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As the working medium of turbine speed-control systems in power plants, phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid (FRF) plays a vital role in the normal operation of steam turbines. During operation, the deterioration of FRF may result in an increase in acid value, a decrease in volume resistivity, and the formation of oil sludge, and the degree of decomposition and deterioration varies among different oils. The chemical composition of different kinds of FRF samples was analyzed, the deterioration process of different phosphate ester molecules was simulated, and their aging-resistance properties were tested. The results show that the performance of FRF with tris-(dimethylphenyl) phosphate as the main component is more stable than that of FRF with tert-butylphenyl phosphate as the main component. During the production of FRF, the content of dimethylphenyl in triaryl phosphate should be increased, and the content of phenyl and tert-butyl phenyl should be reduced.

, authors=Zhanyang GAO1, Xiaowei WANG1, Fan ZHANG2, Juan WANG1, Rui CUI2, Guojun LONG1, Yu WANG1, Yongzhi XU2, Lun WANG1, Mingrui HAN2, Jie LIU2, authorsList=Zhanyang GAO, Xiaowei WANG, Fan ZHANG, Juan WANG, Rui CUI, Guojun LONG, Yu WANG, Yongzhi XU, Lun WANG, Mingrui HAN, Jie LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaowei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295065135974994756, articleId=1295065125904470789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=磷酸酯抗燃油成分分析及性能研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

磷酸酯抗燃油作为电厂汽轮机调速系统的工作介质,对汽轮机的正常运转起着至关重要的作用。运行中因油质劣化可能出现油质酸值升高,体积电阻率下降,以及生成油泥的情况,不同油品分解劣化程度不一致。对不同种类磷酸酯抗燃油化学成分进行分析,模拟不同磷酸酯分子劣化过程,并检测其抗老化性能。结果表明:以三-(二甲基苯基)磷酸酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油稳定性能优于以叔丁基苯基磷酸酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油;在研制磷酸酯抗燃油过程中,应提高三芳基磷酸酯中二甲基苯基的含量,降低苯基和叔丁基苯基的含量。

, authors=高占阳1, 王笑微1, 张帆2, 王娟1, 崔锐2, 龙国军1, 王宇1, 徐勇智2, 王伦1, 韩明睿2, 刘杰2, authorsList=高占阳, 王笑微, 张帆, 王娟, 崔锐, 龙国军, 王宇, 徐勇智, 王伦, 韩明睿, 刘杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王笑微, authorNote=

高占阳(1993),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生技术,

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王笑微(1984),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术,
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高占阳(1993),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生技术,

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高占阳(1993),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生技术,

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065148759233455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The tri-(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate ester molecular, figureFileSmall=32ESzGxHKHFS8my3YPhixg==, figureFileBig=894DEcRM8p2+qdyZlrbYvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065148830536624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=CN, label=图14, caption=三-(3,5-二甲基苯基)磷酸酯, figureFileSmall=32ESzGxHKHFS8my3YPhixg==, figureFileBig=894DEcRM8p2+qdyZlrbYvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065148901839794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=The tri-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate ester molecular, figureFileSmall=7GfYkohn/rzbUg9p2xTHCA==, figureFileBig=r7LUKfOow4Zo/IgX9SXTYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065148973142963, 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language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=The di-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-p-ethylphenyl phosphate molecular, figureFileSmall=gKVVtUDhWI/I+6ljpkPtsQ==, figureFileBig=bgcxWRDxSQjzMqZBb6KU1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065149426127799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=CN, label=图17, caption=二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)对乙基苯基磷酸酯分子, figureFileSmall=gKVVtUDhWI/I+6ljpkPtsQ==, figureFileBig=bgcxWRDxSQjzMqZBb6KU1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065149493236664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=The di-(p-ethylphenyl)-3,5-dimethylphenyl phosphate molecular, figureFileSmall=Q+yyIl7wOVinfCruLrWbfw==, figureFileBig=j69qp2b2m8ymTYTluaBNWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065149547762617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=CN, label=图18, caption=二-(对乙基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯分子, 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articleId=1295065125904470789, language=CN, label=图23, caption=磷酸三苯基酯分子, figureFileSmall=UZrXJG/hk4Nqaxw3bFHMRA==, figureFileBig=I9P0goxD7I68q3s2BsGXbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065152014013382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=Variation of acid values with aging time for different phosphate ester samples, figureFileSmall=fvmj08KZvqOOeBbysc/w1w==, figureFileBig=YYPPJxqXX3vEdeOUIeKFtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065152089510855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=CN, label=图24, caption=不同磷酸酯样品酸值随老化时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=fvmj08KZvqOOeBbysc/w1w==, figureFileBig=YYPPJxqXX3vEdeOUIeKFtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065152324391880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=Variation of electrical resistivity with aging time for different phosphate ester samples, figureFileSmall=YnAs6XgZTIhg7eUCol99zA==, figureFileBig=vLVOV0ROnHcBAtstBYeW3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065152404083657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=CN, label=图25, caption=不同磷酸酯样品电阻率随老化时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=YnAs6XgZTIhg7eUCol99zA==, figureFileBig=vLVOV0ROnHcBAtstBYeW3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065152475386826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Molecular energy, transition state energy, barrier energy, and buried volumes of different phosphate esters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磷酸酯分子磷酸酯分子能量Gp/(×4.359 7×10–18 J)过渡态能量GT/(×4.359 7×10–18 J)过渡态势垒能量ΔGT/(×1.602 2×1019 J)埋藏体积分数/%
三-(3,5-二甲基苯基)磷酸酯–1 572.390 1–1 648.746 20.276 049.35
三-(2,4二甲基苯基)磷酸酯–1 572.398 2–1 648.746 00.499 553.34
二-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.401 3–1 648.753 50.379 763.80
二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)对乙基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.376 5–1 648.736 90.157 048.70
二-(对乙基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.381 7–1 648.742 90.134 848.56
二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)-2,6-二甲基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.396 4–1 648.750 60.327 450.20
磷酸三(对-叔丁基苯基)酯–1 808.056 4–1 884.417 90.127 948.27
磷酸二(对-叔丁基苯基)苯基酯–1 650.928 1–1 727.289 80.122 548.65
磷酸(对-叔丁基苯基)二苯基酯–1 493.799 9–1 570.161 90.114 348.25
磷酸三苯酯–1 336.670 7–1 413.032 80.111 648.20
), ArticleFig(id=1295065152697684939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065125904470789, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同磷酸酯分子能量、过渡态能量、势垒能量及埋藏体积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磷酸酯分子磷酸酯分子能量Gp/(×4.359 7×10–18 J)过渡态能量GT/(×4.359 7×10–18 J)过渡态势垒能量ΔGT/(×1.602 2×1019 J)埋藏体积分数/%
三-(3,5-二甲基苯基)磷酸酯–1 572.390 1–1 648.746 20.276 049.35
三-(2,4二甲基苯基)磷酸酯–1 572.398 2–1 648.746 00.499 553.34
二-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.401 3–1 648.753 50.379 763.80
二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)对乙基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.376 5–1 648.736 90.157 048.70
二-(对乙基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.381 7–1 648.742 90.134 848.56
二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)-2,6-二甲基苯基磷酸酯–1 572.396 4–1 648.750 60.327 450.20
磷酸三(对-叔丁基苯基)酯–1 808.056 4–1 884.417 90.127 948.27
磷酸二(对-叔丁基苯基)苯基酯–1 650.928 1–1 727.289 80.122 548.65
磷酸(对-叔丁基苯基)二苯基酯–1 493.799 9–1 570.161 90.114 348.25
磷酸三苯酯–1 336.670 7–1 413.032 80.111 648.20
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磷酸酯抗燃油成分分析及性能研究
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高占阳 1 , 王笑微 1 , 张帆 2 , 王娟 1 , 崔锐 2 , 龙国军 1 , 王宇 1 , 徐勇智 2 , 王伦 1 , 韩明睿 2 , 刘杰 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(3): 64-71
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磷酸酯抗燃油成分分析及性能研究
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高占阳1 , 王笑微1 , 张帆2, 王娟1, 崔锐2, 龙国军1, 王宇1, 徐勇智2, 王伦1, 韩明睿2, 刘杰2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能甘肃能源开发有限公司西固分公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
通讯作者:
王笑微(1984),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术,
作者简介:

高占阳(1993),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生技术,

Composition analysis and properties of phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid
Zhanyang GAO1 , Xiaowei WANG1 , Fan ZHANG2, Juan WANG1, Rui CUI2, Guojun LONG1, Yu WANG1, Yongzhi XU2, Lun WANG1, Mingrui HAN2, Jie LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Xigu Branch, Huaneng Gansu Energy Development Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503067
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磷酸酯抗燃油作为电厂汽轮机调速系统的工作介质,对汽轮机的正常运转起着至关重要的作用。运行中因油质劣化可能出现油质酸值升高,体积电阻率下降,以及生成油泥的情况,不同油品分解劣化程度不一致。对不同种类磷酸酯抗燃油化学成分进行分析,模拟不同磷酸酯分子劣化过程,并检测其抗老化性能。结果表明:以三-(二甲基苯基)磷酸酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油稳定性能优于以叔丁基苯基磷酸酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油;在研制磷酸酯抗燃油过程中,应提高三芳基磷酸酯中二甲基苯基的含量,降低苯基和叔丁基苯基的含量。

磷酸酯抗燃油  /  化学成分  /  芳基酚  /  抗老化性能

As the working medium of turbine speed-control systems in power plants, phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid (FRF) plays a vital role in the normal operation of steam turbines. During operation, the deterioration of FRF may result in an increase in acid value, a decrease in volume resistivity, and the formation of oil sludge, and the degree of decomposition and deterioration varies among different oils. The chemical composition of different kinds of FRF samples was analyzed, the deterioration process of different phosphate ester molecules was simulated, and their aging-resistance properties were tested. The results show that the performance of FRF with tris-(dimethylphenyl) phosphate as the main component is more stable than that of FRF with tert-butylphenyl phosphate as the main component. During the production of FRF, the content of dimethylphenyl in triaryl phosphate should be increased, and the content of phenyl and tert-butyl phenyl should be reduced.

phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid  /  chemical composition  /  aryl phenol  /  aging resistance performance
高占阳, 王笑微, 张帆, 王娟, 崔锐, 龙国军, 王宇, 徐勇智, 王伦, 韩明睿, 刘杰. 磷酸酯抗燃油成分分析及性能研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (3) : 64 -71 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503067
Zhanyang GAO, Xiaowei WANG, Fan ZHANG, Juan WANG, Rui CUI, Guojun LONG, Yu WANG, Yongzhi XU, Lun WANG, Mingrui HAN, Jie LIU. Composition analysis and properties of phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (3) : 64 -71 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503067
随着电力工业的快速发展,高参数、大容量汽轮发电机组过热蒸汽温度不断升高,部分超超临界机组的蒸汽温度已达600 ℃以上。因汽轮机调速系统大多靠近过热蒸汽管道,如果继续使用矿物油作为调速系统液压工作介质,一旦泄漏,极易引发火灾事故。为提高电站防火能力,现国内外已广泛采用磷酸酯抗燃油作为液压工作介质[1-5]。磷酸酯抗燃油主要成分三芳基磷酸酯是一种由酚类化合物和三氯氧磷合成的有机磷酸酯类液体[6-8],其闪点可达235 ℃以上,自燃点达530 ℃以上,抗燃性能优异[9-13]。此外,与矿物油相比,磷酸酯抗燃油还具有优异的润滑性能,可有效减少金属表面的磨损,提高设备运行的安全性。
然而,磷酸酯抗燃油在运行过程中受水分、温度等影响,会发生一定程度劣化,导致其酸值升高,体积电阻率下降并生成油泥,对机组设备的安全稳定运行构成严重威胁[14-18]。为解决该问题,发电厂被迫对磷酸酯抗燃油进行过滤、再生处理或甚至全部换油,增加了机组运行成本。针对磷酸酯抗燃油劣化的现象,本文拟从磷酸酯抗燃油的化学组分及分子结构角度出发,分析组分结构与油品稳定性的关联性,确定具有优异稳定性能的磷酸酯分子结构,为磷酸酯抗燃油研发及生产提供指导。
磷酸酯抗燃油在常温下具有较好的稳定性,导致其劣化的原因是油品发生水解或氧化反应。水解反应是指磷酸酯分子中酯基键受水分子攻击断裂,形成有机磷酸的过程。根据水解机理,三芳基磷酸酯水解产物大多为磷酸二元酯、磷酸一元酯和游离酚(图1),很难彻底水解生成磷酸。在实际运行过程中,磷酸酯水解过程较为缓慢。但随着水解反应的进行,形成的有机磷酸可继续催化加速磷酸酯的水解,也可与汽轮机调速系统里的金属离子结合生成不溶沉淀物。氧化反应是指磷酸酯分子中苯环上甲基或乙基被氧化,生成一系列复杂氧化产物的过程。水解和氧化产物会导致油品颜色加深,酸值升高,体积电阻率降低,系统滤网堵塞,以及伺服阀遭受电化学腐蚀风险大大增加[19-21]
目前,磷酸酯抗燃油的验收指标主要为颜色、水分、酸值、体积电阻率、泡沫特性和空气释放值等,虽然不同种类的磷酸酯抗燃油验收时其质量均符合《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》(DL/T 571—2024)标准要求,但在实际运行过程中却表现出不同的稳定性和使用寿命。针对这一问题,本节对不同种类磷酸酯样品的化学组成进行了分析。
磷酸酯化合物含有3个芳基酚基团,依据其生产时使用酚类化合物的种类多少,磷酸酯化合物可以是单一纯品化合物,也可以是几种甚至十几种酯的混合物。抗燃油样品1号、2号2种,1号样品主要组分为三-(二甲基)苯基磷酸酯,其含有较多二甲基苯基,2号样品主要组分为叔丁基苯基磷酸酯,其含有较多叔丁基苯基。首先,对1号抗燃油样品进行核磁共振磷谱、氢谱和高效液相色谱分析,检测结果如图2图4所示。
核磁共振磷谱提供了三芳基磷酸酯分子中磷原子结构信息,谱图中峰数代表含有多少种结构不同的磷酸酯分子。由图2可知,1号样品磷谱中含有数10种不同化学位移的峰,表明该样品中含有数10种不同结构的三芳基磷酸酯分子。核磁共振氢谱对1号样品检测的结果(图3)可知,化学位移δ在1.2×10–6处的氢谱峰为乙基中的甲基氢裂分峰,2.6×10–6处的氢谱峰为乙基中的亚甲基裂分峰,化学位移δ在2.0×10–6~2.4×10–6之间的峰为与苯环直接相连的甲基裂分峰。该结果表明1号样品的分子结构中含有甲基和乙基。
为进一步确定1号样品中所含组分结构信息,对1号样品进行高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测试。检测条件如下:OD-H色谱柱,254 nm;流动相为正己烷/异丙醇质量比98:2,流速1.0 mL/min,25 ℃[22]。由HPLC检测结果(图4)可知,1号样品谱图含有10种以上的峰,结果与核磁共振磷谱一致。由于1号样品所含化合物种类较多,极性较为接近,无法将不同种类三芳基磷酸酯分子彻底分开,色谱图中不同峰存在一定程度的交叉重叠,对其组分和结构的确定造成影响。因此,需要对1号抗燃油样品组分和结构进行分析(本文1.2节)。
采用与1号样品同样的检测方法对2号样品进行分析,检测结果如图5图7所示。由图5图7可知,2号样品中含有4种不同结构磷酸酯,与1号样品相比种类较少。由图6可知,2号样品核磁共振氢谱图中烷基区含有叔丁基的单峰,该结果表明2号样品中含有叔丁基苯基。
图7可知,2号样品HPLC谱图中峰与峰之间不存在交叉重叠,极性相差较大。进一步采取柱色谱纯化分离到4种化合物,对其进行核磁共振氢谱分析,结果如图8图11所示。由核磁共振氢谱结果可确定4种化合物分别为磷酸三(4-叔丁基苯基)酯、磷酸二(4-叔丁基苯基)苯基酯、磷酸(4-叔丁基苯基)二苯基酯、磷酸三苯酯,在2号样品中质量分数分别为6.6%、29.8%、42.2%、21.4%。
由1.1节可知,1号样品中含有多种三芳基磷酸酯,直接采用核磁共振波谱和高效液相色谱无法确定样品中三芳基磷酸酯分子结构。为了解样品所含三芳基磷酸酯分子结构信息,采用水解法使三芳基磷酸酯水解为酚类化合物和磷酸,检测水解产物中酚类化合物的种类和含量,以确定其相关结构信息。水解条件优化为:取约200 mg磷酸酯样品,300 mg CH3ONa、1 mL CH3OH和0.5 mL水,温度100 ℃,反应约48 h。待反应后溶液降至室温后,除去CH3OH,向剩余反应产物中加入10 mL CH2Cl2,用稀盐酸(2 mol/L)酸化至体系pH值小于2,随后采用CH2Cl2萃取体系内酚类化合物。向CH2Cl2萃取液中加入无水Na2SO4干燥,过滤除去无水Na2SO4,最后除去CH2Cl2并称重。以石油醚与乙酸乙酯(石油醚与乙酸乙酯比例为10:1至6:1)为淋洗液,柱层析分离出所有的酚类成分。将酚类混合物进行核磁共振氢谱检测,得到对应样品的核磁共振氢谱图,结果如图12所示。对分离后的酚类混合物进行液相色谱检测,检测条件同1.1节,得到酚类混合物高效液相色谱图如图13所示。通过对比甲基及乙基酚类标准品的氢谱和高效液相色谱图的特征峰及其保留时间,可确定酚类混合物中含有3-乙基苯酚、4-乙基苯酚、3,5-二甲基苯酚、2,6-二甲基苯酚、2,5-二甲基苯酚和2,4-二甲基苯酚。由此反推出1号样品中三芳基磷酸酯组分主要为三-(3,5-二甲基苯基)磷酸酯、三-(2,4二甲基苯基)磷酸酯、二-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯、二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)对乙基苯基磷酸酯、二(对乙基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯、二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)-2,6-二甲基苯基磷酸酯。
由1.1和1.2节检测分析结果可知:1号样品所含磷酸酯种类较多,其中主要为三-(3,5-二甲基苯基)磷酸酯、三-(2,4二甲基苯基)磷酸酯、二-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯、二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)对乙基苯基磷酸酯、二(对乙基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯、二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)-2,6-二甲基苯基磷酸酯;2号样品主要成分为磷酸三(对-叔丁基苯基)酯、磷酸二(对-叔丁基苯基)苯基酯、磷酸(对-叔丁基苯基)二苯基酯和磷酸三苯酯。
为进一步探究不同磷酸酯样品结构组分与稳定性能之间的关系,对1号和2号2个样品中所含的10种三芳基磷酸酯分子采用分子模拟方法模拟其劣化过程,计算劣化过程能量变化,基于相关参数确定其稳定性能。计算过程如下:使用Gaussian软件分别对10种三芳基磷酸酯分子建模与第一性原理计算。由于磷酸酯的原子均为前3周期主族元素,且前期测试发现6-31、6-31G*、6-31G(d,p)的计算势垒能量差距极小,不影响各分子的能量趋势,即6-31G基组已经能够提供足够准确的性质描述[23]。因此,计算参数使用RB3LYP泛函,基组使用6-31G,加入D3矫正范德华力(gd3bj),进行结构优化与频率计算,得到基础结构以及分子自身能量(Gp,能量计算考虑零点能矫正)。其次,计算水分子能量Gw。然后,使用TS方法搜索过渡态结构(能量鞍点),进行IRC(内禀反应坐标)过渡态路径计算,获得仅有1个振动方向的过渡态结构(能量鞍点),计算此时过渡态吉布斯能量GT。最后,通过过渡态能量减去反应物能量获得过渡态势垒能量,即ΔGT=GTGpGw。ΔGT越大,磷酸酯分子越难以劣化,稳定性能越优异[24-27]。依据以上过程计算得到的GTGp以及ΔGT表1所示,优化后的磷酸酯分子结构以及过渡态结构如图14图23所示。
表1可知,在水分子攻击下,10种磷酸酯分子过渡态势垒能量呈现不同变化。过渡态势垒能量由高到低依次为:三-(2,4二甲基苯基)磷酸酯、二-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯、二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)-2,6-二甲基苯基磷酸酯、三-(3,5-二甲基苯基)磷酸酯、二-(3,5-二甲基苯基)对乙基苯基磷酸酯、二-(对乙基苯基)-3,5-二甲基苯基磷酸酯、磷酸三(对-叔丁基苯基)酯、磷酸二(对-叔丁基苯基)苯基酯、磷酸(对-叔丁基苯基)二苯基酯和三苯基磷酸酯。势垒能量越高,即抗劣化性能越好。根据分子结构和势垒能量计算结果,三芳基磷酸酯分子中含有二甲基苯基的势垒能量高于含有乙基苯基、苯基或叔丁基苯基的磷酸酯分子,且所含二甲基苯基数目越多,势垒能量越高,抗劣化性能越优异。
为进一步探究二甲基苯基对分子过渡态势垒和抗劣化性能的影响,详细计算了不同磷酸酯分子中磷原子埋藏体积(buried volume)。埋藏体积是量化空间位阻的一种方法,用于评估周围取代基等对中心原子的空间占据程度[28-29]。10种磷酸酯分子的磷原子的埋藏体积见表1。由表1可知,随着空间位阻埋藏体积逐渐增大到50%以上,过渡态势垒能量明显升高。其中,含有二甲基苯基取代基的磷酸酯分子埋藏体积大于含有叔丁基苯基取代基的磷酸酯分子,所含二甲基苯基数目越多,埋藏体积越大,即磷原子周围空间位阻越大,水解等反应不易进行,分子抗劣化性能越优异。因此,以三-(二甲基苯基)磷酸酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油稳定性能优于以磷酸三(对-叔丁基苯基)酯和磷酸三苯酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油,即1号抗燃油样品稳定性能优于2号。
为进一步探究不同磷酸酯样品结构组分与稳定性能之间的关系,对1号和2号2个磷酸酯抗燃油样品开展老化实验。采用闭口杯老化实验,实验期间跟踪检测油样酸值和体积电阻率等抗燃油关键指标,当酸值和电阻率不符合《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》(DL/T 571—2024)标准要求时,停止老化实验。实验条件参照《磷酸酯抗燃油闭口杯老化测定法》(DL/T 1705—2017)标准,每个样品设置平行组,取2组平行样品检测结果平均值为检测结果数值。图24图25为不同磷酸酯样品酸值、电阻率随时间变化趋势。
图24可知,1和2号2个磷酸酯抗燃油样品的酸值随着老化时间的延长而逐渐升高,且2号样品酸值增加速率远大于1号样品。对于1号和2号样品,当分别老化至326 h和158 h时,酸值为0.169 mgKOH/g和0.167 mgKOH/g,超过DL/T 571—2024标准中运行磷酸酯抗燃油酸值要求(0.15 mgKOH/g)。1号样品酸值超标时间长于2号样品。
图25可知,1号和2号2个样品电阻率随着老化时间的延长而逐渐降低。其中,2号样品电阻率降低速率大于1号样品。对于1号和2号样品,当老化至734 h和192 h时,电阻率分别为5.1×109 Ω·cm和6.3×109 Ω·cm,超出或接近DL/T 571—2024标准中运行磷酸酯抗燃油电阻率要求的临界值(6.0×109 Ω·cm)。1号样品体积电阻率达到临界值的时间长于2号样品。
由以上结果可知,2号样品酸值和体积电阻率等关键指标劣化速度快于1号样品,即抗老化性能劣于1号样品。该结果与分子模拟计算结果一致,说明含有较多二甲基苯基的1号样品稳定性能优于含有较多叔丁基苯基的2号样品。
对磷酸酯抗燃油及水解后样品进行核磁共振波谱和高效液相色谱分析,确定了磷酸酯抗燃油产品中主要成分为叔丁基苯基磷酸酯以及三-(二甲基苯基)磷酸酯。基于第一性原理,模拟了不同种类三芳基磷酸酯分子劣化过程,计算分子劣化过程中的能量变化,所得结论如下。
1)三芳基磷酸酯分子二甲基苯基含量越高,乙基苯基、苯基或叔丁基苯基含量越少,分子过渡态势垒越高,抗劣化性能越优异。
2)对1号和2号2种磷酸酯抗燃油样品进行抗老化性能实验研究,实验结果与模拟计算结果一致,即以三-(二甲基苯基)磷酸酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油(1号样品)稳定性能优于以叔丁基苯基磷酸酯为主要组分的磷酸酯抗燃油(2号样品)。在研发抗燃油过程中,应增加三芳基磷酸酯分子中二甲基苯基含量,提高磷酸酯分子稳定性,以获得稳定性能更优异的抗燃油产品。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ23-H22)
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2026年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503067
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
  • 修回日期:2025-05-22
  • 录用日期:2025-05-28
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ23-H22)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ23-H22)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能甘肃能源开发有限公司西固分公司,甘肃 兰州 730070

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王笑微(1984),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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