Article(id=1295065185836880048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505089, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=1750003200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-16, acceptedDate=1750780800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-25, onlineDate=1786697201450, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697201450, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697201450, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697201450, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064874678252123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697127264, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698874628, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072203708592834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072203708592835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=92, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295065187237777585, articleId=1295065185836880048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental study and numerical simulation of gas flow resistance characteristics in biomass porous media, columnId=1295064901374997226, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Biomass co-firing technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biomass fuel is a renewable and clean energy source that can replace fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions. However, during storage and transportation, microbial metabolism in biomass can cause self-heating, which, through the “chimney effect”, accelerates air circulation and promotes aerobic reactions, potentially leading to thermal runaway and fires. Given that biomass typically has rod-like and flake-like shapes, conventional porous media gas flow resistance models are poorly adapted for assessing these processes. In this study, a testing platform for the gas flow resistance characteristics of biomass porous media was established. Gas flow resistance tests were conducted on rice straws and soybean shells at different bulk densities. The parameters of the conventional Ergun model and the modified Ergun model were optimized. The results show that the resistance experienced by gas flowing through biomass porous media significantly increases with bulk density and gas velocity, exhibiting a pronounced upward parabolic relationship. As the load applied to the biomass increases from 50 kg/m2 to 2 800 kg/m2, its bulk density can increase by approximately two times. Ignoring the changes in bulk density and porosity caused by stacking height in biomass self-heating numerical simulations can lead to prediction deviations. Both the Ergun model and the modified Ergun model can be used to evaluate the gas flow resistance of typical flake-like or rod-like biomass. The modified Ergun model, with fewer parameters and direct calculation based on bulk density, significantly enhances engineering applicability.

, authors=Cunhua PAN1, Xinke CHEN2, Fu ZHOU1, Ke ZHANG1, Lantian CAO1, Yi XIAO2, Qingyan FANG2, Cheng ZHANG2, Gang CHEN2, authorsList=Cunhua PAN, Xinke CHEN, Fu ZHOU, Ke ZHANG, Lantian CAO, Yi XIAO, Qingyan FANG, Cheng ZHANG, Gang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingyan FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295065192082198726, articleId=1295065185836880048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力特性实验研究与数值模拟, columnId=1295064901886702316, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=生物质掺烧技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生物质多为杆状、片状,搭建了生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力特性测试平台,对不同堆积密度的稻草杆与大豆壳开展了气流阻力测试,对传统Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型进行参数优化。结果表明:流经生物质多孔介质的所受阻力随着堆积密度与气体流速增加而显著增加,其中阻力与流速之间整体呈现明显的向上抛物线关系;随着施加在生物质上的载荷由50 kg/m2至2 800 kg/m2,其堆积密度可增加约2倍,在生物质自热数值模拟中忽视堆积高度引起的堆积密度与孔隙度变化可导致预测偏差;Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型均可实现对典型片状或杆状生物质的气流阻力评估,修正Ergun模型凭借更少的参数和直接基于堆积密度的计算优势,显著提升了工程适用性。

, authors=潘存华1, 陈鑫科2, 周福1, 张科1, 曹蓝田1, 肖意2, 方庆艳2, 张成2, 陈刚2, authorsList=潘存华, 陈鑫科, 周福, 张科, 曹蓝田, 肖意, 方庆艳, 张成, 陈刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方庆艳, authorNote=

潘存华(1984),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉能耗诊断及优化、智慧电厂建设、燃煤机组多燃料耦合利用,

, correspAuthorsNote=
方庆艳(1974),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为生物质与煤先进燃烧理论理论与技术、智能发电、燃烧数值模拟,
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潘存华(1984),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉能耗诊断及优化、智慧电厂建设、燃煤机组多燃料耦合利用,

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Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 253: 123815., articleTitle=Convective heat transfer coefficients models for biomass cylindrical particles from low to high aspect ratio, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295065207647261008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=362, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=27, authorNames=CHEN X, YAN H, MA L, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN X, YAN H, MA L, et al. Comprehensive experimental study of microbial respiration during self-heating in biomass storage piles[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同气体流速与不同孔隙度下大豆壳内部压力变化(Pa), figureFileSmall=e3nYuUn5BIt/3ZpY+/hYlw==, figureFileBig=Mm9EfpL6lH1zaU/0zyTJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065201368387878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Statistical results of biomass sample size

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质类型稻草杆大豆壳
样本数/根/片165150
长度/mm231.1 (113.4)42.3 (6.4)
长径/mm3.41 (1.44)6.92 (1.64)
短径/mm0.96 (0.57)3.89 (1.17)
质量/g0.20 (0.19)0.24 (0.06)
平均体积/m35.96×10–78.96×10–7
平均密度/(kg·m–3318.07262.74
), ArticleFig(id=1295065201439691047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物质样本尺寸统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质类型稻草杆大豆壳
样本数/根/片165150
长度/mm231.1 (113.4)42.3 (6.4)
长径/mm3.41 (1.44)6.92 (1.64)
短径/mm0.96 (0.57)3.89 (1.17)
质量/g0.20 (0.19)0.24 (0.06)
平均体积/m35.96×10–78.96×10–7
平均密度/(kg·m–3318.07262.74
), ArticleFig(id=1295065201519382824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Summary of parameter evaluation results of the Ergun model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质类型稻草杆大豆壳
平均密度/(kg·m–3318.07262.74
孔隙度范围0.61~0.850.57~0.74
平均直径/mm2.1855.405
参数Ea6.43×103887.81
参数Eb225.027.49
参数Ec1.262.76
参数Ed2.881.81
参数Ee2.891.41
评估指标R20.998 90.999 8
), ArticleFig(id=1295065201821372713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Ergun模型参数评估结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质类型稻草杆大豆壳
平均密度/(kg·m–3318.07262.74
孔隙度范围0.61~0.850.57~0.74
平均直径/mm2.1855.405
参数Ea6.43×103887.81
参数Eb225.027.49
参数Ec1.262.76
参数Ed2.881.81
参数Ee2.891.41
评估指标R20.998 90.999 8
), ArticleFig(id=1295065202194665770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Summary of parameter evaluation results of the revised Ergun model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质类型稻草杆大豆壳
真密度/(kg·m–31 5841 525
参数Ma4.97×1076.04×106
参数Mb5.30×103286.21
参数Mc36.156 641.301 8
参数Md0.699 90.593 6
参数Me0.829 50.404 7
评估指标R20.996 90.999 8
), ArticleFig(id=1295065202278551851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065185836880048, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

修正Ergun模型参数评估结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质类型稻草杆大豆壳
真密度/(kg·m–31 5841 525
参数Ma4.97×1076.04×106
参数Mb5.30×103286.21
参数Mc36.156 641.301 8
参数Md0.699 90.593 6
参数Me0.829 50.404 7
评估指标R20.996 90.999 8
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生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力特性实验研究与数值模拟
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潘存华 1 , 陈鑫科 2 , 周福 1 , 张科 1 , 曹蓝田 1 , 肖意 2 , 方庆艳 2 , 张成 2 , 陈刚 2
热力发电 | 生物质掺烧技术 2026,55(3): 92-99
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热力发电 |生物质掺烧技术 2026 , 55 (3) : 92 -99
生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力特性实验研究与数值模拟
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潘存华(1984),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉能耗诊断及优化、智慧电厂建设、燃煤机组多燃料耦合利用,

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潘存华1 , 陈鑫科2, 周福1, 张科1, 曹蓝田1, 肖意2, 方庆艳2 , 张成2, 陈刚2
作者信息
  • 1.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司华东电力试验研究院,安徽 合肥 230088
  • 2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
通讯作者:
方庆艳(1974),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为生物质与煤先进燃烧理论理论与技术、智能发电、燃烧数值模拟,
作者简介:

潘存华(1984),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉能耗诊断及优化、智慧电厂建设、燃煤机组多燃料耦合利用,

Experimental study and numerical simulation of gas flow resistance characteristics in biomass porous media
Cunhua PAN1 , Xinke CHEN2, Fu ZHOU1, Ke ZHANG1, Lantian CAO1, Yi XIAO2, Qingyan FANG2 , Cheng ZHANG2, Gang CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.East China Electric Power Test and Research Institute, China Datang Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505089
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生物质多为杆状、片状,搭建了生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力特性测试平台,对不同堆积密度的稻草杆与大豆壳开展了气流阻力测试,对传统Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型进行参数优化。结果表明:流经生物质多孔介质的所受阻力随着堆积密度与气体流速增加而显著增加,其中阻力与流速之间整体呈现明显的向上抛物线关系;随着施加在生物质上的载荷由50 kg/m2至2 800 kg/m2,其堆积密度可增加约2倍,在生物质自热数值模拟中忽视堆积高度引起的堆积密度与孔隙度变化可导致预测偏差;Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型均可实现对典型片状或杆状生物质的气流阻力评估,修正Ergun模型凭借更少的参数和直接基于堆积密度的计算优势,显著提升了工程适用性。

生物质  /  多孔介质  /  气流阻力特性  /  堆积密度  /  数值模拟

Biomass fuel is a renewable and clean energy source that can replace fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions. However, during storage and transportation, microbial metabolism in biomass can cause self-heating, which, through the “chimney effect”, accelerates air circulation and promotes aerobic reactions, potentially leading to thermal runaway and fires. Given that biomass typically has rod-like and flake-like shapes, conventional porous media gas flow resistance models are poorly adapted for assessing these processes. In this study, a testing platform for the gas flow resistance characteristics of biomass porous media was established. Gas flow resistance tests were conducted on rice straws and soybean shells at different bulk densities. The parameters of the conventional Ergun model and the modified Ergun model were optimized. The results show that the resistance experienced by gas flowing through biomass porous media significantly increases with bulk density and gas velocity, exhibiting a pronounced upward parabolic relationship. As the load applied to the biomass increases from 50 kg/m2 to 2 800 kg/m2, its bulk density can increase by approximately two times. Ignoring the changes in bulk density and porosity caused by stacking height in biomass self-heating numerical simulations can lead to prediction deviations. Both the Ergun model and the modified Ergun model can be used to evaluate the gas flow resistance of typical flake-like or rod-like biomass. The modified Ergun model, with fewer parameters and direct calculation based on bulk density, significantly enhances engineering applicability.

biomass  /  porous media  /  airflow resistance characteristics  /  bulk density  /  numerical simulation
潘存华, 陈鑫科, 周福, 张科, 曹蓝田, 肖意, 方庆艳, 张成, 陈刚. 生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力特性实验研究与数值模拟. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (3) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505089
Cunhua PAN, Xinke CHEN, Fu ZHOU, Ke ZHANG, Lantian CAO, Yi XIAO, Qingyan FANG, Cheng ZHANG, Gang CHEN. Experimental study and numerical simulation of gas flow resistance characteristics in biomass porous media[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (3) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505089
生物质燃料作为可再生清洁能源,具有替代传统化石燃料和降低碳排放的优势,目前已广泛应用于直接燃烧[1]、燃煤耦合掺烧[2]、气化[3]以及热解[4]等工艺领域,是实现“双碳”目标的重要技术路径。生物质燃料因其富含纤维素等有机组分,在潮湿环境中可被微生物代谢分解产生热量,大量堆积时常发生自热甚至导致其自燃[5]。近年随着生物质的工业应用规模不断增加,其堆积自热引发的火灾事故也多次被报道[6]
生物质发生自热的主要影响因素有生物质类型、含水量、新鲜程度、堆积密度以及氧气供给条件等。不同类型生物质自热特性差异明显[7]:氢碳比H/C比较高的生物质发生自热倾向更为显著[8];微生物代谢活性随着生物质含水量的提高,先显著增加而后逐渐平缓[9-10];新鲜生物质自热到达的温度较陈腐生物质高[11];堆积尺寸增加有利于热量累积[12],堆积密度提升有利于蓄热但会导致孔隙度的降低使得氧供应难度提升[13];微生物有氧代谢强度随着氧气浓度的增加而增加[14](可用经典的Monod模型描述[15])。微生物有氧代谢是生物质自热的主要热源,有必要研究大量堆积生物质的氧气供给特性。
生物质堆垛自热过程中内部与环境间的温差可引起气体流动的“烟囱效应”,内外温差越大时,气体流动速度越快[14]。该现象原理为:生物质材质在堆积时内部具有孔隙结构,使得气体有一定空间以扩散或流动的方式深入到生物质堆垛内部参与反应;当堆垛内部温度升高时,堆垛内部气体密度降低,相较周边产生密度差上浮致使该区域气压降低,气体在内外压力差作用下向内部流动,内外温差越大,压力差越大,导致气体流动速度加快[16]。然而,在一定内外压差下,气体在多孔介质中的流动速度存在上限,其原因是孔隙内生物质的直接阻挡以及边界层效应共同作用[17]形成惯性阻力和黏性阻力,从而抑制气体流速的进一步增加(图1)。因而在一定温度以及内外压差下,生物质堆积物孔隙中的气体流动将趋于某一平衡状态。
气体在生物质多孔介质中流动所受到的阻力随着流速的增加而增加。用于计算气体在多孔介质中流动的沿程阻力,或评估特定压差下气体通过多孔介质所能达到的最大流速的经典模型包括Darcy模型[18-19]、Brinkman模型[20]和Ergun模型[21-22]等。上述模型在一定流速范围或特定多孔材料的应用中表现出良好的预测性能[23],然而用于生物质多孔介质时存在诸多问题。一方面,生物质材质的外形复杂多样,以片状与杆状等非球状外形居多[24],导致上述模型应用时外形参数设置困难;另一方面,生物质材质松软具备一定可压缩性,大量堆积生物质其底部与顶部的堆积密度与孔隙度差异明显,目前关于堆积密度变化对生物质气流阻力特性影响的实验研究与数值建模仍不够完善。
本文针对上述问题开展如下研究:首先,搭建生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力测试平台,选用典型生物质稻草杆与大豆壳作为研究对象,对上述生物质施加外部压力使得其堆积密度增加,记录不同堆积密度与不同流动速度下气流通过上述生物质前后的压力差;然后,根据测试结果对经典多孔介质阻力模型与本文提出改良模型进行参数拟合与对比分析,提出一套适应性良好的生物质多孔介质气流阻力模型,为生物质自热耦合数值模拟搭建模型基础。
选择在空气环境下干燥的稻草杆与大豆壳作为研究对象,其含水量约为10%,工业分析、元素分析、有机组分以及热值等信息见文献[25]。取一定数量的上述样品进行尺寸和质量统计,统计项目包含长度、截面长径、截面短径和质量,然后根据统计结果计算出平均体积和平均密度用于后续模型参数设置,结果如表1所示。
搭建生物质多孔介质流动阻力特性测试平台用于研究气体在流经生物质多孔介质时的阻力特性,设备结构外形如图2所示。实验台右侧,生物质被置于1个直径为0.3 m的亚克力圆筒中,在生物质的上下两侧安装开孔面积比为0.6、开孔直径6~8 mm的孔板用于限制生物质位置,生物质的上端通过施加多个约10 kg左右的铁片模拟生物质在被堆积和挤压时的状态,当铁片不断施加到生物质上方的过程中,生物质被逐渐压扁,其体积逐渐下降,密度逐渐增加,孔隙度不断降低,可进行不同孔隙度下生物质流动阻力测试。
实验台左侧,330 m3/h的罗茨风机出口分为3路。一路引向空气的旁路,该气路配备闸阀用于控制风机向空气的排气量,达到间接控制另两路通往生物质气流大小的目的,解决了变频器降低至30%负荷长期运行时电机易损坏的问题,使风机输出气流能够进行宽流量范围调整;另外两路分别对应3~30 m3/h与30~300 m3/h 2个流量范围,分别采用涡轮流量计与涡街流量计进行流量测量,流量计前端设置气体闸阀用于进一步调整流量。在3~30 m3/h与30~300 m3/h 2个流量范围中分别等差设置3个与8个流量统计点。待控制各阀门开闭使气流流量达到目标流量且稳定后,读取生物质上下两端设置的压力表差值并记录。
实验步骤:
1)将空气旁路气阀关闭,打开风机对管路进行吹扫,保持10 min,待所有粉尘和生物质碎屑不再吹出;
2)在底座上安装垫片、下孔板、亚克力圆筒,使用螺栓螺母拧紧;
3)将一定质量的生物质样品置于亚克力圆筒中,依此在生物质上方放置上孔板、压力测点与铁片支架,后续测试可按需求逐渐在生物质上方增加铁片,提高生物质堆积密度;
4)在3~30m3/h与30~300 m3/h 2个流量范围中分别等差设置3个与8个流量统计点,通过调整空气旁路阀门与2套流量计前阀门的开闭设置上述目标流量;
5)在流量调整完毕且流量计读数稳定之后,记录当前气体流量、温度与气流在通过生物质前后两端的压力差;
6)增加生物质上方铁片数量,改变生物质堆积密度与孔隙率,继续调整流量记录气流在通过生物质前后两端的压力差。
生物质内部气体流动阻力和流动速率的准确评估对生物质自热过程数值建模非常重要。一方面,气体流动速度快慢直接影响生物质内部能否获得新鲜的空气,进而影响到生物质内部需要氧气参与的生物与化学反应进程,即生物质内部热源产热量的高低;另一方面,气体流动速度快慢也影响了从生物质垛堆中引入和带出热量的高低。
在众多用于描述气体在多孔介质中流动阻力的模型中,Ergun模型因其在处理复杂多孔介质流动问题时表现出的良好适应性和较高的预测精度而被广泛采用。Ergun模型综合考虑了气体流动过程中的惯性阻力和黏性阻力,能够较为全面地反映气体在多孔介质中的流动特性,适用于较宽的流速范围,并且能够较好地描述气体在不同孔隙度和颗粒尺寸条件下的流动阻力变化规律。在生物质多孔介质的研究中,虽然生物质的形状和孔隙结构较为复杂,但Ergun模型仍然具有一定的适用性。Ergun模型流体通过单位距离多孔介质损失的压力为:
p=150μDp2(1ε)2ε3ν+1.75ρgasDp(1ε)ε3ν2
式中:▽p为流体通过单位距离多孔介质损失的压力;μρgas分别为流体在一定温度下的黏度与密度;Dp为多孔介质物质的特征尺寸,该处视为直径;ε为多孔介质孔隙度;ν为流体流速。
原始形式的Ergun模型在评估表面光滑的球状多孔介质具有良好适应性。然而大多数生物质表面并非光滑且各类生物质形状各异,需要对Ergun模型中的很多参数进行调整以适应形态尺寸各异的生物质类型,如式(2)所示。
p=EaμDp2(1ε)EdεEcν+EbρgasDp(1ε)EeεEcν2
式中:EaEbEcEdEe为适应不同生物质阻力特性需要调整的参数。
当生物质尺寸和孔隙度固定,且气体特性变化不大时,上述方程可进行简化为:
p=[aν+bν2]
相较实心材质且外型单一的其他物质,采用Ergun模型描述生物质多孔介质阻力特性不可避免存在以下问题:1)生物质堆积物的孔隙结构不仅存在生物质个体与个体之间,也存在于个体内部,例如细胞壁中细胞结构干燥之后留下的孔隙结构,秸秆类与芦竹类生物质中半开放或者封闭的内部孔隙,气体在生物质个体内部孔隙流动份额相较生物质个体之间孔隙流动份额较低,采用全局孔隙度评估气体在生物质多孔介质流通的惯性阻力项存在误差;2)生物质个体尺寸存在多个维度例如直径、长度、长径比、分支数量、杆节数量、薄厚与宽窄等,Ergun模型中仅保留了单个指标直径描述生物质个体尺寸。即使采用统计多个生物质个体直径的平均值方式依然会丢失其他尺寸信息,一方面,多个批次收获的生物质样品平均直径难以保证相同,另一方面,不同长径比生物质即使有着相同直径,其堆积孔隙大小依然存在明显差异。
生物质个体内部孔隙流通阻力差异与生物质特征尺寸量化复杂性致使直接采用Ergun模型评估流体在生物质多孔介质中受到阻力与实际可能偏差较大。为解决上述问题,本文提出修正Ergun模型,采用生物质堆积密度作为生物质多孔介质阻力特征参数,避免在公式中直接采用孔隙度与直径,如式(4)所示,并在公式中引入参数用于不同生物质流通阻力特性评估,以提高评估适应性。
p=[MaμθMd(1θ)Mcν+MbρgasθMe(1θ)Mcν2
式中:MaMbMcMdMe为适应不同生物质阻力特性需要调整的参数;θ定义为生物质堆积密度ρbulk与真密度ρtrue的比值。
气体流动阻力模型构建完毕之后,可将其关系式部署于数值模拟中进一步验证模型合理性。对生物质多孔介质流动阻力特性测试平台进行建模,将生物质填充高度设定为0.5 m(圆筒整体高度为1 m)。空气由圆筒底部流入,从圆筒顶部流出,其所流经的生物质填充区域设定为多孔介质材料。设定合适的多孔介质孔隙度与气体流速可分析气流在流经生物质前后两端的压力差。模型结构与其网格划分如图3所示,模型网格划分采用六面体网格,网格的数量为5.6万。
使用Fluent软件对上述模型进行数值模拟,其中湍流模型使用标准KE(K-Epsilon)模型。入口与出口分别设置为速度入口与压力出口。将生物质填充区域设置为多孔介质区域,将已构建的生物质多孔介质气流阻力模型以黏性阻力项与惯性阻力项的方式分别编写UDF(User Defined Function)程序,之后编译加载到多孔介质区域中开展数值模拟。
图4展示了生物质上方施加一定压力后其堆积密度变化实验结果。
图4可见,随着上方重块的增加,生物质自身堆积密度呈现逐渐增加的趋势。在生物质上方每平方米施加质量逐渐由50 kg升至2 800 kg过程中,生物质堆积密度增加了约2倍。生物质受压迫条件下孔隙度发生了显著变化,这是过往数值建模中被过于简化甚至是被忽视的现象,采用固定孔隙度评估生物质堆垛内部流动阻力将导致明显计算偏差。需指出,本文开展实验所用生物质均储存于空气干燥环境下,以尽可能降低腐化进程,生物质样品含水量约为10%。当水分含量增加时,生物质结构软化,在施加相同的外部压力时,相较于本文的研究结果,生物质压缩程度将更加紧实,因而堆积密度也越大,同时孔隙度越低。
根据图4中施加压力与生物质堆积密度的线性关系式,可计算得到,干燥生物质在其自重作用下随着堆积高度增加堆垛内部的最大堆积密度变化如图5所示。
计算结果表明,在自重作用下生物质堆积密度与每平米累积质量皆随堆积高度增加而明显增加,其孔隙度则随着堆积高度的增加而降低。进一步分析可知,在相同内外温差作用的“烟囱效应”下,依靠重力作用自然形成的生物质堆垛,其顶部相较底部有着更大的孔隙,其获取新鲜氧气的能力也更强。
根据多孔介质气体阻力测试的实验结果,对Ergun模型(式(2))与修正Ergun模型(式(4))进行参数评估。先整理实验结果,将孔隙度或者堆积密度设置为变量X,将横截面流通速度设置为变量Y,将气体流通生物质前后两端压力差设置为变量Z。然后将两模型待拟合的参数以评估参数形式编辑成计算公式,输入至Matlab优化工具箱中对参数进行优化。设置适当的参数起始点和限制范围,最后得到参数优化结果与误差分析报告。表2表3分别为Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型的参数评估结果汇总。
模型参数评估结果表明,Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型的R2评估指标均表现良好,均为0.99以上,能够较好评估稻草杆与大豆壳在不同堆积密度(孔隙率)以及不同流速下的气体流动阻力。对比2模型在计算中使用的参数数量,除两者均需确定的5个待评估参数外,Ergun模型需要确定生物质平均密度、孔隙度以及平均直径3项指标,而修正Ergun模型则仅需确定生物质的真密度与堆积密度2项指标即可。Ergun模型确定计算指标需要进行大量统计工作,且需要得到难以直观获取的孔隙度才可开展计算,其优势是更多参数具有更丰富的调节灵活性。而修正Ergun模型仅需通过少量测试即可得到生物质真密度,且采用更为直观的堆积密度可开展计算,其优势是避免采用抽象的孔隙度等指标,更便于直接工程应用。
图6图7分别为稻草杆与大豆壳在不同堆积密度、不同气体流通速度下的气流压力损失实验测量与模型计算结果。
图6图7可知:生物质多孔介质的气体流动阻力随着流速的增加而显著增加,整体呈现明显的向上抛物线规律;同时随着生物质堆积密度增加,其孔隙度降低,生物质对气流的阻挡效应和边界层效应逐渐显著,致使气流受到的阻力也显著增加。此外,稻草秆在实验中以相同的流速与堆积密度测得了相对更高的流动阻力,表明在相同堆垛大小与堆积密度下,相较大豆壳,稻草杆内部获得外部氧气的能力相对较差,微生物氧化代谢活性相对较低。
对比Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型的预测性能,两者均较好地体现了生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力随着气流速度与堆积密度增加而增加的规律。前者在气体高流速区间(0.4 m/s以上)的预测性能略优于后者,而后者在低流速区间(0.4 m/s以下)的预测性能略优于前者。两者皆可直接应用于生物质自热耦合建模中,准确预测流动反应等传热传质过程。
设置不同的生物质填充孔隙度(0.4~0.8)以及不同气流速度(0.1~0.5 m/s,气流方向由下朝上)开展数值模拟,对比各工况下气体流经生物质内部的压力变化差异。鉴于Ergun模型与修正Ergun模型对同一生物质流动阻力的计算结果在数值上差异非常低,且使用两模型在相同孔隙度以及流速下的数值模拟结果区分度不明显,因而选择修正Ergun模型的数值模拟结果进行分析。
图8图9分别为稻草杆与大豆壳堆垛横截面压力随着气流流经方向逐渐降低的规律。稻草杆堆垛前后气流的压力损失随着孔隙度从0.4增加到0.8而显著降低,随着气流速度从0.1 m/s增加到0.5 m/s而显著增加。采用本文所构建的生物质多孔介质气动阻力特性预测模型开展数值模拟,可实现气流压力损失的合理预测。
本文开展了生物质多孔介质气体流动阻力特性实验研究,流经生物质多孔介质所受的阻力随着堆积密度与气体流速增加而显著增加,其中阻力与流速之间整体呈现明显的向上抛物线关系。
1)干燥生物质载荷由50 kg/m2增至2 800 kg/m2时,其堆积密度可增加约2倍,即受压条件下其孔隙度将发生显著变化。在生物质自热数值模拟中忽视堆积高度引起的堆积密度与孔隙度变化将出现预测偏差。
2)Ergun模型与本文提出的修正Ergun模型均可实现对典型片状或杆状生物质的气流阻力评估。修正后的Ergun模型凭借更少的参数和直接基于堆积密度的计算优势,显著提升了工程适用性。应用本文提出的生物质多孔介质气动阻力模型进行数值模拟,可获得可靠的压降预测结果。
  • 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作资助项目(2021YFE0107300)
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2026年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505089
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
  • 修回日期:2025-06-16
  • 录用日期:2025-06-25
基金
Strategic International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Funds of National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFE0107300)
国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作资助项目(2021YFE0107300)
作者信息
    1.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司华东电力试验研究院,安徽 合肥 230088
    2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

方庆艳(1974),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为生物质与煤先进燃烧理论理论与技术、智能发电、燃烧数值模拟,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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