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The oily dust on photovoltaic (PV) modules significantly reduces power generation efficiency, but conventional cleaning agents suffer from poor cleaning performance, cause environmental pollution, and bring component corrosion risks. This study analyzed the dust composition via XRF, XRD, and ignition methods, revealing that organic matters with a mass fraction of 17.52% cause high adhesiveness. An eco-friendly cleaning agent was developed by optimizing the formulation via a four-factor three-level orthogonal experiment using Class A eco-friendly components. Its degradation and corrosion properties were verified through the continuous activated sludge method and immersion experiments. The results showed 10 g/m² oily dust could reduce the PV module power by 30.28%, while the cleaning agent achieved a cleaning efficiency of 99.84% at 30-fold dilution. The cleaning wastewater with a COD of 3 000 mg/L achieved a biodegradability of over 90.41%. Field application on oil plant rooftops restored 79.4% power efficiency and raised surface temperature by 5.6 ℃. Costing only 0.5 yuan per square meter and causing no corrosion to PV modules, the proposed cleaning agent outperforms commercial alternatives. It enables efficient and eco-friendly cleaning, ensuring stable operation of PV power stations and improving power generation efficiency.

, authors=Xuming DENG1, Huifeng WEN1, Heng ZHANG1, Lei ZHANG2, authorsList=Xuming DENG, Huifeng WEN, Heng ZHANG, Lei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068069240529116, articleId=1295068065725702346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=光伏组件油性积尘环保清洗剂实验研究, columnId=1211002409581679375, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=发电技术论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

油性积尘覆盖光伏组件表面会严重降低发电效率,然而现有清洗剂对油性积尘清洗效果差,易污染环境和腐蚀组件。通过XRF、XRD和灼烧法分析油性积尘成分,其有机物质量分数高达17.52%导致黏附性高,以A类环保组分为原料,经四因素三水平正交实验优化复配制得油性积尘环保清洗剂,经连续活性污泥法、浸泡实验验证降解和腐蚀性能。结果表明:10 g/m2的油性积尘可使光伏组件最大输出功率降低30.28%,清洗剂稀释30倍时对油性积尘清洁率达到99.84%,其化学需氧量为3 000 mg/L的清洗废水生物降解性超90.41%;在粮油厂屋顶的实际应用中,可实现79.4%的发电效率恢复率及5.6 ℃的表面温度提升,清洗剂成本仅0.5元/m²且无腐蚀,效果较市售清洗剂更优。该油性积尘环保清洗剂可对覆盖油性积尘的光伏组件实现高效环保清洗,对保障光伏电站运行、提高发电效率具有积极意义。

, authors=邓绪铭1, 文慧峰1, 张恒1, 张磊2, authorsList=邓绪铭, 文慧峰, 张恒, 张磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

邓绪铭(1998),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为热力设备的腐蚀与防腐及化学清洗技术,

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邓绪铭(1998),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为热力设备的腐蚀与防腐及化学清洗技术,

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邓绪铭(1998),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为热力设备的腐蚀与防腐及化学清洗技术,

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Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2016, 22(3): 388-392., articleTitle=Low temperature biological treatment of photovoltaic industrial detergent wastewater, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068079491408194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=64, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=41, authorNames=李高峰, 李立国, journalName=中国洗涤用品工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李高峰,李立国. 阳离子表面活性剂在工业清洗中的应用研究[J]. 中国洗涤用品工业2022(4):64-70., articleTitle=阳离子表面活性剂在工业清洗中的应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068079545934147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=64, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=42, authorNames=LI Gaofeng, LI Liguo, journalName=China Cleaning Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Gaofeng, LI Liguo. Study of cationic surfactant applied in industrial cleaning[J]. China Cleaning Industry, 2022(4): 64-70., articleTitle=Study of cationic surfactant applied in industrial cleaning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068079608848708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=29, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=43, authorNames=冯侠, journalName=清洗世界, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯侠. 一种实用型多功能高效环保切水清洗剂的制备及其性能评价[J]. 清洗世界202238(4):29-32., articleTitle=一种实用型多功能高效环保切水清洗剂的制备及其性能评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068079696929093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=29, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=44, authorNames=FENG Xia, journalName=Cleaning World, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Xia. Preparation and performance evaluation of a practical multifunctional efficient environmental friendly water-cutting cleaner[J]. Cleaning World, 2022, 38(4): 29-32., articleTitle=Preparation and performance evaluation of a practical multifunctional efficient environmental friendly water-cutting cleaner, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068079764037958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=60, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=45, authorNames=蔡小雪, 王莉娜, 汤小芹, journalName=中国洗涤用品工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蔡小雪,王莉娜,汤小芹. 表面活性剂泡沫性能与浓度相关性研究[J]. 中国洗涤用品工业2024(10):60-69., articleTitle=表面活性剂泡沫性能与浓度相关性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068079852118343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=60, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=46, authorNames=CAI Xiaoxue, WANG Lina, TANG Xiaoqin, journalName=China Cleaning Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAI Xiaoxue, WANG Lina, TANG Xiaoqin. Research on the correlation between surfactant foaming performance and concentration[J]. China Cleaning Industry, 2024(10): 60-69., articleTitle=Research on the correlation between surfactant foaming performance and concentration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068081546617160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=214, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=47, authorNames=董亚娟, 许英宗, 谢鑫, journalName=内燃机与配件, refType=null, unstructuredReference=董亚娟,许英宗,谢鑫. COD和电导率对环保清洗剂配方的指导[J]. 内燃机与配件2018(6):214-216., articleTitle=COD和电导率对环保清洗剂配方的指导, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068081613726025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=214, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=48, authorNames=DONG Yajuan, XU Yingzong, XIE Xin, journalName=Internal Combustion Engine & Parts, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG Yajuan, XU Yingzong, XIE Xin. Guidance of COD and electrical conductivity for the formulation of environmental cleaning agent[J]. Internal Combustion Engine & Parts, 2018(6): 214-216., articleTitle=Guidance of COD and electrical conductivity for the formulation of environmental cleaning agent, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295068074797981975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, awardId=HNKJ22-H29, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H29), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295068074860896536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, awardId=HNKJ22-H29, language=CN, fundingSource=中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H29), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068069475410141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068069483798750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, 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figureFileBig=P3bl/+r80x4nTeSz4wQE5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068072935710975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=I-V curves of photovoltaic modules under different dust accumulation conditions, figureFileSmall=pC0+GxDrZpPLYSlLcSFN8Q==, figureFileBig=HQlfDr2FPBPXcnHZU29zeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073007014144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同积尘情况下光伏组件I-V曲线, figureFileSmall=pC0+GxDrZpPLYSlLcSFN8Q==, figureFileBig=HQlfDr2FPBPXcnHZU29zeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073082511617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cleaning performance of single-monocomponent surfactants, figureFileSmall=7tBRZ4qXvXmH/y1rH+TJBg==, figureFileBig=w0aj7c1IICEXDVZkn0IrTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073158009090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单一表面活性剂清洁性能, figureFileSmall=7tBRZ4qXvXmH/y1rH+TJBg==, figureFileBig=w0aj7c1IICEXDVZkn0IrTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073258672387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cleaning performance of the cleaning agents, figureFileSmall=Hl37DneovDeU3jSCn9iF9g==, figureFileBig=uZ/5o3DhSVS7ee6YsDqsOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073334169860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=图4, caption=油性积尘环保清洗剂清洁性能, figureFileSmall=Hl37DneovDeU3jSCn9iF9g==, figureFileBig=uZ/5o3DhSVS7ee6YsDqsOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073418055941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Biodegradability experiment of the cleaning wastewater, figureFileSmall=l9OvhfdIz7FdM1qrgFS/8g==, figureFileBig=dWxsPyE+9gSbb5lqGF7Jvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073480970502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=图5, caption=清洗废水的生物降解性实验结果, figureFileSmall=l9OvhfdIz7FdM1qrgFS/8g==, figureFileBig=dWxsPyE+9gSbb5lqGF7Jvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073552273671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparative experiment on cleaning effect, figureFileSmall=u/qiN3GM5FxS/QSGlJ6y7A==, figureFileBig=XlqacZ7mXJn1ArktbE8oaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073619382536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=图6, caption=清洗效果对比实验, 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figureFileBig=e89+MFV81mS+FSXKuSqqsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073900400908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=图8, caption=清洗剂对镀锌钢板腐蚀性实验, figureFileSmall=9JzVoklLoST243r8flIRqw==, figureFileBig=e89+MFV81mS+FSXKuSqqsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068073984286989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Elemental analysis of the rooftop PV dust in a grain and oil processing plant and a machinery factory in Yueyang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
占比排序粮油厂屋顶光伏积尘机械厂屋顶光伏积尘
元素w/%元素w/%
1O61.3O54.3
2Si24.4Si23.2
3Al4.0Fe8.0
4Ca3.9Al7.0
5Fe2.3K1.8
6K2.1Ca1.6
7Mg0.7Mg1.0
8Na0.3Na0.6
9S0.3S0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074063978766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岳阳某粮油厂和某机械厂屋顶光伏积尘元素质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
占比排序粮油厂屋顶光伏积尘机械厂屋顶光伏积尘
元素w/%元素w/%
1O61.3O54.3
2Si24.4Si23.2
3Al4.0Fe8.0
4Ca3.9Al7.0
5Fe2.3K1.8
6K2.1Ca1.6
7Mg0.7Mg1.0
8Na0.3Na0.6
9S0.3S0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074135281935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Phase analysis of rooftop PV dust in a grain and oil factory and a machinery factory in Yueyang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
占比排序粮油厂屋顶光伏积尘机械厂屋顶光伏积尘
物相w/%物相w/%
1SiO242SiO238
2其他20KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)218
3KAlSi3O815其他15
4Al2O3·SiO28Al2O3·SiO210
5CaCO37Fe2O38
6CaMg(CO325CaMg(CO327
7Fe3O43(Fe,Ti)Fe2O44
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074198196496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岳阳某粮油厂和机械厂屋顶光伏积尘物相质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
占比排序粮油厂屋顶光伏积尘机械厂屋顶光伏积尘
物相w/%物相w/%
1SiO242SiO238
2其他20KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)218
3KAlSi3O815其他15
4Al2O3·SiO28Al2O3·SiO210
5CaCO37Fe2O38
6CaMg(CO325CaMg(CO327
7Fe3O43(Fe,Ti)Fe2O44
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074282082577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Orthogonal experimental design for surfactant compounding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号四因素对应的质量分数(水平)/%清洁率/%发泡力V0/mL
APG10FMEE吐温80CAB
1432484.32288
2454584.65267
3475787.57268
4634786.91279
5655490.16236
6672584.92293
7835590.59289
8852789.82325
9874492.50305
均值1/%85.587.286.389.0
均值2/%87.388.288.086.7
均值3/%90.988.389.488.1
极差/%5.51.13.02.3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074353385746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

表面活性剂复配正交实验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号四因素对应的质量分数(水平)/%清洁率/%发泡力V0/mL
APG10FMEE吐温80CAB
1432484.32288
2454584.65267
3475787.57268
4634786.91279
5655490.16236
6672584.92293
7835590.59289
8852789.82325
9874492.50305
均值1/%85.587.286.389.0
均值2/%87.388.288.086.7
均值3/%90.988.389.488.1
极差/%5.51.13.02.3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074454049043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Cleaning performance of the eco-friendly cleaning agent with compounded additives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号助溶剂螯合剂乳化剂清洁率/%
110%A1+10%A25%B12%C196.53
210%A1+10%A25%B22%C195.42
310%A1+10%A25%B22%C296.16
410%A1+10%A25%B12%C298.74
515%A1+5%A25%B12%C197.92
65%A1+15%A25%B12%C193.35
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074521157908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

复配助剂后油性积尘环保清洗剂清洁性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号助溶剂螯合剂乳化剂清洁率/%
110%A1+10%A25%B12%C196.53
210%A1+10%A25%B22%C195.42
310%A1+10%A25%B22%C296.16
410%A1+10%A25%B12%C298.74
515%A1+5%A25%B12%C197.92
65%A1+15%A25%B12%C193.35
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074600849685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Operating data of photovoltaic modules before and after cleaning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目逆变器组发电量/(kW·h)单组件峰值标准条件下功率/W发电效率恢复率/%表面温度/℃温度提高/℃
Day1洁净655.2224.677.962.75.9
脏污210.546.856.8
Day2洁净439.7226.979.059.65.3
脏污134.746.154.3
Day3洁净693.1233.181.262.95.7
脏污209.051.357.2
平均洁净596.0228.279.461.75.6
脏污184.751.456.1
), ArticleFig(id=1295068074684735766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068065725702346, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

光伏组件清洗前后运行数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目逆变器组发电量/(kW·h)单组件峰值标准条件下功率/W发电效率恢复率/%表面温度/℃温度提高/℃
Day1洁净655.2224.677.962.75.9
脏污210.546.856.8
Day2洁净439.7226.979.059.65.3
脏污134.746.154.3
Day3洁净693.1233.181.262.95.7
脏污209.051.357.2
平均洁净596.0228.279.461.75.6
脏污184.751.456.1
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光伏组件油性积尘环保清洗剂实验研究
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邓绪铭 1 , 文慧峰 1 , 张恒 1 , 张磊 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2026,55(4): 148-155
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热力发电 |发电技术论坛 2026 , 55 (4) : 148 -155
光伏组件油性积尘环保清洗剂实验研究
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邓绪铭1 , 文慧峰1, 张恒1, 张磊2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能湖南岳阳发电有限责任公司,湖南 岳阳 414002
作者简介:

邓绪铭(1998),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为热力设备的腐蚀与防腐及化学清洗技术,

Experimental research on environmentally friendly cleaning agents for oily dust on photovoltaic modules
Xuming DENG1 , Huifeng WEN1, Heng ZHANG1, Lei ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng Hunan Yueyang Power Generation Co., Ltd., Yueyang 414002, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505009
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油性积尘覆盖光伏组件表面会严重降低发电效率,然而现有清洗剂对油性积尘清洗效果差,易污染环境和腐蚀组件。通过XRF、XRD和灼烧法分析油性积尘成分,其有机物质量分数高达17.52%导致黏附性高,以A类环保组分为原料,经四因素三水平正交实验优化复配制得油性积尘环保清洗剂,经连续活性污泥法、浸泡实验验证降解和腐蚀性能。结果表明:10 g/m2的油性积尘可使光伏组件最大输出功率降低30.28%,清洗剂稀释30倍时对油性积尘清洁率达到99.84%,其化学需氧量为3 000 mg/L的清洗废水生物降解性超90.41%;在粮油厂屋顶的实际应用中,可实现79.4%的发电效率恢复率及5.6 ℃的表面温度提升,清洗剂成本仅0.5元/m²且无腐蚀,效果较市售清洗剂更优。该油性积尘环保清洗剂可对覆盖油性积尘的光伏组件实现高效环保清洗,对保障光伏电站运行、提高发电效率具有积极意义。

光伏组件  /  环保清洗剂  /  油性积尘

The oily dust on photovoltaic (PV) modules significantly reduces power generation efficiency, but conventional cleaning agents suffer from poor cleaning performance, cause environmental pollution, and bring component corrosion risks. This study analyzed the dust composition via XRF, XRD, and ignition methods, revealing that organic matters with a mass fraction of 17.52% cause high adhesiveness. An eco-friendly cleaning agent was developed by optimizing the formulation via a four-factor three-level orthogonal experiment using Class A eco-friendly components. Its degradation and corrosion properties were verified through the continuous activated sludge method and immersion experiments. The results showed 10 g/m² oily dust could reduce the PV module power by 30.28%, while the cleaning agent achieved a cleaning efficiency of 99.84% at 30-fold dilution. The cleaning wastewater with a COD of 3 000 mg/L achieved a biodegradability of over 90.41%. Field application on oil plant rooftops restored 79.4% power efficiency and raised surface temperature by 5.6 ℃. Costing only 0.5 yuan per square meter and causing no corrosion to PV modules, the proposed cleaning agent outperforms commercial alternatives. It enables efficient and eco-friendly cleaning, ensuring stable operation of PV power stations and improving power generation efficiency.

photovoltaic modules  /  environmentally friendly cleaning agents  /  oily dust
邓绪铭, 文慧峰, 张恒, 张磊. 光伏组件油性积尘环保清洗剂实验研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 148 -155 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505009
Xuming DENG, Huifeng WEN, Heng ZHANG, Lei ZHANG. Experimental research on environmentally friendly cleaning agents for oily dust on photovoltaic modules[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 148 -155 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505009
光伏电站在实际运行过程中面临诸多挑战,其中光伏组件表面不断累积的污染物问题尤为突出[1]。积尘会降低光伏组件透光率,引发遮挡效应、温度效应、腐蚀效应及磨损效应等,影响发电效率与组件寿命[2-3]。近年来,我国兴建屋顶分布式光伏数量众多[4]。从家庭住户到制造厂,各种工况下运行的光伏组件中,油性积尘[5]是涉及油脂物料区域屋顶光伏电站的常见积尘类型,常规清洗剂(如草酸、碳酸钠等)难以机械去除。油性积尘聚合了多种污染物,它较强的黏附性来自生产过程中挥发的有机物、颗粒物[6-8],其中仅含量较低的有机碳及离子组分就会大幅降低透射率[9-10]。光伏板日间表面温度较高,会加速油脂、脂肪酸等有机物老化[11],进一步发生交联、吸附,形成黏性膜,加速积尘增厚,降低发电效率。
目前,国内外对顽固油性积尘的清洗剂研究集中在天然表面活性物质提取[12-13]、表面活性剂的复配组合[14-16]上。曾维才[17]对西北煤矿地区光伏电站面板上沉积的煤焦油进行分析,确定其成分为多种芳香烃化合物,制备以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、十二烷基磺酸盐为主的水基型表面活性剂,实现了对煤焦油积尘的高效清洁。陶源[18]对浓缩型防雾玻璃清洗剂进行了研制及性能研究,确定了其最优配方组合,制备了生物降解性好的表面活性剂APG0810等为主表面活性剂,并筛选出聚醚改性聚硅氧烷作为防雾成分,实现了良好的清洗及防雾效果。郑岩[19]采用润湿和铺展性能优异的脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物和伯烷基磺酸钠复配,对玻璃表面难去除的虫胶实现了最佳清洗效果。靳迪等[20]聚焦海上漂浮式光伏清洁运维,开发了以生姜提取物、蓖麻油为主适用于盐碱、微生物及油污的环保清洗剂。因此,针对性地选配清洗剂成分,能解决油性积尘清理难的问题,从而开发出适应性强的高效环保清洗剂[21]
本研究根据岳阳某粮油厂区屋顶光伏组件表面的油性积尘特点,进行具有针对性的清洗剂配制实验,对常覆盖油性积尘的光伏电站的运行维护具有重要意义。
对光伏组件表面油性积尘实际成分进行分析,并以此为基础选用表面活性剂,通过正交实验法确定复配比例,进一步添加助剂提高性能,最终制得针对性清理光伏组件的油性积尘环保清洗剂。以岳阳某粮油加工厂和某机械厂屋顶光伏电站为例,相同气候条件下同一时间清洗后屋顶光伏电站的积尘情况差异明显。图1为岳阳某粮油加工厂和机械厂屋顶光伏组件的积尘情况。
实验用主要仪器包括:S8 Tiger波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪、Aeris X射线衍射仪、Axio Virt.A1金相显微镜、BBA太阳光模拟器、高温马弗炉、2151罗氏泡沫仪、电热干燥箱、干燥器、磁力搅拌器、晶科720HL4-(v)光伏组件。主要试剂包括:表面活性剂、助剂。
制备油性积尘时,需要针对性地模拟油性积尘成分,以实现针对性的清洗剂配制。油脂加工中脱臭、裂解等工艺会产生各类废气,其中油脂与空气作用被氧化,生成游离脂肪酸和醛类等。模拟时,考虑蜂蜜内含有大量极性的果糖和葡萄糖,易与水分子等形成氢键,可增加积尘的黏性。液体石蜡为饱和烷烃混合物,具有较强的脂溶性和表面附着性,会附着在物体表面或与灰尘颗粒接触后提高成膜效果。猪油的主要成分是甘油三酯,食用调和油的主要成分是不饱和脂肪酸,这与粮油厂产品加工过程中产生挥发性烟气废料中携带的污染物类型基本一致[21]。综上,根据油性积尘成分特性进行配制,质量分数70%的灰尘、3%的四氧化三铁粉末、2%的蜂蜜、5%的液体石蜡、5%的食用调和油、10%的猪油,该人工油性积尘经灼烧测试后,有机物质量分数在17%~22%。灰尘取自绿化带的含腐殖质土壤,经(80±2)℃烘干至恒重后,过五号筛以去除杂质并控制粒径。将各组分按比例混合后充分搅拌均匀,制得人工油污积尘,每次使用前需再次搅拌以确保组分分散均匀,避免沉降影响实验一致性。每次实验油性积尘涂覆量控制在25 g/m2左右。
涂布油性积尘时,将制备好的人工油污积尘用尺均匀地涂覆到载玻片的一侧或光伏组件表面,为提高油性积尘的模拟真实性,将污片在室外阳光暴晒环境下老化15天,经测试可达到接近岳阳某粮油厂区光伏组件表面油性积尘的附着力。
我国现行玻璃清洗剂标准中尚未规定清洗剂性能的测试和评价方法。因此,本文在文献[22-26]基础上采用自定方法,模拟水流浸泡冲洗5 min的清洁方式测试清洁率。
基于临界胶束浓度理论[27],本实验选用的表面活性物质质量浓度在0.5%~1.0%以上时,其清洁性能随质量浓度升高而降低的速率趋于平缓,表明此时已超过该表面活性物质的临界胶束质量浓度。故选用2%为活性物质质量浓度作为清洁性能评价质量浓度。具体清洁性能测试方法为:将制备好的覆盖油性积尘的载玻片污面朝上,用细铁丝悬挂于500 mL烧杯中150 mL刻度线位置;加入200 mL稀释后活性物质质量分数为2%的清洗剂或表面活性剂溶液,溶液保持25 ℃、200 r/min下磁力搅拌5 min,随后取出,并置于50 ℃下电热恒温箱烘干。根据清洗前、清洗后油污积尘的质量,计算清洁率。
采用连续活性污泥法测试[23-24]清洗废水的生物降解性。1)微生物培养:25 ℃下,向2 L烧杯中加入0.5 L污水处理厂活性污泥以及1.5 L去离子水,间歇曝气12 h,期间添加葡萄糖、蛋白胨、牛肉膏,静置一定时间后,倒出1 L的上清液并补充等量去离子水,重复以上步骤至显微镜下观察到微生物数量显著增多。2)微生物驯化:每天分别添加清洗油性积尘后的清洗废水2、4、6、8、10 mL,5天后每天添加10 mL;每24 h取上清液测化学需氧量(COD),直至测定COD不变为止。3)测试:控制每批处理的清洗废水COD为1 000~3 000 mg/L,测试每降解6 h后的废水COD,计算清洁率。
本实验所用清洗剂组分中,除水外均为有机物,因此可将除水以外的挥发物含量近似等同于挥发性有机物(VOCs)的含量,根据GB/T 13173—2021《表面活性剂洗涤剂试验方法》第15章中烘箱法进行VOCs测试。准备50 mm×30 mm的带盖称量瓶并恒重,称取2.000 g清洗剂于瓶中,并将称量瓶置于105℃的烘箱干燥4 h,随后放入内装变色硅胶的干燥器内干燥0.5 h并加盖称重,清洗剂的VOCs可根据下式计算:
VOCs=m0m1mH2O2.000×1000
式中:VOCs表示挥发性有机物的质量浓度,g/L;m0表示烘干前称量瓶和清洗剂总重;m1表示烘干后称量瓶和清洗剂总重;mH2O表示根据配制时添加除盐水的百分比计算出2.000 g清洗剂中水的质量。
对粮油厂屋顶光伏组件油性积尘及机械厂屋顶光伏组件积尘进行了XRF、XRD分析,并进行灼烧减量法测试,结果如表1表2所示。
对粮油厂屋顶光伏组件油性积尘及机械厂屋顶光伏组件积尘进行了XRF、XRD分析,并进行灼烧减量法测试,结果如表1表2所示。
进一步使用灼烧减量法测得粮油厂和机械厂屋顶光伏积尘有机物质量分数分别为17.52%、6.45%。结合表1表2可知,同一地区2类工厂屋顶光伏组件表面积尘组成有一定差别。机械厂区屋顶光伏组件表面积尘成分为石英、白云母、红柱石、白云石、钛铁尖晶石、氧化铁,有机物成分仅为6.45%。粮油厂区屋顶光伏组件表面积尘成分为石英、钾长石、红柱石、方解石、白云石、磁性氧化铁,有机物质量分数高达17.52%。机械厂区屋顶光伏组件积尘含有更多的铁氧化物,这来自厂区内铁屑、铁粉等加工残余物。而粮油厂屋顶光伏组件积尘有机物含量高,需应用具有渗透、乳化、吸附、分散等功能的表面活性剂进行清洗。
在光伏组件上分别布置密度相同的油性积尘和普通积尘。油性积尘的密度根据老化后从光伏组件上刮下的积尘总量除以面积得到,普通积尘的布灰总量则根据油性积尘的密度乘以光伏组件的面积得到。稳态太阳模拟器条件为AM 1.5G、1 000 W/m²、25 ℃。使用I-V曲线测试仪测量光伏组件电流、电压、功率及温度等数据,结果如图2所示。
光伏组件在清洁情况下最大输出功率Pmax,0为375.97 W;积尘密度10 g/m2的普通积尘覆盖时,最大输出功率Pmax,1为320.47 W,相较无积尘时降低了14.76%;覆盖油性积尘时最大输出功率Pmax,2为262.13 W,较无积尘时降低了30.28%。可见,累积同质量的油性积尘降低光伏组件输出的情况更严重。
清洗顽固油性积尘的关键是提高清洗剂溶解油脂的能力。传统碱性除油剂对油脂皂化能力强,但碱性残液会腐蚀玻璃,清洗后玻璃表面的腐蚀小坑会导致盖板表面更容易积累灰尘。同时,为避免腐蚀镀锌支架及改善阳离子表面活性剂与非离子表面活性剂复配性能不佳的情况[24],采用非离子表面活性剂及两性表面活性剂,调控pH值为中性。此外,基于粮油厂区域物料使用的安全环保要求,活性物质应对人体、水体无毒害,因此清洗剂不应添加支链表面活性剂、EDTA等,应选用《食品安全国家标准洗涤剂》(GB 14930.1—2022)规定的A类清洗剂中的活性成分。各表面活性剂清洁性能如图3所示。
图3可知,清洗能力排序由高至低依次为烷基糖苷(APG10)、脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物(FMEE)、吐温80、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB)、C12—C18乙氧基化辛醇、十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱、2-吗啉乙磺酸(MES)。因此,选用前4种作为主要活性物质进行复配,并设计四因素三水平正交实验[26],测得清洁率与发泡能力,参数详见表3
覆盖4种表面活性剂的各水平组合可减少实验量,通过极差可以分析各因素对清洁率的影响权重,极差大的因素为对清洁性能贡献主效应显著的表面活性剂,选取清洁效果优秀的组分。由表3可知,复配后的表面活性剂清洁性能提升,发泡性能相近,但实际的清洁率差异较大,故以清洁率为主要考量。4种表面活性剂根据极差由高至低排列,依次为APG10(5.5%)、吐温80(3.0%)、CAB(2.3%)、FMEE(1.1%),故各组分对清洁性能影响程度由高至低依次为APG10、FMEE、吐温80、CAB。最后,根据各因素不同水平下清洁率均值最高的水平并组合,得到理论最优配方为质量分数8%APG10、7%FMEE、5%吐温80、4%CAB。
进一步对助剂进行筛选。上述表面活性剂分别添加助溶剂、螯合剂、乳化剂、增稠剂、消泡剂、香味剂、防腐剂进行复配,并使用0.1%~0.5%的柠檬酸钠将清洗剂pH值调至7.0~8.0。各组复配助剂后的油性积尘环保清洗剂清洁性能见表4所示。
表4可知,复配助剂组4可以达到98.74%的最佳油性积尘清洁率,最终油性积尘环保清洗剂成分按质量分数为8%APG10、7%FMEE、5%吐温80、4%椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱、10%乙醇、10%1,2-丙二醇、5%D,L-苹果酸二钠水合物、2%异十三醇聚氧乙烯醚、0.1%~0.5%的柠檬酸钠、0.5%羟丙基甲基纤维素钠、0.05%D-柠檬烯、0.01%异噻唑啉酮。复配后的油性积尘环保清洗剂兼具耐温性好、与中性清洗体系兼容性强等显著优势。
油性积尘环保清洗剂中作为活性剂的烷基糖苷APG10兼具环保性与温和性,生物降解率超90%,低毒低刺激,且耐硬水能力强,在吐温80、FMEE及椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱的复配下显示出相较仅使用APG10和FMEE时更强的去污协同效应。清洗剂助剂中极性不同的助溶剂乙醇与丙二醇混合使用,不仅提升了对油性积尘内不同极性油脂的溶解能力,而且增强了清洗剂的防冻性能,有效提高了胶束增溶效率。异十三醇聚氧乙烯醚凭借较强的乳化能力,与其他表面活性剂协同作用,显著提升了对非极性油脂及蜡质的分散效率。该油性积尘环保清洗剂复配体系较文献[17]中用于清洗高有机物含量煤焦油的清洗剂,油脂溶解效果提升,同时避免了烷基磺酸钠等阴离子表面活性剂[19]的使用,降低了清洗剂在硬水中的沉淀倾向。选用DL-苹果酸二钠盐作为螯合剂,其在中性条件下具有优异的螯合性能,可促进油脂水解及无机污渍溶解,替代了对水体危害较大的EDTA-Na盐等螯合剂。
分别对油性积尘环保清洗剂稀释20倍时不同清洗时间、稀释倍数、多次清洗的清洁性能进行测试,结果如图4所示。
图4a)可知,该油性积尘环保清洗剂在5 min内可实现98.72%的清洁率,而市售溶剂型清洗剂、市售碱性清洗剂在10 min内仅能达到93.21%及85.41%的清洁率。由图4b)可知:清洗剂在稀释30倍时可以实现99.86%的清洁率、84.6%的透光率,达到最佳清洁性能;清洗剂在稀释70倍时仍可达到92.85%的清洁率;继续稀释会导致残留的油性物质含量增加,清洗效果下降。由图4c)可知,200 mL稀释50倍的清洗剂在油性积尘清洗量为3 g时仍有95.93%的清洁率。
根据定义,油性积尘环保清洗剂属于半水基清洗剂,经测试VOCs为255.6 g/L,满足我国强制性标准。
经测试,清洗剂稀释50倍后的COD为11 895 mg/L,相比市售溶剂型清洗剂[28]稀释50倍后15 860 mg/L低25%。
分别选取COD为1 000、2 000、3 000 mg/L的清洗剂清洗油性积尘后的废水进行生物降解性实验,结果如图5所示。由图5可知,COD在3 000 mg/L以下的清洗废水在48 h内均能达到90.41%以上的的降解率,表明该油性积尘清洗剂的环境友好性。
在相同条件下,应用清洗剂及水清洗岳阳某粮油厂屋顶光伏组件表面的实际效果如图6所示。由图6可知,水和市售清洗剂无法完全去除光伏组件表面的油性积尘,而油性积尘环保清洗剂则溶解油脂效果优良,清洗效果极佳。
在该屋顶光伏系统中,选取同一箱式变压器下运行工况一致的2台逆变器,每组均包括536个光伏组件。连续3日记录后台逆变器的日发电量,同时采集单个光伏组件的日峰值功率并换算至标准测试条件(standard test conditions,STC)下的数值,且于每日12:00测量光伏组件表面平均温度。实测得到油性积尘清洗前后的运行数据如表5所示。
发电效率恢复率根据下式计算:
ηrec=P1P0PSTCP0
式中:ηrec表示发电效率恢复率;P0表示未清洁时光伏组件发电效率;P1表示清洁后光伏组件发电效率;PSTC表示25 ℃、1 000 W/m2标准情况下光伏组件的标称功率。
表5可知,光伏组件清洗后可实现平均79.4%的发电效率恢复率,表面温度平均提高5.6 ℃,表明清洗剂对油性积尘清洁效果优异。
清洗剂的经济可行性亦为关键考量因素。根据市价计算,每升清洗剂中各组分价格分别为:APG105.8元/L,FMEE 1.8元/L,吐温80 1.0元/L,CAB 0.4元/L,乙醇0.6元/L,1,2-丙二醇0.8元/L,D,L-苹果酸二钠水合物1.4元/L,异十三醇聚氧乙烯醚0.3元/L,羟丙基甲基纤维素钠0.1元/L,其他助剂0.1元/L。因此,清洗剂成本仅为12.3元/L,相较市面清洗剂同样具有经济性。结合图4c)的重复清洗实验可知,200 mL质量分数2%的自制清洗剂清洗油性积尘的清洗量为3 g以上,因此,对于油性积尘密度为30 g/m2的光伏组件,清洗剂成本仅需0.5元/m2
使用油性积尘清洗剂、市售溶剂型及碱性清洗剂,分别对铝合金板和镀锌钢板进行3 h浸泡处理,通过外观观察与金相分析评估腐蚀情况,测试结果如图7图8所示。
图7图8可知,油性积尘清洗剂对铝合金板和镀锌钢板在浸泡一定时间内几乎没有腐蚀,而溶剂型清洗剂、碱性清洗剂均与其表面发生了反应,故该油性积尘环保清洗剂在光伏组件清洗过程中不会对铝合金边框及镀锌支架产生影响。
1)在油性积尘10 g/m2的情况下光伏组件最大输出功率可降低30.28%。相比同等质量的普通积尘对光伏组件负面影响更大。
针对粮油厂屋顶光伏组件表面油性积尘中高达17.52%的有机物及灰尘无机颗粒的复合污染的积尘进行模拟制备,并研制出了一种适用于该类油性积尘的油性积尘环保清洗剂。清洗剂选用环境友好、人体友善的A类清洗剂成分,能够实现稀释30倍时99.86%的光伏组件油性积尘清洁率,清洗剂成本仅0.5元/m2且无腐蚀。
清洗废水生物降解性良好,使用连续活性污泥法测得,COD在3 000 mg/L以下的清洗油性积尘后的废水在48 h内生物降解性超90.41%,表明清洗剂具有环境友好的特性。
4)油性积尘环保清洗剂在粮油加工厂屋顶光伏的实际应用中,能针对性地除去水及市售清洗剂难以去除的油性积尘,并实现79.4%的发电效率恢复率及5.6 ℃的表面温度提升,清洗效果极佳。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H29)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505009
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
  • 录用日期:2025-06-12
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H29)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H29)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能湖南岳阳发电有限责任公司,湖南 岳阳 414002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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