Article(id=1236699942232838611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713715200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781843002, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781843002, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781843002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781843002, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699942488691174, articleId=1236699942232838611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Application of Clausius entropy to energy storage configuration problems at multi-time scale, columnId=1236699939707867559, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Liquid air energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

“Power entropy” can quantitatively reflect the characteristic difference of multi-time scale energy storage configuration. The power curve synthesized by two sinusoidal power curves is used to study the entropy difference and characteristics of main scenarios of energy storage applications such as frequency regulation, peak regulation and cross-season energy regulation. The results show that, power entropy can effectively reflect the difference of characteristics of energy storage for different time scales. For the scenarios of frequency regulation and peak regulation, using two sets of energy storage is better. For the scenarios that the difference between frequency and amplitude is less than 2 times, it is appropriate to apply a single set of energy storage. The research theoretically explores the methods and basis of multi-time scale energy storage configuration, reveals the essential differences of multi-time scale problems, it is helpful to form a scientific and optimal energy storage configuration scheme, scheduling scheme and optimization scheme.

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“功率熵”能够定量反映多尺度储能配置的特性差异。采用2种正弦功率曲线合成的功率曲线,重点研究了调频、调峰以及跨季节调节等储能应用主要场景的熵值差异和特性。结果显示:功率熵能够有效体现不同时间尺度储能特性的差异;调频、调峰2种调节类型宜采用2套储能组合配置;对于频率和幅值差异在2倍以内的2种调节类型,则宜采用1套储能配置整体调节。该研究从理论方面探索了多时间尺度储能配置的方法和依据,揭示了多时间尺度问题的本质差异,有助于形成科学的最优储能配置、调度和优化方案。

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孙振新(1983),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源、储能技术,

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孙振新(1983),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源、储能技术,

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孙振新(1983),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源、储能技术,

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articleId=1236699942232838611, language=CN, label=图6, caption=其他情况下角频率-幅值-功率熵关系, figureFileSmall=oXA3+z0MMX5miHCqrrrADA==, figureFileBig=OBDU3ymQd3E2R4LyIVsgfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699951225426838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699942232838611, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the calculation examples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值参数数值
PΣ的时间起点TlbΣ/h2PΣ的时间终点TubΣ/h26T0/h1
Tlb1/h2Tub1/h26A1/kW16
Tlb2/h2Tub2/h26n11
), ArticleFig(id=1236699951288341403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699942232838611, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算例具体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值参数数值
PΣ的时间起点TlbΣ/h2PΣ的时间终点TubΣ/h26T0/h1
Tlb1/h2Tub1/h26A1/kW16
Tlb2/h2Tub2/h26n11
), ArticleFig(id=1236699951393199009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699942232838611, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation examples summary for multi-time scale energy storage configuration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别参数ES1ES2ES1+2ESΣ
1
n2=2,A2=0.1)
功率P/kW16.000.1016.1016.00
Tcap/h7.643.827.64
能量E/(kW·h)122.230.38122.61122.23
Tsto/h12.006.0012.00
S/kW27.110.1127.2227.11↓
2
n2=20,A2=0.1)
P/kW16.000.1016.1016.06
Tcap/h7.640.387.61
E/(kW·h)122.230.04122.27122.23
Tsto/h12.000.6012.00
S/kW27.110.0127.1227.18↑
3
n2=2,A2=8)
P/kW16.008.0024.0020.78
Tcap/h7.643.825.88
E/(kW·h)122.2330.56152.79122.23
Tsto/h12.006.0012.00
S/kW27.119.1036.2032.33↓
4
n2=20,A2=8)
P/kW16.008.0024.0023.95
Tcap/h7.640.385.10
E/(kW·h)122.233.06125.29122.23
Tsto/h12.000.6012.00
S/kW27.110.8827.9835.39↑
), ArticleFig(id=1236699951502250916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699942232838611, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多时间尺度储能配置算例计算汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别参数ES1ES2ES1+2ESΣ
1
n2=2,A2=0.1)
功率P/kW16.000.1016.1016.00
Tcap/h7.643.827.64
能量E/(kW·h)122.230.38122.61122.23
Tsto/h12.006.0012.00
S/kW27.110.1127.2227.11↓
2
n2=20,A2=0.1)
P/kW16.000.1016.1016.06
Tcap/h7.640.387.61
E/(kW·h)122.230.04122.27122.23
Tsto/h12.000.6012.00
S/kW27.110.0127.1227.18↑
3
n2=2,A2=8)
P/kW16.008.0024.0020.78
Tcap/h7.643.825.88
E/(kW·h)122.2330.56152.79122.23
Tsto/h12.006.0012.00
S/kW27.119.1036.2032.33↓
4
n2=20,A2=8)
P/kW16.008.0024.0023.95
Tcap/h7.640.385.10
E/(kW·h)122.233.06125.29122.23
Tsto/h12.000.6012.00
S/kW27.110.8827.9835.39↑
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克劳修斯熵在多时间尺度储能配置问题上的应用
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孙振新 , 李海昭 , 张秩鸣 , 马俯波 , 蒋丛进 , 张超群
热力发电 | 液态空气储能技术 2024,53(9): 92-99
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热力发电 | 液态空气储能技术 2024, 53(9): 92-99
克劳修斯熵在多时间尺度储能配置问题上的应用
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孙振新 , 李海昭, 张秩鸣, 马俯波, 蒋丛进, 张超群
作者信息
  • 国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102211
  • 孙振新(1983),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源、储能技术,

Application of Clausius entropy to energy storage configuration problems at multi-time scale
Zhenxin SUN , Haizhao LI, Zhiming ZHANG, Fubo MA, Congjin JIANG, Chaoqun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • New Energy Technology Research Institute, CHN Energy, Beijing 102211, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404081
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“功率熵”能够定量反映多尺度储能配置的特性差异。采用2种正弦功率曲线合成的功率曲线,重点研究了调频、调峰以及跨季节调节等储能应用主要场景的熵值差异和特性。结果显示:功率熵能够有效体现不同时间尺度储能特性的差异;调频、调峰2种调节类型宜采用2套储能组合配置;对于频率和幅值差异在2倍以内的2种调节类型,则宜采用1套储能配置整体调节。该研究从理论方面探索了多时间尺度储能配置的方法和依据,揭示了多时间尺度问题的本质差异,有助于形成科学的最优储能配置、调度和优化方案。

储能技术  /  配置优化  /  功率熵  /  多时间尺度

“Power entropy” can quantitatively reflect the characteristic difference of multi-time scale energy storage configuration. The power curve synthesized by two sinusoidal power curves is used to study the entropy difference and characteristics of main scenarios of energy storage applications such as frequency regulation, peak regulation and cross-season energy regulation. The results show that, power entropy can effectively reflect the difference of characteristics of energy storage for different time scales. For the scenarios of frequency regulation and peak regulation, using two sets of energy storage is better. For the scenarios that the difference between frequency and amplitude is less than 2 times, it is appropriate to apply a single set of energy storage. The research theoretically explores the methods and basis of multi-time scale energy storage configuration, reveals the essential differences of multi-time scale problems, it is helpful to form a scientific and optimal energy storage configuration scheme, scheduling scheme and optimization scheme.

energy storage technology  /  optimal configuration  /  power entropy  /  multi-time scale
孙振新, 李海昭, 张秩鸣, 马俯波, 蒋丛进, 张超群. 克劳修斯熵在多时间尺度储能配置问题上的应用. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404081
Zhenxin SUN, Haizhao LI, Zhiming ZHANG, Fubo MA, Congjin JIANG, Chaoqun ZHANG. Application of Clausius entropy to energy storage configuration problems at multi-time scale[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404081
1854年克劳修斯在《力学的热理论的第二定律的另一种形式》中提出可逆循环过程中热力学第二定律的数学表示形式,即提出了熵[1]。此后克劳修斯熵在热力学领域得到了广泛应用,并逐渐形成了玻尔兹曼熵、信息熵、熵权法[2]、样本熵[3]、排序熵[4]、潮流熵[5-6]等理论。
熵理论在电力系统应用广泛,包括储能调节能力分析[7]、混煤掺烧[8-9]、发电机状态识别[3-4]、电力系统可靠性评价[10]、故障风险评估[11-12]、最优潮流[5]、负荷分配[13]、系统优化[14-15]等领域。文献[7]基于克劳修斯熵理论,给出了一种能量调节性能的分析方法,并介绍了基于“功率熵”的能量调节系统优化配置的方法和案例。文献[8,16]基于克劳修斯熵,研究了热力学㶲和机械㶲的特点,并提出了提升经济性和储能效率的方法。文献[17]则基于信息熵的特点,结合分形理论,给出了熵理论在储能领域应用的方法。
电力系统的储能调节作用是多时间尺度的,且是不同时间尺度下的周期函数,包括调频、调峰以及季节性调节等。不同储能类型装置,如电池储能[18-19]、抽水蓄能[20]、压缩空气储能[21]和电-氢耦合储能[22]等在多时间尺度场景下的调节特性差异明显[23]。多时间尺度问题的分析方法也有很多研究,如文献[24]采用经验模态分解法完成功率、容量规划,并分析了其对经济性的影响。文献[25]给定储气与储电的协调运行策略,进一步分析其对新能源消纳和综合经济性的影响,解决不同时间尺度下储能的协调配合问题。文献[26]采用模型预测控制和交替方向乘子法,实现耦合出力与成本双层控制,提高了运算效率和有效性。相关研究侧重从可再生能源消纳和经济性等工程应用角度,研究多时间尺度问题,而基于储能调节需求方面的理论研究相对较少。基于工程应用和基于调节需求的差异在于是否能够充分体现储能的时间价值,比如相同功率的飞轮储能与锂电储能是有显著差异的,如自耗散、储电量等,而不仅是经济性的问题。
由于功率熵能够有效体现多时间尺度条件下储能配置的差异,因此本文尝试从功率熵角度定量研究多尺度问题,分析不同频率、幅值的合成功率曲线对熵值的影响,尝试构建分析多时间尺度的理论方法。
电力系统功率曲线通过傅里叶变换可以得到一系列的正弦、余弦曲线。本文为简化计算,采用2种正弦曲线叠加形成功率曲线,并根据文献[7]所述计算方法,分析功率曲线对应的功率熵特性,探索合理调节资源的配置方法。具体方法为:首先,确定储能运行的功率曲线;其次,根据储能运行的功率曲线确定储能的容量和最大功率等参数;第三,计算标准化的熵值;最后,根据熵值大小确定配置方案是否合理。具体步骤如下。
1)根据给定的2条正弦曲线(P1, P2),计算合成功率曲线(PΣ)。
{P1=A1sin[ω1(Tub1Tlb1)]P2=A2sin[ω2(Tub2Tlb2)]PΣ=P1+P2
式中:A1A2为幅值;ω1ω2为角频率;Tlb1Tlb2为功率曲线起始点的时间坐标;Tub1Tub2为功率曲线结束点的时间坐标。
2)确定能满足各功率曲线(P1, P2, PΣ)的储能配置,即在假设每条功率曲线都可以由1套对应的储能装置提供所需功率。定义储能功率为对应功率曲线的最大功率Pmax;储能容量时长Tcap为储能运行周期内的最大充电量除以最大功率,由式(2)计算;储能持续时长Tsto为从开始充电到开始放电的时间间隔(详见5.5节)。
Tcap=1PmaxTlbTlb+TstoPdT
式中:Tsto为储能持续时长。
3)计算储能装置标准化功率熵。给定重要参量标准化时间参数T0,由式(3)计算标准化功率熵。其中,第一项积分为充电时的熵值,第二项积分为放电时的熵值。(本文对计算做了简化,且考虑储能装置充放电无损失,并取Pmin=-Pmax)。本文算例中T0=1。
S=T0T0+TcapPmaxTdT+T0+TstoT0+Tsto+TcapPminTdT
式中:S为标准化功率熵。
4)根据熵值特点分析合理配置。由于P1P2有对称性,因此计算中可通过调整其中1条曲线的参数研究相关特性,并可取ω2ω1。本文通过调整P2的幅值A2和角频率ω2,来分析P1P2PΣ对应的熵值变化规律。
本文主要针对由2种正弦功率曲线合成的功率曲线进行分析,分为3类情况:1)频差较大的调峰调频情况(I类情况),类比调峰需求和调频需求,且调频功率需求小于调峰功率需求,即n2>>n1A2<A1n代表某时间段内功率曲线的周期数,A代表功率曲线的幅值);2)频差接近的情况(II类情况),类比2个同时存在的调频信号或者调峰信号等同类型信号,重点研究n2<4n1A2<4A1;3)对于其他情况将给出图形并做简要说明,如日常调峰与跨季节调峰情况(III类情况),即n2>>n1A2>A1
目标功率曲线PΣ为时间段T内2条正弦功率曲线P1P2叠加,其中,T∈[Tlb, Tub]。角频率ω通过式(4)由[Tlb, Tub]内的周期数n计算得到,n为实数。考虑PΣ在前半个周期可能出现负值,规定TstoΣ=Tsto1,计算所得功率曲线示意如图1所示。算例具体参数见表1P2参数A2n2为实验参量,A2为正实数,n2为实数,且n2n1(部分计算结果包含了0<n2<1的情况)。
ω=2πnTubTlb
根据给定正弦函数曲线2条以及合成功率曲线,计算低频(n2=2)、高频(n2=20)、低幅(A2=0.1)、高幅(A2=8)的相关参数,结果见表2表2中ES1、ES2和ESΣ分别代表能满足P1P2PΣ功率曲线的储能装置。满足功率曲线PΣ的储能配置方式有2种:一种是ES1和ES2的组合储能方案(相关求和后的参量以下标1+2表示);另一种是单个储能方案ESΣ(相关参量以下标Σ表示)。
表2可见:1)组合储能方案的容量大于单个储能方案;2)组合储能方案的最大功率之和高于单个储能方案的最大功率;3)2种方案的熵值大小存在差异,差异与具体方案有关,并且存在即使容量较大,功率之和较大的组合方案,其熵值也可能较小的情况。
在多时间尺度下储能配置研究方面,功率熵能够体现幅值和角频率变化引起的差异,进而也可以作为研究多时间尺度储能配置的“标尺”。下文图4图6给出了完整的变化趋势曲线,能够充分体现其标尺作用。
若固定A2值为3.0、10.0、0.1,n2从1—50变化,角频率-熵值计算结果如图2所示。由图2可见:存在频率的分界点ncri,使得在n2>ncri时,SΣ高于S1+2;在n2∈(1, ncri)时,SΣS1+2存在若干交点;n2=1时SΣS1+2 2条曲线相切。
ncriA2有关,SΣS1+2交点个数也与A2有关。计算结果显示:A2=10 kW,n2∈(1, ncri)时,SΣS1+2无交点(图2c));A2=0.1 kW,n2∈(1, ncri)时,SΣS1+2有10个交点(图2d))。实际上,算例中A2∈(1.9, 46),n2∈(1, ncri)时,SΣS1+2无交点,在其他区域随A2减小或增加,交点个数均会增加。
此外,SΣ变化类似于阻尼波,其变化幅度随n2增加而减小,典型情况如图2d)所示。SΣ变化周期为4,SΣ取最大值时n2=4k–3(k为自然数)。图2b)中,n2=3出现最低值,是由于此时P1的波峰和P2的波谷重合,PmaxΣ相对最小(图1a)),SΣ取极小值时,n2=4k–1(k为自然数)。
另外,图2中存在少量随机波动,如图2a)n2=30附近。这是由于算例计算中采用全局最优的遗传算法计算Pmax的最大值,遗传算法为随机算法,计算得到的最大值并非准确值,而且可能为局部最优解,可通过多次计算选取最优解的方式进行优化,以提高准确度。
图3展示了不同n2值的3种典型曲线。由图3显示:n2=3,1≤A2≤19时,SΣ<S1+2n2=8,1≤A2≤40时,SΣS1+2n2=1时,SΣ=S1+2
上述结果有以下特点:1)当A2大于某临界值时,有SΣS1+2,表明如果2条功率曲线其中1组幅值足够大时,组合储能方案有更低熵值;2)SΣS1+2的关系曲线主要有图3a)和图3b)两种形态,表明在特定的频率下存在单个储能方案的熵值更低的情况;3)实际上SΣS1+2的关系曲线非常复杂。
图3c)中,P1P2是2条频率、相位完全相同但幅值不同的曲线(即n2=1),同样PΣ也是。由式(3)可知,SPmax,可记为S=kPmax,此时k1k2kΣk1+2均相等,因而SΣ=S1+2,表明频率和相位相同的功率曲线合成后2种方案功率熵值相同。
根据功率熵差异,通过调频和调峰分别配置储能的方式是合理的,即选择熵值低的方式配置。由第4节可见:对于调频、调峰或者长时储能等不同频次的调节需求(n2>ncri)分类进行储能配置(ES1+2)熵值更低;但在特定区间(1<n2<ncri)单个储能配置(ESΣ)熵值更低。
图4A2∈[0.2, 12],n2∈[1, 10]条件下的角频率-幅值-功率熵三维关系。
为便于分析多时间尺度的3类问题,进一步,可将相关特性按照角频率差异,选择ncrincri附近的值作为分界点,分为大频差(n2ncri)和小频差(1<n2<ncri)2种进行讨论。ncriA2有关,如在图2a)、图2b)中可以将n2=4作为分界点,主要考虑1<n2<3时SΣS1+2的取值范围为(-4.74, 0),与1<n2<3.9时(-4.74, 0.05)大致相同。
直接求解ncriA2的关系曲线较为复杂,可根据若干组ncriA2数据点连接绘制得到其变化趋势,结果如图5所示。
图5a)可见,曲线整体呈阶梯状变化,并且大致可分为竖直段和水平段,竖直段阶梯下降,水平段阶梯上升。其中,曲线在A2=2,ncri=4附近有显著转折,变化趋势由急变缓。因此,如果综合考虑A2n2的影响,可选择此处为分界点。此外,本文重点分析不同频次功率信号的熵值差异,因此选择n2设置分界点,同样由于极值和A2也相关,也可以针对A2设置分界点进行分析。
一般而言,n2≥4(或n2>>n1)时,组合储能方案熵值更低。实际情况中,调频为秒级信号,调峰为小时级,而长时储能一般应对的周期为周、月或者季节。这三者的频率数量级分别为1、10–3和10–5,频差(本文频差指2个正弦函数的角频率差异)都很大,考虑n1=1,则n2>>4。因而实际储能配置中,对于不同频次的调节需求采用不同类型的储能组合。而对于幅值A2的影响,并且考虑调频的实际情况,调频出力一般远小于调峰的调节幅度,从图3b)可见,在频差较大的情况下,同样是组合储能更合理。
小频差功率需求下(1<n2<4),需根据SΣS1+2值具体情况判断。当1<n2<ncri时用单一储能装置实现调节更合理;当ncrin2<4时,由于熵值接近也可以考虑单一储能装置。如图3a)算例中n2=3,A2/A1∈(0, 1.13)时,即A2∈(0, 18.1),SΣ<S1+2
实际中的小频差功率需求对应2种频率的调节需求,而这2种调节需求一般调节幅值也相近。如果调节幅值差别不大,当A2/A1∈(0.5, 2.0),且n2≤2(n2=2,且A2=2A1时,ncri=2.6)时,从图4a)的计算结果看,该区域包含于(0, ncri),因而采用单个储能更合理。
A2∈[1, 320],n2∈[1, 10],A2/A1∈(0, 20)的角频率-幅值-功率熵关系如图6所示。由图6可见,除I类和II类外的其他情况相对比较复杂,可通过比较SΣS1+2,的大小,选择适合的配置方式。
此外,针对A2较大的情况对应调峰与跨季节调峰(长时储能)的情况(III类情况),即将幅值大、频次高的P2看做日常调峰,而将幅值小、频次低的P1看做跨季节调峰。从图6中可以看到,熵值SA2n2相关的特点,即在一定幅值差范围内,如果频差足够大,则需针对跨季节调峰和日常调峰分别配置储能装置。
1)算例研究中,对于n2非整数情况,PΣ对应的充放电曲线不对称,充电PmaxΣ与放电PminΣ的绝对值有差异,对结果会有影响。本文忽略有关影响,式(3)中,以PΣ前半周期(充电部分)为研究重点,取Pmin=-Pmax
2)文中算例取Tlb1=Tlb2=2,意味着2正弦曲线相位相同,实际上相位对SΣS1+2也有显著影响,可做进一步分析。
3)储能参量和实际功率曲线对应的储能参量。任给一套储能装置,其储能功率(Pmax)即额定功率,储能容量时长(Tcap)为额定充电量与额定功率的比值,储能持续时长(Tsto)为在额定功率下连续充放电,且满足如剩余电量等有关要求(如剩余电量不低于90%)的条件下,充电时间起点与放电时间起点间的时间长度。实际(运行)功率曲线对应储能配置参量的计算稍有不同,第1节所述方法是根据实际功率需求给出的储能参量计算方法。
4)一般功率曲线的储能持续时长(Tsto)计算方法。对于三角函数而言,以零点为起点的1个周期T内包含且仅有1次充放电,Tsto计算相对简单,即T/2。而合成曲线计算较为复杂,因为可能有多次充放电。可以通过在2个周期内计算积分电量的最大值确定充电时段,用积分电量最小值确定放电时段,进而通过充放电时段的起点计算Tsto。本文合成曲线的Tsto是通过简化计算直接给定的。
1)功率熵能够有效体现不同时间尺度储能的差异。储能功率、储能容量时长以及储能持续时长是影响功率熵值的重要参量。标准化时间是计算标准化功率熵的重要参量。
2)对于频差较大的I类情况,如调频、调峰需求,宜采用组合储能方式。同时,考虑不同储能的调节性能差异,调用时宜优先调用小型储能装置。
3)对于频差较小的II类情况,则根据功率熵计算结果确定,特别是对于频差小于2倍的情况,一般宜采用单个储能方式。
  • 国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-20-124)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404081
  • 接收时间:2024-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-22
基金
Science and Technology Project of National Energy Group(GJNY-20-124)
国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-20-124)
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    国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102211
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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