大气中。系统通过上述步骤完成单次循环。
释能阶段为定压运行模式时,储能阶段与滑压运行模式时相同。在释能阶段,空气储罐中的高压空气经过节流阀节流后(13—14)进行节流降压,后与滑压运行模式时相同。
为简化计算,本文作出以下假设:1)系统在稳定状态下运行;2)空气储罐和储热/冷水罐密封且绝热;3)忽略管道、压力容器的压力损失和热损失;4)在系统稳态运行时,储罐动能和势能的变化可以被忽略;5)建模仿真过程为准静态过程。
基于上述假设,利用质量守恒定律和能量守恒定律对储能系统进行了热力学建模,具体的能量平衡模型见表1。压缩和膨胀过程均采用恒定的等熵效率进行模拟。同时,考虑了压缩机和透平的机械及电气损耗,模型中引入了机械效率和电气效率参数。除能量守恒定律外,换热器的设计受夹点温差的限制,以确保换热过程有效进行。对于节流阀,假设其为等焓节流过程。
基于上述能量模型,在给定释能功率条件下,释能过程中的空气质量流量计算公式如下:
m˙discharge=W˙TurbinewTurbine,i=W˙Turbine,iwTurbine,i
式中:discharge为释能过程空气的质量流量,kg/s;Turbine为透平总做功,W;wTurbine为透平单位做功,J/kg。
对于充放电过程,必须保持质量守恒:
Mair=m˙chargedtcharge=m˙dischargedtdischarge
储能和释能过程中,储气室作为一个处于非稳态的开放系统进行分析。在工作范围内,储气室内的空气可近似视为理想气体,其状态变化可由以下微分方程描述:
dpp+dVV=dmm+dTT
式中:p为储气室的压力,MPa;V为储气室的容积,m³;m为储气室内部气体的质量,kg;T为绝对温度,K。
对于压缩空气储能系统,储气设备的体积可通过以下公式计算获得:
VSD=Mairρmaxρmin
此外,注气和放气时储气室内部的空气与环境的换热量很少,可忽略不计,故整个储气室系统可近似为绝热系统,过程可近似为绝热过程。
储能系统性能的评价指标主要包括储能效率和储能密度。储能效率RTE用于衡量储能系统在一个评价周期内释放的能量与储存和外部能量利用之和的比率。储能效率的定义为:
ηRTE=0tdischargeW˙netdt0tchargeW˙inputdt
式中:ηRTE为系统的储能效率;net为系统总输出功;input为系统总输入功;tcharge为储能时间;tdischarge为释能时间。
能量密度ρEVR用于衡量储能系统主要储能介质在单位体积内储存的能量,也称为单位体积发电量,其定义如下:
ρEVR=0tdischargeW˙netdtVSD
式中:ρEVR为能量密度,kW·h/m³;VSD为空气储罐体积。
每个状态点的㶲可表示为:
E˙j=m˙e˙j=m˙[hjh0T0(sjs0)]
系统各个部件㶲损定义为:
E˙D,k=E˙in,kE˙out,k
式中:E˙D,k为系统各个部件的㶲损量;E˙in,k为部件输入㶲;E˙out,k为部件输出㶲。
为验证仿真模型的准确性,将储能与释能过程关键参数的仿真结果分别与设计值及文献数据进行对比(见表2[15]表3[16])。储能过程的数据选取文献[15]作为对比依据,释能过程则与文献[16]进行对比。储能过程中,压缩机各级功耗、压力、温度及等熵效率误差均小于1.00%,其中压缩机2功耗误差约为0.64%,所有压缩机进口压力误差均不超过0.70%,等熵效率最大误差为0.80百分点;释能过程中,透平各项参数误差同样控制在1.00%以内,透平3功率误差约为0.63%,所有透平出口温度误差均不超过0.60%。整体误差均在1%以内,表明仿真模型能够准确反映系统热力性能。
本文所提出的300 MW等级的压缩空气储能系统采用四级压缩与三级膨胀工况,储能及释能时间分别为8 h和5 h,其他参数设置详见表4。涉及工质的所有物性参数均通过NIST REFPROP软件计算获得,并基于MATLAB平台搭建了相应的仿真模型。
图2给出了滑压释能运行模式下主气压力为7.8 MPa(储罐最高压力和最低压力的平均值)时的系统热力图。图3为系统部件㶲损分布。在设计工况下,绝热压缩空气储能系统在释能过程采用定压运行模式时的储能效率为70.10%,能量密度为2.070 kW·h/m³;采用滑压运行模式时,储能效率提升至71.90%,能量密度达到2.125 kW·h/m³。可见,滑压运行模式在系统性能方面明显优于定压运行模式。因此,将主要针对滑压运行模式开展能量分析、参数敏感性分析及性能优化研究。
本小节主要探讨滑压运行模式下,释能过程中滑压范围、压缩机1—3出口温度、换热器夹点温差及透平2—3出口温度4个关键参数对储能系统性能的影响。
滑压范围的调整通过改变空气储罐的最低压力实现。图4展示了滑压范围对储能效率及能量密度的影响。结果表明,随着滑压范围由1 MPa增加至3 MPa,储能效率由71.82%略升至72.01%,能量密度则由0.860 kW·h/m³稳步提升至3.358 kW·h/m³。在额定发电功率下,滑压范围的扩大导致压缩机4的单位压缩功消耗及透平1的单位输出功均有所增加,进而使空气质量流量减少。鉴于前3台压缩机的单位压缩功消耗基本固定,压缩机4的消耗上升在一定程度上增加了整体压缩功,但空气质量流量的下降对压缩功消耗的抑制作用更为显著,导致总压缩功消耗呈下降趋势,从而提升了储能效率。此外,空气质量流量的减少显著缩小了空气储罐体积,进而提升了系统的能量密度。
图5展示了压缩机1、2、3出口温度对储能效率和能量密度的影响。结果表明,随着压缩机出口温度从180 ℃升至220 ℃,能量密度由2.032 kW·h/m3稳步增加至2.252 kW·h/m3。其主要原因在于,较高的出口温度产生更多的压缩热,供释能阶段使用,从而提升了透平进口温度。在额定发电功率条件下,机组的压缩功消耗和输出功率均随之增加,导致空气质量流量下降。空气质量流量的降低对压缩功消耗的影响更为显著,因此储能效率逐步提升,但提升趋势趋于平缓。当释能阶段获得足够的压缩热后,继续提升压缩机出口温度会使压缩功消耗的增加与空气质量流量下降的影响逐渐平衡。与此同时,空气总质量的减少导致所需空气储罐体积缩小,进而引起储能密度略有下降。总体来看,在额定发电功率下,压缩机1—3出口温度对储能密度的影响较小。
图6展示了换热器夹点温差对储能效率和能量密度的影响。结果表明,随着夹点温差从5 ℃增加至15 ℃,储能效率由72.91%逐渐下降至70.97%,系统能量密度也由2.224 kW·h/m³减小至2.120 kW·h/m³。其主要原因在于,夹点温差增大导致压缩机进口温度升高,而透平进口温度降低,进而使机组输出功下降。在额定发电功率下,为维持功率输出,空气质量流量增加,导致压缩功消耗和储能设备体积随之增大,最终引起储能效率和能量密度的降低。值得注意的是,夹点温差过小会对换热器性能提出较高要求,而夹点温差过大则会影响系统热回收的平衡性。
图7展示了透平2和透平3出口温度对储能效率与能量密度的影响。由图7中可见:随着透平出口温度从20.0 ℃上升至50.0 ℃,储能效率与能量密度均呈先上升后下降的趋势;在透平出口温度为27.5 ℃时,储能效率与能量密度达到最大值,分别为72.14%和2.131 kW·h/m³。这主要是因为,当透平出口温度从20.0 ℃上升至27.5 ℃时,尽管透平2和透平3的出口温度升高导致其膨胀比下降,从而降低其比输出功,但由于透平3的出口压力恒定为大气压,系统总压比保持不变,因此透平1的膨胀比随之增加,其比输出功也随之增大。在该阶段,透平1比输出功的增加量大于透平2和透平3比输出功的减少量总和,系统的总输出功保持不变,从而所需的空气质量减少,进而降低了压缩功和储气罐体积,提升了储能效率和能量密度。然而,当透平出口温度进一步超过27.5 ℃时,透平2和透平3的膨胀比继续减小,其比输出功进一步下降;虽然透平1的膨胀比仍在增加,比输出功也持续增加,但此时透平2和透平3比输出功的减小已成为主导因素,导致系统所需空气质量增加,进而导致压缩功上升和储气室体积增大,最终使储能效率与能量密度下降。
为进一步提升绝热压缩空气储能系统的运行性能,本文以最大化储能效率为目标函数,对储能系统性能进行单目标优化研究。优化过程中选取滑压运行范围、压缩机1—3出口温度、换热器夹点温差以及透平2—3出口温度4个关键参数作为决策变量,其取值范围分别见表5
表6展示了滑压与定压释能模式在优化前后的关键参数及系统性能对比。结果表明,2种模式均可通过参数优化提升性能,但滑压模式在各项指标上表现更优。在滑压模式下,储能效率由71.90%提升至73.32%,单位体积能量密度由2.125 kW·h/m³提高至3.404 kW·h/m³,提升约60%,同时所需储气室体积由70万m³降至44万m³,减少约37%。透平2—3出口温度下降至31.9 ℃,更接近热力学最优值。相比之下,定压模式虽然效率由70.10%提升至72.30%,但能量密度反而下降至0.863 kW·h/m³,储气体积显著增加至173万m³,显示出明显劣势。综上,滑压释能模式在效率、能量密度与储气室体积利用方面均优于定压模式,具备更高的综合性能与工程适应性,适合作为大型压缩空气储能系统的优选运行策略。
图8给出了优化后不同运行模式下空气储罐在1天内的压力变化。晚上23:00时为用电低峰期,储能过程开始运行,压缩机将空气压缩成高压空气压入空气储罐中,储罐中的压力开始逐渐增加,释能过程为滑压运行模式时,空气储罐的压力从5.8 MPa逐渐升高到8.8 MPa;释能过程为定压运行模式时,空气储罐的压力从7.8 MPa逐渐升高到8.8 MPa。到早上07:00时,储能过程完成,随后系统处于高压静态状态。中午11:00时为用电高峰期,释能过程开始运行。释能过程中,空气储罐中的高压空气进入透平装置进行膨胀发电,储罐中的压力开始减小,释能滑压运行模式下,空气储罐的压力从8.8 MPa降低到5.8 MPa;释能定压运行模式下,空气储罐的压力从8.8 MPa降低到7.8 MPa。到下午16:00时,释能过程结束,系统进入低压静态过程,直到23:00时系统进入下一个充电过程。
本文围绕一套额定功率为300 MW的绝热压缩空气储能系统,建立了详细的热力学模型,并对系统在释能阶段的定压运行与滑压运行2种控制策略下的性能进行了对比分析与参数优化研究,得出以下主要结论。
1)在设计工况下,滑压运行模式表现出优于定压运行模式的综合性能。优化前,滑压释能的储能效率为71.90%,能量密度为2.125 kW·h/m³,均优于定压模式下的70.10%和2.070 kW·h/m³;优化后,滑压模式储能效率提升至73.32%,能量密度提高至3.404 kW·h/m³,约为定压模式的4倍。
2)优化后的滑压运行模式所需储气室体积显著减少,仅为44万m³,较定压模式的173万m³降低约74.6%,在提升系统性能的同时,有效降低了设备体积。
3)各部件的热损失分析表明,压缩机和透平为系统的主要能量损耗源,分别占总损失的40.7%和29.3%。合理提升两者的等熵效率及热回收能力,是进一步优化系统性能的关键。
4)扩大滑压范围、提高压缩机出口温度、减小换热器夹点温差及适度提升透平出口温度,均有助于提升储能效率与能量密度。
综上所述,滑压运行策略不仅在热力学性能上优于传统定压控制方式且系统结构紧凑性,同时在经济性方面表现出显著优势,适合作为高功率级绝热压缩空气储能系统的优选运行模式,具有广阔的应用前景和推广价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206003)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505092
  • 接收时间:2025-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-23
  • 修回日期:2025-06-20
  • 录用日期:2025-06-30
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206003)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206003)
作者信息
    1.重庆大学能源与动力工程学院,重庆 400044
    2.东方电气集团东方汽轮机有限公司,四川 德阳 618000

通讯作者:

吴闯(1990),博士,副教授,主要研究方向为低碳能源系统与新型储能技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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