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Article(id=1295064729735680213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747324800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-16, revisedDate=1749484800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-10, acceptedDate=1750089600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-17, onlineDate=1786697092708, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697092708, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697092708, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697092708, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064706872528996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697087257, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698896936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=13, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064729945395414, articleId=1295064729735680213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic performance analysis of an electric heater-integrated pumped thermal electricity storage system, columnId=1295064707514257509, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage materials, devices, and systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using energy analysis and exergy analysis methods, and considering the irreversible losses in the compression, expansion, and heat-exchange processes comprehensively, the performance indicators and irreversible loss distribution characteristics between a basic PTES (BC-PTES) system and an electric heater-integrated PTES (EH-PTES) system under defined operational conditions are compared, and the influence of key parameters on the EH-PTES system’s performance is investigated. The results indicate that both the BC-PTES and EH-PTES systems generate large exergy losses in the turbine during the discharge, with values of 456 kW and 455 kW respectively. The EH-PTES system demonstrates higher round-trip efficiency (41.50%) and energy storage density (54.1 kW·h/m³), with the exergy efficiency of the electric heater at 63%. Parameter analysis reveals that there exists an optimal discharge-phase compressor outlet pressure which can minimize the exergy loss and maximize system round-trip efficiency. For the EH-PTES system, at the optimal discharge pressure, the round-trip efficiency of the EH-PTES system initially decreases and then increases with the rising electric heater outlet temperature, and it increases with the compressor outlet temperature. For example, when the compressor outlet temperature is 550 ℃ and the electric heater outlet temperature increases from 600 ℃ to 1 000 ℃, the EH-PTES system round-trip efficiency decreases from 45.03% to 44.81% at first, and subsequently increases to 45.75%. When the electric heater outlet temperature is 850 ℃ and the compressor outlet temperature increases from 400 ℃ to 550 ℃, the system round-trip efficiency increases from 39.17% to 45.14%. Notably, the round-trip efficiency is less sensitive to the electric heater outlet temperature than to the compressor outlet temperature. By integrating electric heaters, the energy storage density can be substantially enhanced, reaching 113.9 kW·h/m³ at an electric heater outlet temperature of 1 000 ℃. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing the PTES system design.

, authors=Yu YAN, Xuewen YAN, Mingxuan SHAO, Tianle DAI, Tuantuan XIN, Cheng XU, authorsList=Yu YAN, Xuewen YAN, Mingxuan SHAO, Tianle DAI, Tuantuan XIN, Cheng XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cheng XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064734169059559, articleId=1295064729735680213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=集成电加热的热泵储电系统热力性能分析, columnId=1295064707795275879, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能材料、装置及系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于能量分析和㶲分析方法，综合考虑压缩、膨胀和换热过程的不可逆损失，比较了常规热泵储电（basic pumped thermal electricity storage，BC-PTES）系统和集成电加热器的热泵储电（electric heater-integrated pumped thermal electricity storage，EH-PTES）系统在设计工况下的性能指标以及不可逆损失分布特性，并探讨了关键参数对EH-PTES系统性能的影响。结果表明：设计工况下BC-PTES系统与EH-PTES系统均在放电过程透平中产生较大㶲损失，分别为456、455 kW；EH-PTES系统具有较高的往返效率（41.50%）与储能密度（54.1 kW·h/m3），其中电加热器㶲效率为63%。存在最佳放电过程压缩机出口压力使放电过程㶲损失最小，系统往返效率最高。对于EH-PTES系统，在最佳放电压力下，系统往返效率随电加热器出口温度升高呈先降低后增加的趋势，随压缩机出口温度升高呈单调递增趋势。当压缩机出口温度为550 ℃、电加热器出口温度由600 ℃升至1 000 ℃时，EH-PTES系统往返效率由45.03%先降低至44.81%，随后增加至45.75%；电加热器出口温度为850 ℃、压缩机出口温度由400 ℃升至550 ℃时，系统往返效率由39.17%单调递增至45.14%；系统往返效率对电加热器出口温度的敏感性小于压缩机出口温度。集成电加热器大幅提高了PTES系统的储能密度，在电加热器出口温度为1 000 ℃时，EH-PTES系统储能密度高达113.9 kW·h/m3。研究结果可为热泵储电系统的优化设计提供参考。

, authors=闫宇, 闫学文, 邵明轩, 戴天乐, 辛团团, 许诚, authorsList=闫宇, 闫学文, 邵明轩, 戴天乐, 辛团团, 许诚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许诚, authorNote=

闫宇（2001），男，硕士，主要研究方向为卡诺电池技术、能量系统分析，。

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许诚（1987），男，教授，主要研究方向为富氧燃烧超临界二氧化碳循环发电、压缩二氧化碳储能、卡诺电池储能、燃煤电站低能耗二氧化碳捕集等，。
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闫宇（2001），男，硕士，主要研究方向为卡诺电池技术、能量系统分析，。

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闫宇（2001），男，硕士，主要研究方向为卡诺电池技术、能量系统分析，。

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Validation of accuracy of the system model

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项目参考值模拟值相对误差/%
充电压缩机耗功/MJ107 509106 7610.70
电加热器耗电/MJ27 18227 2840.38
充电透平输出功/MJ127 122125 8411.00
放电压缩机耗功/MJ48 26048 5300.56
放电透平输出功/MJ135 368135 7090.25
放电过程散热量/MJ35 27935 9451.89
系统往返效率/%41.9942.501.21
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系统模型精确度验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目参考值模拟值相对误差/%
充电压缩机耗功/MJ107 509106 7610.70
电加热器耗电/MJ27 18227 2840.38
充电透平输出功/MJ127 122125 8411.00
放电压缩机耗功/MJ48 26048 5300.56
放电透平输出功/MJ135 368135 7090.25
放电过程散热量/MJ35 27935 9451.89
系统往返效率/%41.9942.501.21
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Comparison of the main parameters between the BC-PTES system and the EH-PTES system

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状态点BC-PTES系统EH-PTES系统
p/MPaT/℃p/MPaT/℃
10.505.000.505.00
215.35550.0015.35550.00
315.2045.0015.2045.00
40.51–140.640.51–140.64
515.35650.00
1'5.0589.885.05140.04
2'15.20530.0015.20630.00
3'15.35182.9215.35182.92
4'0.50–120.640.50–120.64
615.3525.0015.3525.00
75.0525.005.0525.00
), ArticleFig(id=1295064743174230308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064729735680213, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BC-PTES和EH-PTES系统节点数据对比

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状态点BC-PTES系统EH-PTES系统
p/MPaT/℃p/MPaT/℃
10.505.000.505.00
215.35550.0015.35550.00
315.2045.0015.2045.00
40.51–140.640.51–140.64
515.35650.00
1'5.0589.885.05140.04
2'15.20530.0015.20630.00
3'15.35182.9215.35182.92
4'0.50–120.640.50–120.64
615.3525.0015.3525.00
75.0525.005.0525.00
), ArticleFig(id=1295064743295865125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064729735680213, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Key parameters and performance indicators of the BC-PTES system and the EH-PTES system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目BC-PTES系统EH-PTES系统
充电压缩机功率/MW5.775.77
电加热器功率/MW1.18
充电透平功率/MW1.671.67
放电压缩机功率/MW2.992.99
放电透平功率/MW4.645.27
总散热功率/MW2.442.95
充电功率/MW4.075.42
放电功率/MW1.642.25
COP1.321.24
往返效率/%38.7041.50
储能密度/（kW·h/m–3）38.554.1
), ArticleFig(id=1295064743400722726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064729735680213, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

BC-PTES和EH-PTES系统关键参数及性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目BC-PTES系统EH-PTES系统
充电压缩机功率/MW5.775.77
电加热器功率/MW1.18
充电透平功率/MW1.671.67
放电压缩机功率/MW2.992.99
放电透平功率/MW4.645.27
总散热功率/MW2.442.95
充电功率/MW4.075.42
放电功率/MW1.642.25
COP1.321.24
往返效率/%38.7041.50
储能密度/（kW·h/m–3）38.554.1
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集成电加热的热泵储电系统热力性能分析
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闫宇 , 闫学文 , 邵明轩 , 戴天乐 , 辛团团 , 许诚
热力发电 | 储能材料、装置及系统 2026,55(2): 13-22
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热力发电 |储能材料、装置及系统 2026 , 55 (2) : 13 -22
集成电加热的热泵储电系统热力性能分析
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闫宇 , 闫学文, 邵明轩, 戴天乐, 辛团团, 许诚
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院，北京 102206
通讯作者:
许诚（1987），男，教授，主要研究方向为富氧燃烧超临界二氧化碳循环发电、压缩二氧化碳储能、卡诺电池储能、燃煤电站低能耗二氧化碳捕集等，。
作者简介:

闫宇（2001），男，硕士，主要研究方向为卡诺电池技术、能量系统分析，。

Thermodynamic performance analysis of an electric heater-integrated pumped thermal electricity storage system
Yu YAN , Xuewen YAN, Mingxuan SHAO, Tianle DAI, Tuantuan XIN, Cheng XU
Affiliations
  • School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505079
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基于能量分析和㶲分析方法，综合考虑压缩、膨胀和换热过程的不可逆损失，比较了常规热泵储电（basic pumped thermal electricity storage，BC-PTES）系统和集成电加热器的热泵储电（electric heater-integrated pumped thermal electricity storage，EH-PTES）系统在设计工况下的性能指标以及不可逆损失分布特性，并探讨了关键参数对EH-PTES系统性能的影响。结果表明：设计工况下BC-PTES系统与EH-PTES系统均在放电过程透平中产生较大㶲损失，分别为456、455 kW；EH-PTES系统具有较高的往返效率（41.50%）与储能密度（54.1 kW·h/m3），其中电加热器㶲效率为63%。存在最佳放电过程压缩机出口压力使放电过程㶲损失最小，系统往返效率最高。对于EH-PTES系统，在最佳放电压力下，系统往返效率随电加热器出口温度升高呈先降低后增加的趋势，随压缩机出口温度升高呈单调递增趋势。当压缩机出口温度为550 ℃、电加热器出口温度由600 ℃升至1 000 ℃时，EH-PTES系统往返效率由45.03%先降低至44.81%，随后增加至45.75%；电加热器出口温度为850 ℃、压缩机出口温度由400 ℃升至550 ℃时，系统往返效率由39.17%单调递增至45.14%；系统往返效率对电加热器出口温度的敏感性小于压缩机出口温度。集成电加热器大幅提高了PTES系统的储能密度，在电加热器出口温度为1 000 ℃时，EH-PTES系统储能密度高达113.9 kW·h/m3。研究结果可为热泵储电系统的优化设计提供参考。

热泵储电技术  /  集成电加热器  /  能量分析  /  㶲分析

Using energy analysis and exergy analysis methods, and considering the irreversible losses in the compression, expansion, and heat-exchange processes comprehensively, the performance indicators and irreversible loss distribution characteristics between a basic PTES (BC-PTES) system and an electric heater-integrated PTES (EH-PTES) system under defined operational conditions are compared, and the influence of key parameters on the EH-PTES system’s performance is investigated. The results indicate that both the BC-PTES and EH-PTES systems generate large exergy losses in the turbine during the discharge, with values of 456 kW and 455 kW respectively. The EH-PTES system demonstrates higher round-trip efficiency (41.50%) and energy storage density (54.1 kW·h/m³), with the exergy efficiency of the electric heater at 63%. Parameter analysis reveals that there exists an optimal discharge-phase compressor outlet pressure which can minimize the exergy loss and maximize system round-trip efficiency. For the EH-PTES system, at the optimal discharge pressure, the round-trip efficiency of the EH-PTES system initially decreases and then increases with the rising electric heater outlet temperature, and it increases with the compressor outlet temperature. For example, when the compressor outlet temperature is 550 ℃ and the electric heater outlet temperature increases from 600 ℃ to 1 000 ℃, the EH-PTES system round-trip efficiency decreases from 45.03% to 44.81% at first, and subsequently increases to 45.75%. When the electric heater outlet temperature is 850 ℃ and the compressor outlet temperature increases from 400 ℃ to 550 ℃, the system round-trip efficiency increases from 39.17% to 45.14%. Notably, the round-trip efficiency is less sensitive to the electric heater outlet temperature than to the compressor outlet temperature. By integrating electric heaters, the energy storage density can be substantially enhanced, reaching 113.9 kW·h/m³ at an electric heater outlet temperature of 1 000 ℃. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing the PTES system design.

pumped thermal electricity storage technology  /  integrated electric heater  /  energy analysis  /  exergy analysis
闫宇, 闫学文, 邵明轩, 戴天乐, 辛团团, 许诚. 集成电加热的热泵储电系统热力性能分析. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (2) : 13 -22 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505079
Yu YAN, Xuewen YAN, Mingxuan SHAO, Tianle DAI, Tuantuan XIN, Cheng XU. Thermodynamic performance analysis of an electric heater-integrated pumped thermal electricity storage system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (2) : 13 -22 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505079
正文
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在碳达峰碳中和背景下，以风能、太阳能为代表的可再生能源大规模并网。据统计，2024年我国可再生能源发电装机容量超过1 890 GW，占总装机容量比重超过56.4%，其中风电、光电装机容量占比达42%[1]。然而，可再生能源的波动性和间歇性给电力系统的稳定运行带来挑战，为提高电网的稳定性和可靠性，亟需发展一种新型储能技术以消纳可再生能源[2]。
热泵储电（pumped thermal electricity storage，PTES）技术，又称卡诺电池[3]技术，是一种基于“电-热-电”的新型大规模储能技术，可依托大型风力发电厂、光伏光热发电厂以及传统热力发电厂等多种场景进行建设[4]，具有成本低、能量密度大、不受地理条件限制等优势[5]。根据循环构型不同，可将PTES系统分为基于布雷顿循环的PTES系统和基于朗肯循环的PTES系统[6]。基于朗肯循环的PTES系统储热温度较低，相关研究主要集中在循环工质的选择以及不同热集成场景下系统的性能表现[7-9]，而基于布雷顿循环的PTES系统结构简单，储热温度较高，被认为是最具可行性的储能技术[10]。
张琼等[7]采用控制变量法，分析了基于逆/正布雷顿循环的PTES系统中循环工质、充放电过程压比、压缩膨胀过程的等熵效率和机械效率等参数对系统性能的影响，指出压缩膨胀过程的等熵效率对系统效率的影响最大，等熵效率每提高1%，往返效率可提升2.63%。Wang等人[6]提出使用填充床储热的焦耳-布雷顿循环空气工质系统在储热温度为823 K时往返效率达52.43%，较储热温度为550 K时提升超40%，表明提升储热温度是提高该系统往返效率的有效策略。Zhang等人[8]对比了直接热能存储（D-PTES）与间接热能存储（I-PTES）系统，发现I-PTES在长时储能场景中具有显著成本优势，对于一个10 MW的I-PTES系统，其最佳往返效率和能量密度分别可达65%和26 kW·h/m3。Huang等人[9]针对集成热源的卡诺电池系统研究表明：只集成热源时，系统的电效率为68.8%~78.0%；在集成冷热源时，系统的电效率可提高到113.9%~115.2%。吴智泉等[10]分析了PTES系统中主要设备的㶲损失与㶲效率，结果表明叶轮机械总㶲损占系统总㶲损的55.7%。White等人[11]着重研究了各种损失对系统往返效率的影响，提出减少储热储冷温差可降低不可逆性造成的效率损失。Wang等人[12]采用㶲分析方法对充放电和储释热过程进行了解析，推导出最佳放电压比表达式和往返效率上限方程，结果表明在合理的热量和压力损失下，最高温度为1 100 K时往返效率可以达到59%。
基于上述文献可知，PTES系统可通过提高储热温度改善系统性能[13]，而储热温度一般由充电过程压缩机出口温度决定，现有的空气压缩机出口温度受技术限制一般不超过550 ℃[14]。因此，压缩机性能在一定程度上决定了PTES系统的热力性能上限。通过在充电过程集成电加热器进一步提高储热温度[15]，可解决现有PTES系统储热温度受限于压缩机工作温区的问题，使系统以较低的循环压比达到较高的储热温度，实现储热温度的灵活调控，满足高温储能需求。同时，集成电加热器可提高PTES系统的储能密度[16]，减小储热单元和热交换器的尺寸[17]。
Belik[14]探究了集成电加热器对基于布雷顿循环的PTES系统的成本和效率的影响，结果表明在电加热功率为17 MW时，可以系统往返效率下降5%的代价实现投资成本降低23%。Chen等人[18]提出与有机朗肯循环相结合是提高集成电加热器的热泵储电系统往返效率的有效途径。Laterre等人[19]针对数据中心场景开展了电加热辅助热泵的性能研究，结果表明未来混合加热系统有望成为平衡效率与成本的重要技术方向。
目前，针对集成电加热的PTES（electric heater-integrated pumped thermal electricity storage，EH-PTES）系统的相关研究较少，集成电加热对PTES系统的往返效率、㶲效率、储能密度等性能指标影响尚未系统揭示，亟需开展常规热泵储电（basic pumped thermal electricity storage，BC-PTES）系统与EH-PTES系统热力性能对比研究，查清集成电加热对PTES系统热力性能的影响机理，明确EH-PTES系统与BC-PTES系统应用场景的差异。
对此，本文基于能量分析和㶲分析的方法，综合考虑压缩、膨胀和换热过程的不可逆损失，对比了BC-PTES系统和EH-PTES系统能量损失和㶲损失分布特性，研究了充电过程压缩机出口温度、电加热器出口温度、放电过程压缩机出口压力等关键设计参数对系统性能的影响，以期为集成电加热的PTES技术优化设计提供理论参考。
1　系统介绍
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EH-PTES系统流程如图1所示。
充电过程中，电能驱动电动机，带动共轴的压缩机和透平运转，循环工质经压缩机压缩至高温高压状态后在电加热器中被进一步加热到额定温度，加热后的工质将热能传递给蓄热器中的蓄热介质进行储存，随后进入透平膨胀到低温低压状态，经蓄冷器回收低温冷能并回到初始状态；放电过程中，常温常压工质吸收蓄冷器储存的冷能后经压缩机加压至高压状态，经过散热器b冷却到环境温度后在蓄热器吸热并进入透平膨胀做功，透平和压缩机共轴并带动发电机发电，膨胀后工质通过散热器a冷却到环境温度后进入蓄冷器，完成放电循环。
2　系统热力学建模
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使用EBSILON Professional软件建立EH-PTES储能系统的热力学模型，工质物性由Refprop读取。为简化系统便于分析，进行以下假设：系统的动能、势能和化学能忽略不计[20]；系统在充电和放电过程的设计点上进行热力学计算，充、放电时间均为6 h[21]，且系统始终处于稳态运行状态[22]。
2.1　能量分析模型
主要给出压缩机、透平、电加热器、蓄热/冷器等部件的热力学模型。
压缩机实际出口温度Tc，out可由式（1）得出：
Tc,out=(βcγ−1γ−1ηc+1)Tc,in
式中：ηc为压缩机的等熵效率；Tc，in为压缩机入口温度，K；βc为压缩机压比；循环工质的比热容比γ=cp/cv；下标c表示压缩机。
透平实际出口温度Tt，out可由式（2）得到。
Tt,out=[1−ηt(1−βtγ−1γ)]Tt,in
式中：ηt为透平的等熵效率；Tt，in为透平入口温度，K；βt为膨胀比；下标t表示透平。
电加热器消耗的功率可由式（3）表示：
WQ=mcharge(hout−hin)/ηQ
式中：mcharge为充电过程循环工质的质量流量，kg/s；ηQ为电加热器的电热转化效率；hin、hout分别为电加热器入口和出口工质的焓值，kJ/kg。
假设填充床换热过程热量可以完全释放，换热过程能量平衡方程为：
mf(hf,in−hf,out)⋅t=M(hPB,end−hPB,begin)
式中：mf为循环工质的质量流量，kg/s；h为工质的比焓，kJ/kg；t为换热过程的持续时间，s；M为填充床内蓄热介质的总质量，kg；下标in和out分别代表填充床（packed bed，PB）进、出口，begin和end分别代表换热起始与结束时刻。
2.2　㶲分析模型
对于给定的系统部件，㶲平衡方程、㶲效率分别定义为[23]：
EF,k=EP,k+ED,k
ψ=EP,kEF,k
式中：EF，k为该部件总的输入㶲，kJ/kg；EP，k为部件的㶲产，kJ/kg；ED，k为部件的㶲损失，kJ/kg。
压缩机和透平的㶲平衡方程分别为：
Ec,in+Wc=Ec,out+Ic
Et,in=Et,out+Wt+It
式中：I代表㶲损，kJ/kg；Ein和Eout表示进、出口工质㶲，kJ/kg。
换热过程的㶲平衡方程为：
EHEh,in+EHEc,in=EHEh,out+EHEc,out+IHE
式中：下标HEh、HEc表示换热过程高温工质和低温工质，in和out分别代表为换热过程工质的初态和末态。
2.3　模型验证
基于案例数据，选取与文献[18]相同的边界条件，将本文建立的集成电加热器的热泵储电模型与文献[18]提供的充放电过程模拟数据进行对比，具体结果见表1。结果显示，压缩机、透平输出功等关键参数的相对误差均不超过2%，表明本文模型具有较高的精度。
2.4　评价指标
充电过程采用储热量与总耗电量的比值（COP，公式中用cCOP表示）以及储热㶲与总耗电量的比值（COEP，公式中用cCOEP表示）作为评价指标，表达式为：
cCOP=Qh,chargeWnet,charge
CCOEP=EchargeWnet,charge
式中Qh，charge为充电过程蓄热器中存储的总热量，kJ；Wnet，charge为充电过程消耗的电能，kJ；Echarge为充电过程结束后蓄热器中增加的热㶲，kJ。
放电过程使用放电热效率作为评价指标，其被定义为放电过程发电量与所用热量的比值：
ηdischarge=Wnet,dischargeQh,diacharge
式中：Qh，discharge为放电过程蓄热器中释放的总热量，kJ；Wnet，discharge为放电过程输出的电能，kJ。
在整个充放电循环中，使用往返效率和储能密度作为系统的评价指标，往返效率定义为放电过程的总发电量与充电过程总耗电量之比，表达式为：
χ=Wnet,dischargeWnet,charge
储能密度定义为放电过程中单位储存体积所释放的电能，表达式为：
ρE=Wnet,dischargeVh+Vc
式中：Vh、Vc分别为蓄热器和蓄冷器的体积，m3。
2.5　系统边界假设
系统循环工质采用空气，压缩机进口压力为0.5 MPa，以压缩机出口温度400 ℃作为分界，高温压缩机等熵效率为80%，低温压缩机等熵效率为85%，透平等熵效率为90%[24]，电加热器效率为95%[25]，电动机和发电机效率分别为97%和99%。蓄冷器和蓄热器为填充床蓄热装置，储热/冷材料选择玄武岩，材料密度为3 350 kg/m3，孔隙率为0.4，材料比热容cs（J/（kg⋅K））与温度T（℃）的关系为cs=2.0T+778.7[8]；蓄冷器、蓄热器初始温度分别为15、35 ℃，蓄冷换热端差固定为10 ℃，压损为1%；系统每次循环后由散热器调节温度回到初始状态；环境温度和环境压力分别设定为25 ℃和0.1 MPa。
3　结果与讨论
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3.1　设计工况下性能对比分析
虽然BC-PTES和EH-PTES储能系统都实现了电转化为热，但电加热升温和热泵升温过程的热电比不同，因此集成电加热器会对系统效率以及储能密度产生影响。本节对BC-PTES和EH-PTES系统进行能量分析和㶲分析，对系统各个部件功率以及几个关键状态参数进行对比。
3.1.1　系统节点数据对比分析
为探究集成电加热器对系统的影响，BC-PTES和EH-PTES系统压缩机出口温度均设为550 ℃，充电过程循环工质流量均设为10 kg/s，放电过程压缩机出口压力（放电压力）与充电过程压缩机出口压力（充电压力）相同。详细数据对比见表2。
3.1.2　性能对比分析
表3对比了BC-PTES和EH-PTES系统关键参数和性能指标。可以看出：EH-PTES系统的COP为1.24，低于BC-PTES系统的COP（1.32）；EH-PTES系统的往返效率、储能密度均高于BC-PTES系统。
BC-PTES系统的最高温度和最低温度分别为550、–140.64 ℃，而EH-PTES系统的为650、–140.64 ℃，电加热过程增加了系统储热量。EH-PTES系统总散热功率为2.95 MW，较BC-PTES系统高0.51 MW，这是因为电加热器对系统输入的热量可视为外来能量，破坏了系统本身的冷热平衡，导致放电过程需要将更多热量排出，然而EH-PTES系统平均吸热温度高，充电过程储存更高品位的热能，放电过程透平入口工质具有更高的温度，做功能力增强，放电透平功率比BC-PTES系统高630 kW，因此EH-PTES系统往返效率较BC-PTES系统高2.80百分点。储能密度方面，由于储热材料比热容随温度升高而增大，EH-PTES系统储热温区整体提高，且循环工质做功能力增强，故储能密度比BC-PTES系统大。
为进一步剖析所述系统的能量损失机理，图2对比了BC-PTES和EH-PTES系统中主要部件的㶲损失和㶲效率。
对于BC-PTES系统，放电过程透平和充电过程透平㶲损失最大，分别为456、446 kW，充电过程透平㶲效率最低，为79%。EH-PTES系统中，放电过程透平㶲损失最大，为455 kW，其次为电加热器（447 kW）。EH-PTES系统放电过程透平㶲效率比BC-PTES系统高1百分点，原因为EH-PTES系统透平入口温度较高，工质做功能力更强。EH-PTES系统中电加热器㶲效率最低，为63%。这是因为电加热器将电能直接转化为热能，能量品位降低。蓄热器和蓄冷器㶲效率均高于80%。散热器的热侧为空气，冷侧为常温水，系统未对冷却水吸收的热量进行利用，假设水在被加热后直接排放到环境中，最终达到与环境温度相同的状态，则散热器的㶲效率为零。电加热过程额外增加了一部分热量进入系统，同时系统不可逆损失产生的热量也留在系统中，必须通过散热器将多余的热量排出系统，保证系统能回到初始状态，因此EH-PTES系统散热㶲损失比BC-PTES系统高118 kW。
通过不同部件㶲损失对比可知，攻关高性能叶轮机械设备，以及将散热器损失的热量加以利用，是减少两种系统㶲损失的关键。
3.2　状态点参数对系统性能指标的影响
系统关键参数可分为部件性能参数和循环状态点参数。部件性能参数包括压缩机等熵效率ηc、透平等熵效率ηt、电加热器效率ηQ、换热端差ΔT、换热过程压损fp、电动机效率ηM和发电机效率ηG。循环状态点参数主要包括：循环状态点温度，如压缩机出口温度T2、透平出口温度T4、电加热器出口温度T5；充放电循环最高压力，如充电压力p2、放电压力p3'。集成电加热器后，部件性能参数对系统的影响可参考常规PTES系统，本文重点分析状态点参数对系统性能的影响。
3.2.1　压缩机出口温度和电加热器出口温度对COP和COEP的影响
压缩机出口温度T2和电加热器出口温度T5影响充电过程热力性能，图3展示了不同压缩机出口温度和电加热器出口温度对充电过程COP和COEP的影响。
由图3a）可知，EH-PTES系统充电过程COP随T2的升高单调递增，随T5的升高单调递减，且COP均低于在相同压缩机出口温度下的BC-PTES系统。从能量转换机制分析，在充电过程的工质升温过程中，电加热器升温部分所占份额越大，COP越低。这是由于热泵循环制热与耗电之比大于1，而电加热器制热与耗电之比可近似为1，所以充电过程整体的COP会因电加热器升温所占份额增加有所降低。此外，BC-PTES系统COP随T2升高而下降，即单独热泵循环中随着压缩机出口温度升高，其COP会相应下降。
由图3b）可知，EH-PTES系统在T2为400 ℃时，随着T5从600 ℃升高到850 ℃，COEP由0.600增加到0.633，可见集成电加热器进一步提升温度会使COEP增大，且电加热器出口温度越高，COEP增加越明显。通过电加热过程进一步提高工质温度，进而增强系统在放电过程的做功能力，因此集成电加热器后系统COEP均高于在相同压缩机出口温度下的BC-PTES系统。此外，EH-PTES系统在T5为850 ℃时，随着T2从400 ℃升高到550 ℃，COEP由0.633升高到0.654。T5固定，即循环最高温度固定，随着T2增加，电加热在整个升温过程所占比例越小，达到相同的储热温度时总耗功越少，故COEP逐渐增大。
3.2.2　放电压力对放电热效率的影响
储能系统不同的电加热器出口温度T5导致储热温度不同，同时放电压力P3'变化会影响放电过程透平和压缩机的功率，这些参数均会对放电过程放电热效率产生影响。
图4a）展示了T2为550 ℃、T5变化时，系统放电热效率随p3'变化的曲线。图4b）展示了T5为850 ℃、T2变化时EH-PTES系统放电热效率随p3'变化的曲线。可以看出，放电热效率随放电压力P3'的增加均呈现先升高后降低的趋势，且最大放电热效率所对应的放电压力均随T5和T2的升高而增大。当T5由600 ℃升高到850 ℃时，最大放电热效率由36.03%增加到39.45%。这是由于随着T5升高，放电循环的冷、热源温差增大，放电热效率相比在相同压缩机出口温度下BC-PTES系统的最大放电热效率（35.22%）有明显提升。由此可见集成电加热器进一步提高温度可提升放电热效率。当T2由400 ℃升高到550 ℃时，HT-PTES系统最大放电热效率由35.22%增加到39.45%，固定T5即储热温度固定，随着T2升高，充电压力提高，充电过程透平出口温度降低，相应的储冷温度降低，放电循环的冷、热源温差增加，因此放电热效率提高。
放电过程压缩机出口压力同时影响压缩机耗功和透平输出功，导致放电热效率存在拐点。以电加热器出口温度650 ℃、压缩机出口温度550 ℃为例，放电压力过高会导致放电过程压缩机出口温度高于蓄热介质初始温度，需通过散热器b进行散热，这将产生大量损失；而放电压力过低会导致放电压缩机出口温度低于蓄热介质初始温度，无法进行换热，因此必须将放电压力限制在一个合理的范围内（4~16 MPa）。图5给出了T2为550 ℃、T5为650 ℃时放电压力变化对放电过程设备功率的影响。
由于放电过程中压缩机压比和透平膨胀比近似相等，随着放电压力的增大，放电过程压缩机耗功和透平输出功同时增大。当放电压力较低时，压缩机功率的增速低于透平输出功率的增速，表现为总体输出功增加，放电热效率增大；反之，当放电压力较高时，压缩机功率的增速高于透平输出功率的增速，表现为总体输出功率减小，放电热效率降低。在p3'=8 MPa时，净轴功率达到最大值2.46 MW，此时放电过程总散热功率为2.68 MW。而在放电压力与充电压力相同时（设计工况），即p3'=15.3 MPa时，净轴功率为2.27 MW，总散热功率为2.95 MW，由此可见通过放电压力的调整，总散热功率下降了270 kW，净轴功率增加了190 kW。图6展示了此时系统主要部件的㶲损失和㶲效率。由图6可以看出，与等压比放电工况相比，放电过程压缩机、透平、散热器㶲损失分别减小了31、202、26 kW。通过调整放电压力可以最大限度利用储存的热量，使系统的㶲损失最小。
3.2.3　状态点参数T2、T5、p3'对往返效率的影响
上述分析给出了状态点参数对单独充、放电过程性能的影响，下面以系统往返效率为指标，探究状态点参数对EH-PTES系统充、放电循环整体的影响。图7a）展示了T2为550 ℃时EH-PTES系统往返效率随T5和p3'的变化曲线，图7b）展示了T5为850 ℃时EH-PTES系统往返效率随T2和p3'的变化曲线。
可以看出，EH-PTES系统往返效率随p3'的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势，且最大值低于在相同压缩机出口温度下的BC-PTES系统，原因为集成电加热器后在充电过程系统COP下降，虽然提高电加热器出口温度可提高放电热效率，但COP下降更快。这也造成提高电加热器出口温度对EH-PTES系统往返效率的提升并不明显。当T5由600 ℃升高到850 ℃时，系统最大往返效率由45.03%增加到45.10%，仅变化了0.07百分点；而提高压缩机出口温度时，往返效率变化较大，当T2由400 ℃升高到550 ℃时，最大往返效率由38.97%增加到45.10%，主要原因为提高压缩机出口温度时，充电过程系统COP与放电过程放电热效率均增大。
3.3　最佳放电压力下PTES系统性能分析
基于上述参数分析，通过协同调节T2、T5以及p3'，可在任意目标蓄热温度下实现系统往返效率的优化。图8对比了不同最高温度下EH-PTES系统与BC-PTES系统的最大往返效率与储能密度。
如图8a）所示，随着电加热温度升高，EH-PTES系统最大往返效率先减小后增大，在电加热升温幅度为100 ℃左右时效率最低。这是因为集成电加热器之后系统COP下降，只有当提温幅度超过一定程度后，集成带来的放电热效率增加得以弥补COP的下降，进而提升往返效率。同时，两系统在相同的压缩机出口温度下，当电加热器升温幅度超过200 ℃时效率才与未集成电加热器时相当，例如在压缩机出口温度550 ℃、电加热器出口温度900 ℃时，系统往返效率为45.33%，与未集成电加热器时的往返效率（45.23%）接近。且随着压缩机出口温度的升高，电加热器出口温度变化对往返效率的影响逐渐减小，而压缩机出口温度变化对往返效率的影响更明显。这一现象揭示了高温工况下压缩机性能对系统能效的关键制约作用，建议优先围绕压缩机设计展开技术研发，重点攻克流道优化、材料耐热性提升等核心技术，以突破高温能效瓶颈。
在往返效率层面：热泵储电系统在储热温度低于550 ℃时，电加热器集成对往返效率的能效增益有限，甚至可能因其不可逆损失较大导致效率损失，故不建议采用；而当储热温度突破压缩机技术极限进入高温区间时，电加热器与压缩机的耦合优势显著增强，优先在550 ℃以上温区构建电加热辅助系统，通过精准匹配加热幅度与储热温度，可实现系统往返效率的最大化。
如图8b）所示，在相同的最高温度下，随着电加热器出口温度进一步提升，储能密度明显增大。在压缩机出口温度为550 ℃时，电加热器出口温度由600 ℃升高到1 000 ℃，系统储能密度由51.74 kW·h/m3增加到113.90 kW·h/m3，高于BC-PTES系统在压缩机出口温度为550 ℃时的储能密度（45.04 kW·h/m3）；提高压缩机出口温度也可提高系统储能密度，但储能密度对压缩机出口温度的敏感性小于电加热器出口温度。
4　结论
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本文开展了BC-PTES系统和EH-PTES系统在设计工况下的性能对比研究，通过建立系统各部件的热平衡和㶲分析模型，得到了集成电加热器后系统能量损失和㶲损分布特性的变化，并对比了两者在设计工况下的性能指标。探究了充电过程压缩机出口温度、电加热器出口温度、放电过程压缩机出口压力对系统性能的影响，并在最佳放电压力下对比了不同最高温度时EH-PTES与BC-PTES系统的往返效率与储能密度。具体结论如下：
1）在设计工况下，EH-PTES与BC-PTES系统具有相同的循环压比和冷源温度，EH-PTES系统COP为1.24，较BC-PTES系统下降0.08，往返效率与储能密度分别为41.50%和54.1 kW·h/m3，较BC-PTES系统高2.8百分点和15.6 kW·h/m3；EH-PTES与BC-PTES系统㶲损失最大部件均为放电过程透平，EH-PTES系统电加热过程具有最低的㶲效率（63%）。
2）对于EH-PTES系统：当电加热器出口温度恒定时，系统COP与放电热效率均随压缩机出口温度升高呈单调递增趋势，以电加热温度恒定850 ℃为例，当压缩机出口温度从400 ℃升至550 ℃时，系统COP由1.108增至1.146，放电热效率从35.21%增至39.45%；当压缩机出口温度恒定时，系统COP与电加热器出口温度呈负相关，而与放电热效率呈正相关，以压缩机出口温度恒定550 ℃为例，电加热器出口温度从600 ℃升至850 ℃过程中，系统COP由1.318降至1.146，放电热效率则从36.04%增至39.45%。压缩机出口温度和电加热器出口温度均固定时，存在最佳放电压力使放电过程㶲损失最小，系统往返效率最大。
3）在最佳放电压力工况下，随电加热器出口温度升高，系统往返效率先减小后增大，储能密度持续增大。当压缩机出口温度为550 ℃时，在电加热器出口温度从600 ℃升至1 000 ℃的过程中，系统往返效率由45.03%先降至44.81%，后升至45.75%，储能密度由51.74 kW·h/m3单调增加到113.90 kW·h/m3；往返效率对充电过程压缩机出口温度的敏感性大于电加热器出口温度，储能密度对电加热器出口温度的敏感性大于充电过程压缩机出口温度。在较低储热温度时BC-PTES系统更有优势，而在储热温度超过压缩机温度限制时，EH-PTES系统可在兼顾往返效率的同时大幅提高系统储能密度。
基金
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  • 中央高校青年教师科研创新能力支持项目(ZYGXONJSKYCXNLZCXM-E5)
文献
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2026年第55卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505079
  • 接收时间：2025-05-16
  • 首发时间：2026-08-14
  • 出版时间：2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-16
  • 修回日期：2025-06-10
  • 录用日期：2025-06-17
基金
Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty(ZYGXONJSKYCXNLZCXM-E5)
中央高校青年教师科研创新能力支持项目(ZYGXONJSKYCXNLZCXM-E5)
作者信息
    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院，北京 102206

通讯作者:

许诚（1987），男，教授，主要研究方向为富氧燃烧超临界二氧化碳循环发电、压缩二氧化碳储能、卡诺电池储能、燃煤电站低能耗二氧化碳捕集等，。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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