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Article(id=1236699940961964476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404058, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711900800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781842698, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781842698, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781842698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781842698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699942736155123, articleId=1236699940961964476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on constant pressure compressed air energy storage technology, columnId=1236699940546728377, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Compressed air energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accelerating the transformation of energy structure and promoting the grid connection of renewable energy power generation is an important initiative to address climate change and the development of renewable energy. Energy storage technology can improve the stability of power grid and enhance the utilization rate of renewable energy. Among the energy storage technologies, compressed air energy storage has been widely studied for its high efficiency, low investment cost and environmental friendliness. Compared with the conventional constant-capacity compressed air energy storage technology, isobaric compressed air energy storage avoids the unavoidable buffer air in the constant-capacity compressed air energy storage system, enables the compressor and expander to operate efficiently at constant discharge pressure, and eliminates the throttling loss in front of the expander unit. The advantages of isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies are introduced, and the isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies are classified into underwater compressed air energy storage, pumping-compensated compressed air energy storage, solid-compensated compressed air energy storage, and gas-phase-change-compensated compressed air energy storage. Moreover, the basic principles, research progress and challenges of the above four types of isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies are discussed. Finally, the development of the isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies is prospected.

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加速能源结构转型，促进可再生能源发电并网，是应对气候变化和可再生能源发展的重要举措。储能技术可以解决可再生能源发电并网的不稳定性，提高可再生能源的利用率。其中，压缩空气储能因其效率高，投资成本低，对环境友好被广泛研究。与传统恒容压缩空气储能技术相比，恒压压缩空气储能避免了恒容压缩空气储能系统中不可避免的缓冲空气，使压缩机和膨胀机能够在恒定排放压力下高效运行，消除了膨胀机组前的节流损失。介绍恒压压缩空气储能技术的优势，并将其分为水下压缩空气储能、抽水补偿式压缩空气储能、固体补偿式压缩空气储能和气体相变补偿式压缩空气储能4种；论述了4种恒压压缩空气储能技术的基本原理、研究进展及面临的挑战；最后，对恒压压缩空气储能技术的发展进行展望。

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刘展（1989），男，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为压缩气体储能，。
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张遥（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为压缩空气储能，。

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张遥（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为压缩空气储能，。

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张遥（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为压缩空气储能，。

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Energy, 2024, 294: 130821., articleTitle=Thermo-economic optimization of an artificial cavern compressed air energy storage with CO2 pressure stabilizing unit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236699964840136878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940961964476, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=11, issue=2, pageStart=154, pageEnd=161, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［37］, rfOrder=42, authorNames=郑开云, 池捷成, 张学锋, journalName=南方能源建设, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑开云, 池捷成, 张学锋. 一种双工质气体压缩储能系统及其可行性分析[J]. 南方能源建设, 2024, 11(2): 154-161., articleTitle=一种双工质气体压缩储能系统及其可行性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236699964907245743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940961964476, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=11, issue=2, pageStart=154, pageEnd=161, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［37］, rfOrder=43, authorNames=ZHENG Kaiyun, CHI Jiecheng, ZHANG Xuefeng, journalName=Southern Energy Construction, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Kaiyun, CHI Jiecheng, ZHANG Xuefeng. A duplex gas compression energy storage system and its feasibility analysis[J]. 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Comparison of four isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies

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储能技术作用原理特点
水下压缩空气储能水的被动静压技术成熟、规模大、地理受限
抽水补偿式恒压压缩空气储能水的主动静压技术成熟、经济
性好、规模大
固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能储气装置容积变化规模小、结构复杂
气体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能气体相变产生的体积差经济性好、占地
面积小
), ArticleFig(id=1236699958007615599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940961964476, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4组恒压压缩空气储能技术的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能技术作用原理特点
水下压缩空气储能水的被动静压技术成熟、规模大、地理受限
抽水补偿式恒压压缩空气储能水的主动静压技术成熟、经济
性好、规模大
固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能储气装置容积变化规模小、结构复杂
气体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能气体相变产生的体积差经济性好、占地
面积小
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恒压压缩空气储能技术研究
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张遥 , 张依伦 , 苏传奇 , 刘展
热力发电 | 压缩空气储能技术 2024,53(9): 19-28
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热力发电 | 压缩空气储能技术 2024, 53(9): 19-28
恒压压缩空气储能技术研究
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张遥 , 张依伦, 苏传奇, 刘展
作者信息
  • 青岛科技大学机电工程学院，山东　青岛　266061

    • 张遥（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为压缩空气储能，。

通讯作者:

刘展（1989），男，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为压缩气体储能，。
Study on constant pressure compressed air energy storage technology
Yao ZHANG , Yilun ZHANG, Chuanqi SU, Zhan LIU
Affiliations
  • College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404058
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摘要
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加速能源结构转型，促进可再生能源发电并网，是应对气候变化和可再生能源发展的重要举措。储能技术可以解决可再生能源发电并网的不稳定性，提高可再生能源的利用率。其中，压缩空气储能因其效率高，投资成本低，对环境友好被广泛研究。与传统恒容压缩空气储能技术相比，恒压压缩空气储能避免了恒容压缩空气储能系统中不可避免的缓冲空气，使压缩机和膨胀机能够在恒定排放压力下高效运行，消除了膨胀机组前的节流损失。介绍恒压压缩空气储能技术的优势，并将其分为水下压缩空气储能、抽水补偿式压缩空气储能、固体补偿式压缩空气储能和气体相变补偿式压缩空气储能4种；论述了4种恒压压缩空气储能技术的基本原理、研究进展及面临的挑战；最后，对恒压压缩空气储能技术的发展进行展望。

恒压压缩空气储能  /  水下压缩空气储能  /  抽水补偿  /  固体补偿  /  气体相变

Accelerating the transformation of energy structure and promoting the grid connection of renewable energy power generation is an important initiative to address climate change and the development of renewable energy. Energy storage technology can improve the stability of power grid and enhance the utilization rate of renewable energy. Among the energy storage technologies, compressed air energy storage has been widely studied for its high efficiency, low investment cost and environmental friendliness. Compared with the conventional constant-capacity compressed air energy storage technology, isobaric compressed air energy storage avoids the unavoidable buffer air in the constant-capacity compressed air energy storage system, enables the compressor and expander to operate efficiently at constant discharge pressure, and eliminates the throttling loss in front of the expander unit. The advantages of isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies are introduced, and the isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies are classified into underwater compressed air energy storage, pumping-compensated compressed air energy storage, solid-compensated compressed air energy storage, and gas-phase-change-compensated compressed air energy storage. Moreover, the basic principles, research progress and challenges of the above four types of isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies are discussed. Finally, the development of the isobaric compressed air energy storage technologies is prospected.

isobaric compressed air energy storage  /  underwater compressed air energy storage  /  pumping compensation  /  solids compensation  /  gas phase change
张遥, 张依伦, 苏传奇, 刘展. 恒压压缩空气储能技术研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 19 -28 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404058
Yao ZHANG, Yilun ZHANG, Chuanqi SU, Zhan LIU. Study on constant pressure compressed air energy storage technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 19 -28 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404058
正文
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在过去几十年中，城市化和工业化水平的不断提高使得全球能源消耗显著增加[1]。2020年国际能源署预测，到2040年世界能源需求将增长19%[2]。如今，世界能源需求的很大一部分（约90%）由煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料提供[3-4]，剩余能源需求由核电、生物燃料、水电和其他可再生能源（如风能、太阳能和地热能）满足[4]。使用传统能源存在许多问题，例如由于其局限性和稀缺性而导致的燃料价格上涨，以及温室气体等环境问题[5]。因此，需要减少对化石燃料发电的依赖[6]。可再生能源已经成为化石燃料最有前途的替代品[3,7]。
可再生能源的间歇性可能会给电网稳定性和负载平衡带来严重问题，从而导致供需不匹配[8]。储能技术可以储存可再生能源产生的多余能量，补偿需求和供应之间的差距[9]。目前，储能技术中只有抽水蓄能和压缩空气储能表现出强大的储能容量和高输出功率的综合属性[10]。抽水蓄能受到市场不稳定性、本地化困难和环境影响的限制[11]。压缩空气储能将富余电能存储在压缩空气中，在用电高峰时利用压缩空气带动涡轮发电机发电，具有效率高、对环境友好、可靠性高、寿命长等特点，因此被视为一种有潜力的能源储存解决方案，可以帮助实现可再生能源的有效利用和电力系统稳定[12]。
在压缩空气储能系统中，压缩空气的存储可以是恒容或恒压的，与恒容系统相比，恒压系统具有许多优点[13-15]。首先，压缩机可以在恒定排放压力的高效状态下运行；其次，在恒压系统中，避免了恒容系统中不可避免的缓冲空气，储能密度更高；第三，与传统的恒容系统相比，进入膨胀机组之前的节流损失被最小化。此外，在充放电过程中，可以避免储气室内压力和温度的剧烈波动。因此，恒压压缩空气储能技术的深入研究对于提高储能效率和系统安全具有重要意义。
1　恒压压缩空气储能技术
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对于恒压存储空气或其他流体，必须考虑两方面影响：一方面，必须确保对流体的反压；另一方面，必须允许流体存储的体积变化[16]。目前，已经提出的恒压压缩空气储能系统大致分为4组：1）水下压缩空气储能；2）抽水补偿式恒压压缩空气储能；3）固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能；4）气体相变补偿式恒压压缩空气储能。
其中，水下压缩空气储能利用水的被动静压使储气装置内的压力保持恒定，在水下存储压缩空气减少了陆上建设的局限性。抽水补偿式恒压压缩空气储能将抽水蓄能与压缩空气储能相结合，利用水的主动静压使储气装置内的压力保持恒定。固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能通过活塞或重力块来改变储气装置的容积以保持储气装置内压力的恒定。气体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能利用气体相变的体积差来使储气装置内的压力保持恒定。表1对这4组恒压压缩空气储能技术进行对比。
2　水下压缩空气储能
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2.1　研究现状
目前，对水下压缩空气储能领域的研究主要集中在储气设备和系统运行方面。水下储气设备主要包括刚性容器和柔性容器2种类型。在刚性容器中，水直接与压缩空气接触，通过水的进出来维持储气室内的压力与当前深度下的静水压力保持恒定。相比之下，柔性容器（也称为储气包）的形状受到水流、水深和充气状态等多种因素的影响。柔性容器可以进一步细分为2种类型：一种是类似于刚性容器的开放式储气包；另一种是压缩空气与水隔离的闭式储气包[17]。
2.1.1　刚性容器
Seymour等人[18]最早提出在水下压缩空气储能中使用刚性容器对压缩空气进行存储，通过海水的流入流出保持压缩空气压力的恒定，其装置示意如图1所示。
Seymour等人[18]还提出建造一处储能规模为230 MW的水下压缩空气储能电站，在水下650 m处放置长16 km的气动管路，沿着海底峡谷进行布置。这样既能有效地减少与海岸之间的距离，又能避免受到海底洋流的破坏。
Lim等人[19-20]提出了一种创新的混凝土储气结构（图2），对储气结构在水流速度分别为0.1、1.0、10.0 m/s时的流场进行了分析。结果显示：根据储气室内充水量的变化，压缩空气的最大浮力为其重量的11.1%；随着水流速度的增加，z方向反作用力随升力变化显著，在高达10 m/s的水流速度下，容器内完全充满空气时产生的升力为其重量的22.9%；x方向上的反作用力不足z方向上的10%，且在存储结构所受阻力最大的情况下，x方向反作用力的安全系数为6.5。这表明混凝土结构可以安全地放置在海底，无需额外压载。
姜彤等[21]在专利中描述了一种无底沉箱的气体储存系统（图3）。该储气装置顶部的管道设计采用了具有可伸缩功能的结构，在海水涨落时可以通过伸缩管道使储气装置的深度保持不变，从而保持压缩空气压力恒定。
Purtz[22]和Fiaschi[23]等在使用刚性储气室的水下压缩空气储能系统中加入蓄热装置对压缩热进行回收利用。图4为Purtz等人[22]提出的等压绝热水下压缩空气储能系统示意。由于储气室壁面的内外压相同，因此储气室不需要很高的耐压强度，极大降低了储气室成本。但储气室材料的耐腐蚀性、蓄热装置的绝热保温性能等问题有待解决。Fiaschi等人[23]还将风能、波浪能和太阳能等进行回收存储，极大提高了能源利用率，其水下压缩空气储能系统中的刚性储气室处在水下100 m的深度，大多数沿海地区大陆架都能达到。
2.1.2　柔性容器
采用柔性容器对压缩空气进行水下存储最早是由Laing等人[24]提出的，其水下压缩空气储能系统中也对热量进行了回收利用，系统结构如图5所示。随着储气量的改变，储气包的外形也将随之发生变化，不同充气状态下储气包的形态变化如图6所示。
Pimm等人[25]首次提出了能量包（energy bag）的概念，设计并测试了3个不同精度的能量包模型。实验发现，在透明水箱内进行直径为1.8 m的储气包实验时，把储气包进气口设在顶部效果更好。图7为直径5 m储气包放于浅海水下进行实验，储气包泄漏量较大，检修后泄漏量明显减小，并且气压和水深的增加可能会使泄漏量加剧，这对储气包的密封性是巨大的挑战。
2.1.3　系统运行控制
目前，水下压缩空气储能领域的研究除了对储气装置的研究外，还涉及系统运行控制等多种领域，主要集中在对整个系统的热经济性能及关键参数的研究上。2015年Hydrostor公司在安大略湖实施了第一个并网的水下压缩空气储能系统，系统结构示意如图8所示。Ebrahimi等人[26]对其进行了以常规㶲和先进㶲为基础的热力学分析。常规㶲分析表明：在实际操作条件下，㶲损为47.1%，而在理论不可避免的操作条件下，㶲损可降至15.9%；先进㶲分析表明，热交换器4的改进潜力最大，其次是涡轮机和第三压缩机。
Liu等人[27]在沿海水下压缩空气储能系统中加入了固体电蓄热结构，建立了系统组件的热力学和经济学模型，系统结构示意如图9所示。研究结果表明：集成系统的性能强烈依赖于0~100 m处的水深；10 MW混合储能系统在水深为100 m时的综合效率和净现值分别为44.4%和6 741万美元，比独立系统分别高了14.5%和2 702万美元，因此该集成系统更有价值。
Liu等人[28]开发并分析了一种基于水下压缩空气储能、高温电储能和喷射器制冷的新型三联产系统并对其进行了研究，系统结构示意如图10所示。该系统发电功率分为两部分：一部分用于驱动压缩机压缩空气储存能量；其余部分通过电阻加热在高温电储能中直接转化为热量，所储存的高温能量将被重复利用，以进一步加热压缩空气。对系统进行能量和㶲分析可知，单元存储压力的增加显著提高了加热能和净功率（27.73 kW和35.53 kW），多目标优化后的系统效率为55.85%，投资成本为296 288美元。
2.2　关键技术
目前，水下压缩空气储能技术仍存在不少挑战。这些挑战主要涉及水下储气装置的压载和布局、储气装置的设计，以及系统失效及处理等。
2.2.1　水下储气装置压载和布局
储气装置的有效压载是水下压缩空气储能最大的挑战之一。空气与水存在较大的密度差，因此空气进入水下后会产生巨大的浮力，可采用锚定方式保证储气装置的有效压载。
安装储气装置时，可借鉴水下提升气囊和打捞浮筒的布置方式，若储气装置的安装深度较深，可借助水下机器人进行布置。
2.2.2　水下储气装置设计
首先需要保证水下储气装置的密封性；其次，水下储气装置要有良好的耐腐蚀性，且具备抵御当地海洋生物的啃食和附着等潜在危害的功能。此外，储气设施对海洋环境的影响还需要进一步的研究和验证。在储气包的设计方面，可以借鉴水下提升气囊、航空气球以及载荷测试水囊的设计理念，采用多层结构。
2.2.3　系统失效及处理
当储气装置损坏失效后，需要阻止海水进入分支管路，且当高压压缩空气大量泄漏时，储气装置在浮力的作用下会快速上升，由于压力骤降，导致装置体积急剧膨胀，可能对途经船只造成危害。因此，在设计阶段需要对储气装置进行优化，以避免高压气体的大规模泄漏，或者在泄漏后通过其他设备将大气泡破碎为小气泡，并在潜在的危险区域做出警示。
3　抽水补偿式恒压压缩空气储能
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3.1　研究现状
Youssef等人[14]结合抽水蓄能和压缩空气储能，提出恒压系统，具体如图11所示。在储罐出口安装了1台水轮机以回收充电模式下水的势能，并在放电过程中安装了1台水泵将水输送到储罐中。水泵和水轮机效率对系统效率有较大影响，数百米的水深对水泵和水轮机的工作提出了挑战。系统热力性和㶲经济分析结果为：该系统效率为55.1%，能量密度为11.9 (kW·h)/m3。优化后系统发电效率提高了2.7%，耗电量降低了2.8%，投资成本降低了5.6%。
Hydrostor公司提出了一种改进的储能规模50 MW的长时储能技术[29]，系统如图12所示。
该系统包括地面压缩机、热量储存装置、水库和地下储气装置。Hydrostor公司在地下600 m深处钻井建造岩石储气空间，系统选址更加灵活，避免了锚固系统带来的一系列问题。这种改进技术可将系统效率从40%提升到65%，但会增加系统装机成本。
3.2　关键技术
抽水补偿式恒压压缩空气储能的规模化应用也存在多重挑战。与水下压缩空气储能相似，锚固系统必须能大大减轻浮力和洋流的影响，且海水腐蚀、杂物吸入等风险须在设计制造时充分考虑。数百米的深度对水泵和水轮机工作提出了巨大挑战，目前压缩机技术已经能够满足单机100 MW抽水补偿式恒压压缩空气储能电站的需求。
4　固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能
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4.1　研究现状
4.1.1　活塞式压缩空气储能
Van等人[30]提出了一种可变面积活塞结构的新型恒压液压蓄能器，结构示意如图13所示。该蓄能器内液压油和压缩空气的压力均保持恒定。研究结果显示：与传统蓄能器相比，使用滚动隔膜的恒压蓄能器能量密度可显著提高，但是制造高循环寿命的滚动隔膜还存在技术瓶颈，且隔膜与活塞间的密封也是亟需解决的问题。
Wang等人[31]提出了一种带有凸轮结构的新型恒压压缩空气存储装置，工作原理示意如图14所示。在充放电过程中通过凸轮机构旋转推动活塞移动，可使储气单元中压缩空气的压力状态始终保持不变，所以活塞与存储装置内壁之间的密封性能直接影响恒压系统性能。当活塞与存储装置内壁之间无泄漏时，该存储设备展现出优异的恒压性能和节能特性。在气动系统工作压力为0.4 MPa时，压缩空气的压力在2.14%以内变化，系统可实现18%的节能率，且节能率随工作压力的增加而降低。
4.1.2　重力块式压缩空气储能
梅生伟等[32]提供了一种如图15所示的重力式储气库。该储气库结构复杂，在储气库的储气腔内设置带有配重体的可上下移动的活塞，活塞上下移动可使储气腔内的压力保持恒定。新型重力式储气库内部压力的恒定使得储气库的体积利用率大幅提升，系统占地面积显著减小，但其结构复杂，在装配时对各零部件的精度要求较高。
文军等[33]提出了一种基于柔性导气的储气室及重力压缩空气储能系统（图16）。在储气室内设置气体缓释组件对进入储气室的高压压缩空气进行缓释分流，能够将压缩空气的压力在承压桶底部均匀分布，缓解了应力集中现象，有效避免了承压筒上方的重力压块因受力不均而倾斜或脱落，提高了安全性。此外，在该储能系统重力压块上设置减震水箱，通过减震水箱内液体晃动产生的能量耗散重力压块的能量，起到减振效果，保障了重力压块的安全稳定运行。因其独特的带有重力块的结构使该柔性导气储气室更适用于小规模系统，规模较大时重力块的吊装存在极大挑战。
4.2　关键技术
对固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能的研究主要集中在储气装置上。其中，活塞的密封技术是目前活塞式压缩空气储能面临的主要挑战，且目前活塞式压缩空气储能更适合微型和小型储能系统，而不适用于大中型储能应用。
重力块式压缩空气储能系统的储气库结构非常复杂，因此对各零部件的精度要求较高，部件装配难度较大。且当储能规模较大时，需要较大质量的重力块，吊装不方便，且对所需竖井的开挖高度要求很大，增加了施工难度。
5　气体相变补偿式恒压压缩空气储能
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5.1　研究现状
张鹏举等[34]利用气-液相变等压法研究了恒压压缩空气储能系统（图17）内部的能量分布及损失，并与非等压系统进行了对比。对系统进行热力学分析可知：非等压系统中储罐中的能量损失占比最大，等压系统中换热器的能量损失占比最大，且等压系统效率比非等压系统提高了12.18%。
文献[35-36]将液态二氧化碳系统与压缩空气储能系统相结合，利用二氧化碳相变实现储气装置稳压，系统结构示意如图18和图19所示。与恒容系统相比，这2种恒压系统的往返效率均有不同程度提升，平准化能源成本也大幅降低。更为重要的是，2种恒压系统的储气压力分别为恒容系统的0.50倍和0.65倍，系统安全性大大提高。但是，储气压力对系统效率和成本有积极影响，因此更高的储气压力可使恒容系统的热力性和经济性更优。
郑开云等[37]将压缩空气储能与压缩二氧化碳储能结合，2系统共用1个储气装置，作用原理与文献[36]相似，系统结构示意如图20所示。不同的是，该系统中空气的储气室均采用柔性气膜，可大幅降低其成本。对该系统进行热力学分析可知，系统效率可达70.20%，能量密度为3.85 (kW·h)/m3。
5.2　关键技术
储气装置是系统最重要的部件，同时影响系统的效率和成本。使用地下盐穴可极大降低系统成本，但地理位置会因此受限；人工储罐和人工硐室可以降低地理条件的限制，但成本也随之增加。恒压特性使得系统的储气压力降低，但同时会影响系统效率。探索更高效的相变气体来降低投资成本和可相变气体占比并适当提高储存压力，是目前气体相变补偿式恒压压缩空气储能面临的重要挑战。
6　结语
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近年来，压缩空气储能在各种能源系统中的柔性储能方面被广泛研究。传统恒容储存仍存在许多不足，为弥补这些不足，恒压压缩空气储能的概念被提出。本文介绍了恒压压缩空气储能的技术原理及分类，以及4种恒压压缩空气储能技术。
1）压缩空气储能作为大规模储能技术之一，其发展前景广阔。恒压压缩空气储能比传统恒容压缩空气储能具有更高的储气装置容积利用率以及更高的效率，近年来受到国内外学者的广泛关注。
2）恒容压缩空气储能可大致分为水下压缩空气储能、抽水补偿式压缩空气储能、固体补偿式压缩空气储能和气体相变补偿式压缩空气储能4种。在不考虑地理条件限制的情况下，前2种储能技术效率高、技术成熟，现有研究已经取得了一些阶段性成果。由于储气装置需要放置在水下数百米的位置，会存在储气装置设计制造、压载和安置方法的可靠性、储气装置的密封性等问题，因此储气装置设计、制造和固定是目前面临的最大挑战。对于固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能，储气装置密封性和储能规模微小化是目前活塞式压缩空气储能面临的最大挑战，结构复杂、施工难度大是重力式储气库存在的问题。因此，设计制造密封性强、结构简单的储气装置是固体补偿式恒压压缩空气储能面临的重大挑战。小储气压力使气体相变补偿式恒压压缩空气储能具有更高的安全性，但同时会影响系统效率和储气装置成本，因此急需寻找更高效的相变气体以解决气体相变补偿式压缩空气储能面临储存压力小、投资成本高、可相变气体占比大等问题。
3）目前，对于恒压压缩空气储能技术的研究主要应集中在热力性方面，缺少对经济性的分析，因此以后的研究应更加全面。
文献
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2024年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404058
  • 接收时间：2024-04-01
  • 首发时间：2026-03-06
  • 出版时间：2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-01
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    青岛科技大学机电工程学院，山东　青岛　266061

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刘展（1989），男，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为压缩气体储能，。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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