Article(id=1236699941939237324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202405093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715356800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781842932, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781842932, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781842932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781842932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699942266393044, articleId=1236699941939237324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Overview of long-term energy storage technologies in new power systems, columnId=1236699940039225937, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Overview of long-term energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing penetration rate of renewable energy in China’s power system in the future, the stability of the system will face more severe challenges. Long-term energy storage technology plays an important role in balancing grid demand, improving grid stability, promoting the consumption of renewable energy, and promoting green and low-carbon development in the power system. Long-term energy storage has a wide range of application scenarios on the power supply side, grid side, and load side of the system, which is of great significance for the development of China’s new power system. Firstly, the characteristics and development trends of the current new power system are introduced, and the supporting role of long-term energy storage technology in the new power system is analyzed. Then, the technical principles and routes of five long-term energy storage technologies, such as the compressed air energy storage, lithium-ion battery energy storage, liquid flow battery energy storage, molten salt energy storage, and hydrogen energy storage, are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of various long-term energy storage technologies are also analyzed. Finally, the future application prospects of long-term energy storage technology in the new power system are discussed.

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随着未来我国电力系统中可再生能源渗透率的提高,系统稳定性将应对更加严峻的挑战。长时储能技术在电力系统中起到平衡电网需求、提高电网稳定性、促进可再生能源的消纳、推动绿色低碳发展等作用。长时储能在系统的电源侧、电网侧、负荷侧都有着广泛的应用,对我国新型电力系统的发展意义重大。首先,介绍了目前新型电力系统的特点以及发展趋势,分析长时储能技术在新型电力系统中所具备的支撑作用;其次,分别总结了压缩空气储能、锂离子电池储能、液流电池储能、熔盐储能、氢储能5种长时储能的技术原理及路线、现有的示范应用项目及未来发展趋势,分析了各种长时储能技术的优势和不足;最后,对新型电力系统中长时储能技术未来的应用前景进行了展望。

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居文平(1973),硕士研究生导师,西安热工研究院副院长,中国华能集团首席专家,主要研究方向为汽轮机及热力系统、辅机技术、火电厂节能降耗、灵活性技术,

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居文平(1973),硕士研究生导师,西安热工研究院副院长,中国华能集团首席专家,主要研究方向为汽轮机及热力系统、辅机技术、火电厂节能降耗、灵活性技术,

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居文平(1973),硕士研究生导师,西安热工研究院副院长,中国华能集团首席专家,主要研究方向为汽轮机及热力系统、辅机技术、火电厂节能降耗、灵活性技术,

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Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(17): 6660-6681., articleTitle=Current status, challenges, and prospects of key application technologies for hydrogen energy storage in power systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236699942916510205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236699942924898814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, companyId=1236699942916510205, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236699942933287423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, companyId=1236699942916510205, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236699944640369308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Development plan for China’s new power system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发展阶段时间全社会用电量/(万亿kW·h)总装机容量/亿kW发电量占比情况
碳达峰阶段从现在到2030年11.840新增用电需求80%由清洁能源满足,清洁能源的发电量占比由目前的38%提升到约50%
深度低碳阶段2031年—2050年15.062新增用电需求全部由清洁能源来满足,并深度代替现有的存量煤电,煤电发电量占比降到10%以内,清洁能源的发电量占比提升到80%以上
碳中和阶段2051年—2060年16.070清洁能源的发电量占比超过90%,新能源的装机容量50亿kW,其中分布式光伏占比超过20%
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946091598502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国新型电力系统发展计划

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发展阶段时间全社会用电量/(万亿kW·h)总装机容量/亿kW发电量占比情况
碳达峰阶段从现在到2030年11.840新增用电需求80%由清洁能源满足,清洁能源的发电量占比由目前的38%提升到约50%
深度低碳阶段2031年—2050年15.062新增用电需求全部由清洁能源来满足,并深度代替现有的存量煤电,煤电发电量占比降到10%以内,清洁能源的发电量占比提升到80%以上
碳中和阶段2051年—2060年16.070清洁能源的发电量占比超过90%,新能源的装机容量50亿kW,其中分布式光伏占比超过20%
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946162901679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of compressed air energy storage technology routes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CAES类型主要技术特点优势缺陷
D-CAES基于燃气轮机技术有燃烧室结构简单,运行可靠,经济性高有温室气体排放,效率较低
AA-CAES加装储热装置,取代原先的燃烧室不存在温室气体排放,效率有所提高系统效率受储热性能影响
I-CAES无储热装置和燃烧室效率高系统复杂,依赖于等温技术的发展
LAES液化空气,需要加装低温储罐能量密度高,不受环境条件限制效率低,成本高
SC-CAES液化空气,需要加装低温储罐和储热装置能量密度高,能量转化效率高系统复杂
UW-CAES用于海岸线区域,常以柔性气囊作为储气装置效率高,能量密度高储气装置制造困难,成本较高
CASH需要加装饱和器以及空气和水混合装置经济性高系统结构复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946238399161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

压缩空气储能技术路线对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CAES类型主要技术特点优势缺陷
D-CAES基于燃气轮机技术有燃烧室结构简单,运行可靠,经济性高有温室气体排放,效率较低
AA-CAES加装储热装置,取代原先的燃烧室不存在温室气体排放,效率有所提高系统效率受储热性能影响
I-CAES无储热装置和燃烧室效率高系统复杂,依赖于等温技术的发展
LAES液化空气,需要加装低温储罐能量密度高,不受环境条件限制效率低,成本高
SC-CAES液化空气,需要加装低温储罐和储热装置能量密度高,能量转化效率高系统复杂
UW-CAES用于海岸线区域,常以柔性气囊作为储气装置效率高,能量密度高储气装置制造困难,成本较高
CASH需要加装饱和器以及空气和水混合装置经济性高系统结构复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946347451070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of properties between lithium iron phosphate materials and ternary materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标磷酸铁锂三元材料
能量密度质量比能量较低,且由于真密度偏低、颗粒小、碳包覆等原因,体积比能量也较低质量比能量和体积比能量都较高
安全性满电态热分解温度为700 ℃,可通过全部安全测试;
安全性较好
满电态热分解温度200~300 ℃,不易通过过充和针刺等部分测试;安全性不足
功率性能Li+扩散系数较低,电子电导率低,功率性能不佳Li+扩散系数和电子电导率高,具有更好的功率性能
温度适应性-20 ℃下容量保持率仅约60%,温度适应范围小同体系容量保持率可达70%以上,温度适应范围较广
环境因素主要成分中的铁、磷元素对环境较为友好含有镍、钴元素,对环境污染较大
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946469085892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

磷酸铁锂材料与三元材料性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标磷酸铁锂三元材料
能量密度质量比能量较低,且由于真密度偏低、颗粒小、碳包覆等原因,体积比能量也较低质量比能量和体积比能量都较高
安全性满电态热分解温度为700 ℃,可通过全部安全测试;
安全性较好
满电态热分解温度200~300 ℃,不易通过过充和针刺等部分测试;安全性不足
功率性能Li+扩散系数较低,电子电导率低,功率性能不佳Li+扩散系数和电子电导率高,具有更好的功率性能
温度适应性-20 ℃下容量保持率仅约60%,温度适应范围小同体系容量保持率可达70%以上,温度适应范围较广
环境因素主要成分中的铁、磷元素对环境较为友好含有镍、钴元素,对环境污染较大
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946590720717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of hydrogen production technology routes by electrolysis of water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型技术优势存在缺陷应用场景
ALK技术成熟,成本低,寿命长电流密度小,电解液存在污染,负载调节范围有限,存在效率损失可再生能源大规模深度消纳
PEM电流密度高,结构紧凑,产氢纯度高,负载调节速度快仍会出现膜电极组件有效面积衰减和催化层降解灵活调控的可再生能源耦合制氢
AEM系统简单、高效、成本低,无需贵金属催化剂和钛部件存在化学、机械稳定性的问题,处于研发阶段
SOE能量转化效率高,电流密度高,能耗低结构复杂,性能衰减较快,高温运行会导致气体
交叉污染
核电余热制氢,合成氨余热制氢
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946708161239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电解水制氢技术特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型技术优势存在缺陷应用场景
ALK技术成熟,成本低,寿命长电流密度小,电解液存在污染,负载调节范围有限,存在效率损失可再生能源大规模深度消纳
PEM电流密度高,结构紧凑,产氢纯度高,负载调节速度快仍会出现膜电极组件有效面积衰减和催化层降解灵活调控的可再生能源耦合制氢
AEM系统简单、高效、成本低,无需贵金属催化剂和钛部件存在化学、机械稳定性的问题,处于研发阶段
SOE能量转化效率高,电流密度高,能耗低结构复杂,性能衰减较快,高温运行会导致气体
交叉污染
核电余热制氢,合成氨余热制氢
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946813018845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Technical characteristics of main hydrogen storage technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储氢技术储氢设备/载体优势缺陷
高压气态储氢钢瓶或复合材料气瓶储存过程简单、价格低廉能量储存密度较低且安全性较差
低温液态储氢低温真空绝热装置储氢密度高对储存设备要求高
有机液态储氢与有机物形成液态化合物可在常温常压下保存、储氢密度高、安全性好催化加氢脱氢复杂
液氨储氢合成氨储氢密度高、储存效率高液氨制备成本较大、安全需求高
固态储氢吸附于碳基材料或与金属形成金属氢化物体积储氢密度高、放氢纯度高材料成本高、质量储氢密度低、
循环性一般
), ArticleFig(id=1236699946922070760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699941939237324, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

主要的储氢技术特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储氢技术储氢设备/载体优势缺陷
高压气态储氢钢瓶或复合材料气瓶储存过程简单、价格低廉能量储存密度较低且安全性较差
低温液态储氢低温真空绝热装置储氢密度高对储存设备要求高
有机液态储氢与有机物形成液态化合物可在常温常压下保存、储氢密度高、安全性好催化加氢脱氢复杂
液氨储氢合成氨储氢密度高、储存效率高液氨制备成本较大、安全需求高
固态储氢吸附于碳基材料或与金属形成金属氢化物体积储氢密度高、放氢纯度高材料成本高、质量储氢密度低、
循环性一般
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居文平 , 王一帆 , 赵勇 , 谢小军
热力发电 | 长时储能技术综述 2024,53(9): 1-9
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热力发电 | 长时储能技术综述 2024, 53(9): 1-9
新型电力系统长时储能技术综述
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居文平 , 王一帆, 赵勇, 谢小军
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 居文平(1973),硕士研究生导师,西安热工研究院副院长,中国华能集团首席专家,主要研究方向为汽轮机及热力系统、辅机技术、火电厂节能降耗、灵活性技术,

Overview of long-term energy storage technologies in new power systems
Wenping JU , Yifan WANG, Yong ZHAO, Xiaojun XIE
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405093
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随着未来我国电力系统中可再生能源渗透率的提高,系统稳定性将应对更加严峻的挑战。长时储能技术在电力系统中起到平衡电网需求、提高电网稳定性、促进可再生能源的消纳、推动绿色低碳发展等作用。长时储能在系统的电源侧、电网侧、负荷侧都有着广泛的应用,对我国新型电力系统的发展意义重大。首先,介绍了目前新型电力系统的特点以及发展趋势,分析长时储能技术在新型电力系统中所具备的支撑作用;其次,分别总结了压缩空气储能、锂离子电池储能、液流电池储能、熔盐储能、氢储能5种长时储能的技术原理及路线、现有的示范应用项目及未来发展趋势,分析了各种长时储能技术的优势和不足;最后,对新型电力系统中长时储能技术未来的应用前景进行了展望。

新型电力系统  /  长时储能  /  新型储能技术

With the increasing penetration rate of renewable energy in China’s power system in the future, the stability of the system will face more severe challenges. Long-term energy storage technology plays an important role in balancing grid demand, improving grid stability, promoting the consumption of renewable energy, and promoting green and low-carbon development in the power system. Long-term energy storage has a wide range of application scenarios on the power supply side, grid side, and load side of the system, which is of great significance for the development of China’s new power system. Firstly, the characteristics and development trends of the current new power system are introduced, and the supporting role of long-term energy storage technology in the new power system is analyzed. Then, the technical principles and routes of five long-term energy storage technologies, such as the compressed air energy storage, lithium-ion battery energy storage, liquid flow battery energy storage, molten salt energy storage, and hydrogen energy storage, are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of various long-term energy storage technologies are also analyzed. Finally, the future application prospects of long-term energy storage technology in the new power system are discussed.

new power system  /  long-term energy storage  /  new energy storage technology
居文平, 王一帆, 赵勇, 谢小军. 新型电力系统长时储能技术综述. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405093
Wenping JU, Yifan WANG, Yong ZHAO, Xiaojun XIE. Overview of long-term energy storage technologies in new power systems[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405093
随着构建新型电力系统的加快,我国电力系统的形态特征也将发生显著改变,不再是以大电网为主,而是大电网和分布式微电网等多种形态的电网共存的系统组成形式。在此转变过程中,电力系统依旧维持实时、连续、可靠的供电要求。另外,新型电力系统中可再生能源的大规模应用,很大程度上受到地理环境限制,同时在时间上具有间歇性、波动性的特点,直接并网会给电网带来稳定性问题。长时储能一般指储能时间超过4 h的技术。这种储能系统可以跨越多天、多月,甚至是多季节进行充放电循环,以满足电力系统的长期稳定需求。新型耦合储能技术的发展,可以为新型电力系统提供高效、灵活的辅助服务,实现电力在时间和空间上的平移,以此改善系统中的电能质量,提高可再生能源的渗透性,满足电力系统的长期稳定[1]。综上所述,发展新型长时储能技术对推动我国能源绿色转型,保障能源电力可靠性,实现双碳目标意义重大,前景广阔。本文在分析新型电力系统概况的基础上,总结了长时储能技术在新型电力系统中所发挥的重要作用,分别介绍了长时储能技术几种不同的技术路线,以及对应的示范项目及发展现状与未来趋势,并对新型电力系统中长时储能技术的发展态势做出展望。
在“双碳”目标的大背景下,我国正在加快构建新型电力系统,新型电力系统具备安全高效、清洁低碳、柔性灵活、智慧融合四大重要特征。其中,安全高效是基本前提,清洁低碳是核心目标,柔性灵活是重要支撑,智慧融合是基础保障,共同构建起新型电力系统的“四位一体”框架体系。新型电力系统的构建分3个阶段,我国新型电力系统发展计划见表1[2]。基于表1中的背景,系统调节资源的需求将不断扩大。新型电力系统具有高比例新能源和高比例电力电子装备的双高特性,增加了电力安全保供的难度。
从日调节需求看,目前新能源最大日功率波动超过3亿kW,占最大负荷的22%,预计到2060年,新能源最大日功率波动超过16亿kW,占最大负荷的40%。从季节调节的需求看,气候变化因素和极端天气对电力系统规划及生产运行的影响也在加剧,发电侧、电网侧和负荷侧都面临较大的不确定性。在极热无风、极寒无光等情况下,电力保供和系统平衡将更加困难,新能源出力和负荷预测的难度也在加大,应对长时间周期平衡的储能技术也亟待突破。同时,新能源出力强波动性导致的电力供应紧张和弃电情况也将出现,需要持续提升电网的调节能力,以解决“又弃、又缺”的问题。
新型储能技术能够在电力系统各部分发挥巨大作用。1)在电源侧,新型储能能够与新能源相结合,提升新能源消纳利用水平、频率电压支撑能力,保证电网的安全性能,通过风、光、水、火、储、多能互补的模式,增强调节能力,促进新能源大规模开发、外送与就地消纳;2)在电网侧,可以发挥储能的调频、调峰、调压,以及事故备用爬坡、黑启动等多种功能,提升系统抵御突发事件和故障后的恢复能力[3],增强系统的关键节点,以及电网末端网架薄弱地区的供电保障能力,同时有效延缓和替代输变电设备的投资;3)在负荷侧,依托分布式新能源、智能微网等配件的新型储能,有效提升分布式新能源就地消纳能力、供电可靠性和用户侧灵活调节能力,降低用户的用电成本。
近年来,我国新型储能的发展取得了显著成效,并网规模实现了跨越式增长。截至2023年底,我国新型储能的并网容量已达3 139万kW/6 687万kW·h。平均储能时长达到了2.1 h,全年新增2 260万kW/4 870万kW·h,是“十五计划”末既有规模的10倍,是2022年新增规模的3倍,而且新增规模连续3年超过累计装机规模。其中,在新能源发展较快的华北和西北区域,新型储能容量占全国总容量的27%和29%。
配套政策体系也在不断完善。27个省区市“十四五”新型储能规划建设目标超8 400万kW,全国各地出台的配套政策超过600余项。我国将新型储能建设纳入了“十四五”电力发展规划和“十四五”现代能源体系规划。预计到2030年,全国新型储能的规模将超过1.5亿kW。同时,我国新型储能多种技术路线协调发展,已投运大容量锂离子电池、液流电池、压缩空气储能等技术,同步发展多种新型长时储能技术[4]
新型储能主要包括储电(电化学储能、机械储能、电磁储能)、储氢、储热三大类技术路径[5-6]。相较于抽水蓄能,新型储能具有建设周期短、选址简单灵活、调节能力强等优势,与新能源开发消纳的匹配性更好,是保障系统安全、可靠、经济的重要经济手段。其中,长时储能技术能够实现跨天、跨月甚至跨季节充放电循环,满足新型电力系统的长期稳定运行[7]
压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)技术是一种利用压缩空气储存能量的物理储能技术,具有容量大、寿命长、成本较低廉、对环境友好等优点,主要分为非补燃式压缩空气储能和补燃式压缩空气储能,目前国内以非补燃式压缩空气储能技术为主。传统的补燃式压缩空气储能(diabatic compressed air energy storage,D-CAES)技术是基于燃气轮机原理提出来的一种能量存储系统,其压缩机和膨胀机分时工作,在用电低谷时储能,在用电高峰时释能,利用压缩机和透平膨胀机实现电能与内能的相互交换。为了减少系统对化石燃料的依赖,提高储能效率,近年来形成了先进绝热压缩空气储能(advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage,AA-CAES)、等温压缩空气储能(isothermal compressed air energy storage,I-CAES)、液态空气储能(liquid air energy storage,LAES)、超临界压缩空气储能(supercritical compressed air energy storage,SC-CAES)、水下压缩空气储能(underwater compressed air energy storage,UW-CAES)、湿空气透平压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage with humidification,CASH)等多种新型压缩空气储能技术,其主要技术特点见表2[8]
在储气设施方面,多数压缩空气储能电站的储气设施以盐穴和人工硐室为主。其中,天然盐穴具有体积大、密闭性好、储气压力大、力学性稳定、占地面积小等特点。我国天然盐穴资源丰富,已利用的盐穴仅约占0.2%,大部分盐穴都处在闲置状态,未来具有很大的可利用空间。另外,适合建人工硐室储气库的硬岩岩石类地型较多,且地层分布广泛,摆脱了对岩盐底层的依赖性。目前,已针对储能硐库的密闭性和稳定性开展初步的实验和理论研究[9]
我国在绝热式压缩储能技术上应用较广,比如在2022年5月并网的江苏金坛60 MW压缩空气储能项目,在2022年9月并网的河北张家口100 MW压缩空气储能项目等。I-CAES技术已在美国New Hampshire州和Texas州分别开展了示范项目。而在LAES方面,英国Highview公司于2010年建成350 kW/2.5 MW·h液态压缩空气储能示范项目并投入运行,中科院工程热物理研究所也在廊坊建成了1.5 MW示范系统。2024年4月9日在湖北孝感世界首台300 MW级压缩空气储能电站顺利并网发电,标志着全球压缩空气储能电站正式迈入300 MW级单机商业化新时代,验证了大容量、高效率、超长时“压缩空气储能系统解决方案”的可靠性。
压缩空气储能作为一种具有广阔发展前景的新型储能技术,同样也是长时储能技术,具有快速启停、循环寿命长、负荷适应性强等优点[10],有望在削峰填谷、新能源消纳、调峰调频、应急电源、黑启动方面有更加广泛的应用。在储能规模方面,压缩空气储能已向百MW级装机规模发展,势必在新型电力系统中起到一定的支撑作用。在后期发展中,储能系统中的压缩机还需进一步优化,实现宽工况高负荷运行,以应对压缩空气储能电站频繁启停以及工况多变的场景。储气设备应注重对天然盐穴的充分利用,并推进对人工硐室储气设备的研究,以缓解盐穴资源缺乏的地区对压缩空气储能技术的限制,在后期大规模发展过程中,也可以降低系统单位投资成本,实现进一步推广,助力新型电力系统。
锂离子电池是当今技术最成熟、装机容量最大的电化学储能技术。犹以磷酸铁锂电池为代表,具有能量密度高、寿命长的特点[11]。磷酸铁锂电池近年来在关键技术领域取得持续突破,面向新型电力系统应用的技术标准体系和应用管理体系也不断完善。我国的锂离子电池技术已达到国际领先水准,在5年内将储能系统的能量密度和循环寿命都提高了1倍以上,成本降低了60%,目前已投运的容量占新型储能总容量的97.4%。
锂离子电池储能系统主要由电池组、储能变流器(PCS)、电池管理系统(BMS)、能量管理系统(EMS)以及其他电器设备组成。其中,电池是成本最高,技术难度最高的部分,是锂离子储能系统的核心[12]
按照锂离子电池正极材料可将其分为磷酸铁锂电池、镍钴锰三元锂电池、钴酸锂电池以及锰酸锂电池。现阶段锂离子电池的材料主要有磷酸铁锂和三元材料,这2种材料特性存在不同,因此最终反映在使用层面上也会有较大差别[13]。磷酸铁锂材料与三元材料主要性能特点对比见表3
锂离子电池储能技术已经广泛应用于电力系统,在发电侧、用户侧和电网侧都有很多应用场景。在发电侧,锂离子电池储能技术能够应对大规模新能源并网,提供电力辅助服务,促进新能源消纳,增强电力系统调峰能力。如青海格尔木直流侧光伏电站储能项目(55 MW/110 MW·h),采用分布式直流侧光伏储能技术,解决了储能系统和光伏电站间的接入匹配问题。在用户侧,锂离子储能技术能够为工业园区、数据中心、地铁、港口、医院、银行等一级负荷提供用电保障和应急供电等,一些商业储能项目可以降低用电大户企业的用电成本。如江苏江阴储能项目(17 MW/38.7 MW·h)。在电网侧,锂离子电池储能技术可以保障电网安全以及经济稳定,为电网侧提供调峰调频、备用电源、黑启动等服务,提高电网设备利用率,解决偏远地区供电问题,提高供电可靠性和灵活性。随着相关技术的突破,大规模锂离子电池储能项目也相继投产,如福建晋江电网储能项目(30 MW/108 MW·h),可以为附近3个220 kV重负荷的变电站提供调峰、调频服务。
锂离子电池储能技术存在2个突破方向。首先是锂离子电池的成本,其在国内大部分峰谷电价差较低的区域,并不具备明显的经济性。已有很多科研工作者致力于研究成本更低、能量密度更高的锂离子电池材料体系,未来有可能使用能量密度更高的正极材料取代磷酸铁锂和三元材料,有望进一步降低锂离子储能电池的单位成本。
另一个研究热点是提高锂离子电池储能的安全性,由于传统锂离子电池的电解质中含有易分解、燃烧的有机溶剂和聚合物隔膜材料,容易造成锂离子电池起火爆炸,导致近年频繁发生电化学储能电站安全事故。因此,还需要在材料体系改性、电池组热管理和能量管理系统优化等方面提供新的解决方案。
液流电池是研究起步较早的一种电化学储能技术,通过电解液中活性物质在电极上发生电化学氧化还原反应来实现电能和化学能的相互转化。自1974年第一次提出,液流电池储能技术克服了从基础理论研究到工程示范应用的发展瓶颈,不同于其他的电池储能设备,液流电池将反应活性物质存储在电解质溶液中,实现电化学反应与能量的分离储存,电池功率和储能容量设计相对独立。因此,液流电池储能技术具有安全可靠、生命周期内性价比高、环境友好、循环寿命长等优点[14]
现阶段液流电池主要的技术路线可根据电解质中活性电对种类分为铁铬液流电池、锌溴液流电池、全铁液流电池、全钒液流电池等。其中,全钒液流电池储能技术由于其具备寿命长、规模大、安全性高、电解液可回收利用、能够实现能量和功率解耦等突出特点,成为目前装机容量最大的一种液流电池。全钒液流电池的电解质活性电对都采用了钒元素,使得电解液可在长时间运行后再生,电池容量得以复原。另外,全钒液流电池2个氧化还原反应的电化学反应动力学较好,在不加催化剂的情况下即可达到较高的能量密度。因此,全钒液流电池也是高功率、大容量、长时储能技术的选择之一[15]。现阶段全钒液流电池的缺点是:体积和质量较大,维护成本高昂;运行温度范围较小,和锂电池相比,全钒液流电池需要保持在0~45 ℃。
我国大型全钒液流电池储能技术已处于世界领先地位,北京普能、大连融科等企业已在材料制备、关键零部件制造、系统集成、智能控制等领域获得了很大成果。早在2013年,大连融科就与大连化物所联合研制了5 MW/10 MW·h的钒电池风电储能系统,并在沈阳卧牛石风电场并网运行,是当时全球规模最大的钒电池储能装置,也是兆瓦级钒电池储能系统运行时间最长大的项目,具备跟踪计划发电、平滑风电功率输出、紧急暂态有功出力响应等功能。2022年,目前全球容量最大、功率最大的钒电池储能电站在大连并网运行。大连融科已经实现钒液流电池电解液的国产化和批量化生产,并即将完成电解液生产线的扩建工程,使得其电解液产能达到2.5 GW·h,满足国内外全钒液流电池储能市场不断增加的钒电解液需求。
目前,很多科研人员将液流电池研究重点放在了新型离子液和隔膜材料上,以提高液流电池的经济性。在离子液方面,很多团队将视线放在铁、锌、锰等储量丰富的金属元素,相继开发出锌锰、锌碘、钛锰、铁基等新型离子液体系。Savinell等人[16]研发出一种全新的全铁液流电池,相较于全钒液流电池,铁离子成本更低,并且不具备毒性,但其容量和循环寿命有待提升,有望适用于大规模长时储能。在隔膜方面,当前常用的传统质子交换膜成本较高,低成本新一代交换膜的开发成为研究热点。高倩等[17]利用微波法和传统水热法制备UIO-66-NH2,并用浇筑法制备了Nafion复合质子交换膜,将电池能量效率提升到83.8%。针对全钒液流电池,目前已制备出SPI/S-MoS2复合膜,其具备良好的离子选择性和机械性能,相比于全氟磺酸类质子交换膜,非氟类质子交换膜的价格更低,未来具有更加广阔的推广前景。
熔盐储热技术以硝酸盐等熔盐作为传热介质,利用熔盐的储热和放热循环来储存和释放能量,实现能量在时间上的有效迁移[18]。其中,熔盐作为储能系统中的主要材料,是一种长寿命、传热储热性能好的高温高热通量和低运行压力的介质。所用熔盐通常是硝酸盐混合物,比如光热电站中使用的熔盐就是硝酸钠和硝酸钾的混合物[19]。目前,在新型电力系统中,熔盐储能技术已广泛应用于太阳能光热发电、耦合火电机组调频调峰、耦合新能源发电供热等领域。在太阳能光热领域,以熔盐作为储热介质,能够提高储能容量,降低对地理环境的要求;在火电机组调峰调频方向,熔盐-火电耦合系统能够大幅度提高机组深度调峰以及提供高温蒸汽的能力;在绿电供热方面,可以使用低谷电或新能源富余电量加热熔盐,再加热水入户供暖,满足居民供热需求,由此提供一种高效绿色的供暖方式。综上所述,熔盐储热技术是一种工作稳定、储能密度高、储能时间长的储能方式,但只有在热发电的储能场景下才具备一定的经济优势。
熔盐储能技术在我国起步较晚,目前国内首批大型塔式光热电站示范工程有近10个投入商业化运营[20]。其中,青海中控德令哈50 MW塔式熔盐储能光热电站,就配置了7 h熔盐储能系统,镜场采光面积54.27万m2,设计年发电量1.46亿kW·h,每年可节约4.6万t标准煤,同时减排二氧化碳气体约12.1万t。从2018年项目投产以来,连续多年稳定运行,2023年发电量创新高,达到1.524亿kW·h,达到设计发电量的104.38%。
在调峰、调频方面,2024年1月,华源济宁热电熔盐储能调峰调频项目一期建设50 MW容量的熔盐储能系统,采用“10 MW蒸汽+40 MW电”联合加热熔盐方式,储能系统容量100 MW·h,供汽能力为75 t/h。项目投运后可大幅提高机组调频调峰能力,提高机组安全供汽能力。2023年4月,国信靖江发电公司配套的熔盐储热项目首次参与江苏电力深度调峰辅助服务市场,额外增加了4万kW的调节能力。华能海门电厂4×1 000 MW等级机组采用电加热熔盐储热方案,实现深度调峰、顶峰与工业供汽的解耦,提高了机组调频、变负荷能力,从而大幅增加辅助服务收益和现货交易收益。
在绿电供热方面,在2022年9月成功送电的绍兴绿电熔盐储能项目,利用西部地区的新能源廉价低谷电进行储能,年提供蒸汽量可达42万t,为工业园区或居民用户供热,全年节约动力煤13.9万t,减少二氧化碳排放36万t。截至2023年底,我国兆瓦级规模以上光热发电机组累计装机容量为588 MW,在建和拟建光热发电项目约有43个,总装机容量4 800 MW,均配置8~16 h熔盐储能系统[21]
从示范性项目开始,我国熔盐储能技术的规模化应用依然存在一些问题。首先,在熔盐领域,当前依旧是用钠、钾、钙等元素的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐所混合组成的多元硝酸混合熔盐,如HiTec盐(KNO3+NaNO2+NaNO3)。国内外研究学者对熔盐热物理性质参数的提升进行研究,如在熔盐中掺杂入CuO等纳米材料。熊亚选等[22]发现在二元熔盐中掺杂SiO2纳米颗粒后,材料的密度和表面张力值均有所增加。武延泽等[23]重点研究了纳米材料对熔盐体系传热、储热性能的提升,为制备优异热性能的储能熔盐提供参考。
另外,耐高温盐如氯化盐和碳酸盐的热稳定性和耐腐蚀性能也亟待提升,并且需要研究更多的商业化熔盐材料[21]。其次,熔盐储能技术还需要在设备成本和系统效率方面取得突破,比如在煤电灵活性改造、储热供暖以及余热利用等领域,还应提供更多新策略,以求未来进一步降低火电机组煤耗,促进新能源消纳,提高循环热效率。
氢能是一种具有高能量密度、便于储存与运输等优势的绿色低碳二次能源,在交通、工业、建筑和电力等多个领域具有广阔的应用空间,并且成为风电、光伏大规模综合绿色开发储存、利用的优选方案之一。近年来,氢能全产业链装备核心技术得到不断突破,电解水制氢与氢燃料电池等产业进入高速和高质量发展时期,电-氢能源形成融合式的产业布局。氢储能也因此作为一种新型储能技术,被广泛集成到电力系统“源-网-荷”各环节中[24]。氢作为储能可实现大规模、长周期、跨季节存储,将在新型电力系统中发挥至关重要的作用。
目前,部分科研学者已在储氢设备、电-氢耦合规划设计、电-氢协同控制系统方面进行了初步研究[25]。在电源侧,以弃风、弃光制氢,提升可再生能源的消纳,平抑风/光等可再生能源的波动,提高可控电源的容量,保障电能质量和电量供需平衡;在电网侧,将氢储能电站置入电网线路的末端,用电低谷期间充电,用电高峰期间发电,以此间接扩充局部输电线路传输的容量。另外,利用氢传输技术实现能量跨时间、跨地域转移,提升新能源电量的外送能力,缓解我国可再生能源空间分布不均,以及电量远距离传输问题;随着电力负荷朝结构多元化与能量运用多元化发展,氢能作为一种新的能量转化媒介,同样参与和电网多种类型的互动,在负荷侧以氢能建筑/园区、分布式制-储-加氢一体站、电-氢-热-冷多能耦合综合系统等形式参与负荷需求响应,灵活调节资源。
现阶段氢气制取的关键是大规模低成本制氢,因此,我国在氢储能技术的示范项目以“可再生能源+电解水制氢”为主,并且有望成为未来大规模制氢的发展趋势。如在2022年7月正式投运的国家电网浙江台州大陈岛氢能综合利用示范工程,利用海岛上丰富的风力发电,通过质子交换膜电解水制备“绿氢”,构建成“制氢-储氢-燃料电池”热电联供系统,促进海岛的清洁能源消纳。类似的还有位于宁夏银川宁东化工基地的“国家级太阳能电解水制氢综合示范项目”,其具备200 MW光伏发电装置和产能为20 000 Nm3/h的电解水制氢装置,充分利用了该地区富集的太阳能资源,通过“绿电”制取“绿氢”和“绿氧”,用“绿氢”代替化石燃料制氢,用“绿氧”直供化工系统生产高端化工产品。河北建投崇礼风光耦合制氢示范项目配备6.8 MW风电、2 MW光伏、1 MW·h储能、400 Nm3/h水电解制氢系统,实现了直流微网输电、离并网风光耦合的可再生能源电解水制氢研究示范项目。
在制氢方面,目前的电解水制氢技术主要包括碱性电解(alkaline water electrolysis,ALK)、质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解、阴离子交换膜(anion exchange membrane,AEM)电解和固体氧化物电解(solid oxide electrolysis,SOE)[26-27]。主要电解水制氢技术的特征见表4
当前研究重点是解决电解水制氢负荷动态适应性问题,提高制氢辅助系统的随动能力。以ALK系统为例,由低负荷工况向高负荷工况变化时,瞬间提升的电解电流,会导致氢气和氧气分离器的液位差增大[28],进而威胁系统的运行安全。因此,需要在电解槽材料和结构上寻求突破的同时,亦可应用超短期预测算法,提高制氢辅助系统超前控制的能力,以及产气效率和产气质量。另外,制氢功率变换器以及入网控制也亟待更加经济、可靠和高效的系统策略。
其次,在储氢、输氢方面,当前储氢技术按照相态分类主要包括高压气态储氢、液态储氢(低温液态/有机液态/液氨)、固态储氢(物理吸附/化学氢化物),主要技术特点见表5。储氢介质/催化剂体系是整个储氢过程的关键,是未来储氢技术的研究重点。通过对储/脱氢反应机理和活性催化机制的进一步深入研究,筛选出高效、长寿命、经济性好的储氢介质/催化剂体系,以降低反应温度和压力要求,提高反应速率和转化率。另外,针对各种储氢技术的特点,还需同步开展对相应输氢技术的研究。
最后,在氢气发电技术上,氢燃料电池已经应用在更加广泛的场景上。如质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)广泛应用于分布式发电和应急电源;固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)可以利用余热和燃气轮机耦合热电联产;熔融碳酸盐式燃料电池(molten carbonate fuel cell,MCFC)则可实现与火电厂集成,构建碳捕集发电系统。另外,专家学者还在氢燃气轮机方面取得了一些突破,有望解决氢燃气轮机发展过程中存在的自燃、回火氮氧化物排放超标等一系列问题。
本文介绍了我国新型电力系统的发展趋势以及存在的问题,总结了长时储能技术在新型电力系统源、网、荷三侧所具备的关键作用,并分别分析了压缩空气储能、锂离子电池储能、液流电池储能、熔盐储能、氢储能5种新型储能技术路线的研究现状以及发展趋势,介绍了各种技术路线的应用案例和示范项目,得出以下结论与展望。
1)我国虽已在多个长时储能技术路线上取得了一些突破,但仍需加快对核心技术的创新,以求提升安全性、循环寿命等关键技术指标。探索电池新型电极、交换膜高性能材料,加强锂离子电池、液流电池等电化学储能的热稳定性。
2)随着新型电力系统储能规模的进一步扩大,需要储能辅助系统的进一步升级优化,提高在负荷调节、系统状态监控、能量管理等方面的响应速度和精度,提升控制系统的随动能力,进而加强新型储能系统应对各种工况的动态适应性。另外,推动长时储能技术与其他技术的融合,如人工智能、超短时功率预测等,加快长时储能技术智能化发展。
3)深入研究在新型电力系统中新能源系统与长时储能系统之间、各种长时储能系统之间的新型耦合策略,加快混合储能系统以及容量配置的研究。在储能空间、时间方面趋利避害,优势互补,提高储能项目的利用率,以期更佳的经济效益。
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2024年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405093
  • 接收时间:2024-05-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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