Article(id=1236699944325804726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781843501, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781843501, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781843501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781843501, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699944627794627, articleId=1236699944325804726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Temperature response and local high temperature control method for the first inflation of underground cavern in compressed air energy storage power station, columnId=1236699940546728377, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Compressed air energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the type of underground cavern with compressed air energy storage from the perspective of thermodynamics, a numerical model of the first inflation and pressurization process of the cavern considering turbulence, heat transfer and real air characteristics is established, by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The effects of different length-diameter ratios and inlet diameters of inflatable pipes on temperature rise of gas and lining materials in the cavern and the temperature distribution in the cavern are studied, and the control measures are put forward for the local high temperature phenomenon in the cavern. The main conclusions are as follows. When the length-diameter ratio is small (large tank gas storage), the temperature distribution in the cavern is relatively uniform. With the increase of the ratio of length to diameter (tunnel-type gas storage), the temperature distribution in the cavern appears stratification phenomenon, and the extremely high temperature zone appears at the end of the cavern (stuffy top effect). The temperature rise of the steel plate sealing layer is the largest in the process of inflation and pressurization of the cavern, the temperature change of the concrete lining is small, and the surrounding rock is almost not affected by temperature change in the cavern. Reducing the inlet diameter of the inflatable pipe can reduce the temperature in the cavern to a certain extent and promote the outward heat transfer. For the annular tunnel type cavern, the proposed improved inflation method can make the temperature distribution in the cavern uniform, avoid the stuffy roof effect, and provide a useful reference for engineering design.

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为从热力学角度探究压缩空气储能地下硐库型式,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)的计算方法,建立了考虑湍流、传热和真实空气特性的硐库首次充气加压过程数值模型;研究了硐库不同长径比和充气管道入口直径对硐内气体、内衬材料的温升及硐内温度分布的影响,并针对硐内局部高温现象提出了控制措施。结果表明:长径比较小时(即大罐式储气库),硐内温度分布较为均匀,随着长径比的增大(即隧道式储气库),硐内温度分布出现分层现象,并在硐库尾端出现极高温区(闷顶效应);钢板密封层在硐库充气加压过程中温升最大,混凝土衬砌温度变化较小,围岩几乎不受硐内温变影响;减小充气管道入口直径可以一定程度降低硐库内温度,促进向外传热;针对环形隧道式硐型,提出的改进充气方式可以使硐内温度分布均匀,避免闷顶效应,为工程设计提供有益参考。

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于显杨(1992),男,博士,博士后,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能、岩石时效变形等,
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孙冠华(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能、计算岩石力学等,

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孙冠华(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能、计算岩石力学等,

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Geometric parameters of the underground cavern

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类型d0/mLi/mL/mDi/m长径比Li:Di
A1.01840200.9
B1.03957162.4
C1.05571143.9
D1.08094126.7
D10.68094126.7
D21.58094126.7
D32.08094126.7
E1.01201321012.0
F1.0150161916.7
), ArticleFig(id=1236699960658424030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944325804726, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地下硐库几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型d0/mLi/mL/mDi/m长径比Li:Di
A1.01840200.9
B1.03957162.4
C1.05571143.9
D1.08094126.7
D10.68094126.7
D21.58094126.7
D32.08094126.7
E1.01201321012.0
F1.0150161916.7
), ArticleFig(id=1236699960742310112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944325804726, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters used in calculation

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材料密度/(kg·m–3)比热/(J·kg–1·K–1)导热系数/(W·m–1·K–1)
钢板7 80050045.0
衬砌2 5008371.4
围岩2 7001 0003.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236699960847167718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944325804726, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg·m–3)比热/(J·kg–1·K–1)导热系数/(W·m–1·K–1)
钢板7 80050045.0
衬砌2 5008371.4
围岩2 7001 0003.5
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压缩空气储能电站地下硐库首次充气的温度响应与局部高温控制方法
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孙冠华 1, 2 , 耿璇 1, 2 , 于显杨 1, 2 , 汪礼鹏 3 , 段继成 3 , 王振华 3
热力发电 | 压缩空气储能技术 2024,53(9): 29-38
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热力发电 | 压缩空气储能技术 2024, 53(9): 29-38
压缩空气储能电站地下硐库首次充气的温度响应与局部高温控制方法
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孙冠华1, 2 , 耿璇1, 2, 于显杨1, 2 , 汪礼鹏3, 段继成3, 王振华3
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.陕西鼓风机(集团)有限公司,陕西 西安 710082
  • 孙冠华(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能、计算岩石力学等,

通讯作者:

于显杨(1992),男,博士,博士后,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能、岩石时效变形等,
Temperature response and local high temperature control method for the first inflation of underground cavern in compressed air energy storage power station
Guanhua SUN1, 2 , Xuan GENG1, 2, Xianyang YU1, 2 , Lipeng WANG3, Jicheng DUAN3, Zhenhua WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3.ShaanGu Group, Xi’an 710082, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403051
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为从热力学角度探究压缩空气储能地下硐库型式,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)的计算方法,建立了考虑湍流、传热和真实空气特性的硐库首次充气加压过程数值模型;研究了硐库不同长径比和充气管道入口直径对硐内气体、内衬材料的温升及硐内温度分布的影响,并针对硐内局部高温现象提出了控制措施。结果表明:长径比较小时(即大罐式储气库),硐内温度分布较为均匀,随着长径比的增大(即隧道式储气库),硐内温度分布出现分层现象,并在硐库尾端出现极高温区(闷顶效应);钢板密封层在硐库充气加压过程中温升最大,混凝土衬砌温度变化较小,围岩几乎不受硐内温变影响;减小充气管道入口直径可以一定程度降低硐库内温度,促进向外传热;针对环形隧道式硐型,提出的改进充气方式可以使硐内温度分布均匀,避免闷顶效应,为工程设计提供有益参考。

压缩空气储能  /  地下储气硐库  /  硐库型式  /  温度分布

In order to explore the type of underground cavern with compressed air energy storage from the perspective of thermodynamics, a numerical model of the first inflation and pressurization process of the cavern considering turbulence, heat transfer and real air characteristics is established, by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The effects of different length-diameter ratios and inlet diameters of inflatable pipes on temperature rise of gas and lining materials in the cavern and the temperature distribution in the cavern are studied, and the control measures are put forward for the local high temperature phenomenon in the cavern. The main conclusions are as follows. When the length-diameter ratio is small (large tank gas storage), the temperature distribution in the cavern is relatively uniform. With the increase of the ratio of length to diameter (tunnel-type gas storage), the temperature distribution in the cavern appears stratification phenomenon, and the extremely high temperature zone appears at the end of the cavern (stuffy top effect). The temperature rise of the steel plate sealing layer is the largest in the process of inflation and pressurization of the cavern, the temperature change of the concrete lining is small, and the surrounding rock is almost not affected by temperature change in the cavern. Reducing the inlet diameter of the inflatable pipe can reduce the temperature in the cavern to a certain extent and promote the outward heat transfer. For the annular tunnel type cavern, the proposed improved inflation method can make the temperature distribution in the cavern uniform, avoid the stuffy roof effect, and provide a useful reference for engineering design.

compressed air energy storage  /  underground gas storage cavern  /  cavern type  /  temperature distribution
孙冠华, 耿璇, 于显杨, 汪礼鹏, 段继成, 王振华. 压缩空气储能电站地下硐库首次充气的温度响应与局部高温控制方法. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 29 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403051
Guanhua SUN, Xuan GENG, Xianyang YU, Lipeng WANG, Jicheng DUAN, Zhenhua WANG. Temperature response and local high temperature control method for the first inflation of underground cavern in compressed air energy storage power station[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 29 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403051
2017—2022年全球可再生能源装机容量年平均增速为8.88%,其中风电和光伏发电的装机容量增加最为显著。能源清洁化和低碳化已成为全球能源发展的不可逆趋势[1-2]。目前,常见的清洁能源如风能、太阳能、潮汐能等,具有典型的地域性和不可持续供给的天然限制。为实现对清洁能源的高效利用,大规模储能被视为关键措施[3-6]。我国的储能市场仍处于初级发展阶段,以示范应用为主,其中压缩空气储能系统(compressed air energy storage,CAES)因其成本低、布置灵活、清洁无污染等优点成为众多储能技术中最具发展前景的研究热点[7-9]。CAES电站利用压缩空气作为介质,在电力需求较低的时段,使用多余的电能驱动压缩机,将空气压缩进容腔进行存储,待电力需求增加的高峰期,释放高压气体进行发电[10]。这使得储能电站要在1天内完成1次到多次的充放循环,以履行削峰填谷,调节电网灵活性的职责。这种运行模式下,储气库内空气压力和温度在电站整个运行的过程中不断变化。目前,CAES发电系统普遍采用地下硐库的设计方法,主要有3种可用的地质类型:枯竭油气藏或含水层、岩盐溶腔和人工开采硐库[11-12]。本文主要针对人工开采有衬硬岩硐库在CAES发电系统运营下,硐内空气及内衬围岩的热力学变化情况进行研究。
目前,关于储气硐库内压缩空气热力学过程的计算分析,国内外学者已开展了一系列研究。Kushnir等人[13]通过建立CAES硐库的热力学控制方程,推导了气体温度和压力变化的解析解。Xia等人[14]在Kushnir等人[13]的解析解基础上,假设空气密度采用某一阶段的平均密度,并且围岩温度保持不变,提出了硐内空气温度和压力计算的简化解析解。Zhou等人[15]同样基于Kushnir等人[13]的解析解,改进了气体状态方程,并提出了一种新的迭代求解硐内气体温度与压强的方法。蒋中明等[16-17]在Kushnir等人[13]所提出控制方程的基础上,采用差分方法求解了压缩空气的温度和压力变化过程,并考虑了空气压缩因子变化影响下储气库的热力学变化[18]。尽管上述这些求解方法可以通过调整一些热物理参数进行历史拟合,并能很好地匹配现场温度和压力(如德国Huntorf压气储能电站的运营参数),但对于大规模CAES储能硐室来说,解析解这种硐内均匀温度的假设仍然可能导致较大误差。蒋中明等[19]开展的平江CAES地下储气试验硐中,硐室内温度分布场即呈现了显著的不均匀性。
AbuAisha和Rouabhi[20]曾对硐库内热力学空间变化均匀的假设提出质疑,他们提出可以通过完整的模拟方法即计算流体动力学(computation fluid dynamics,CFD)来模拟CAES硐库内空气流动与温度变化的规律。高建强等[21]以Fluent数值模拟为研究方法,研究了CAES地上钢制储气室外壁面的整体温度分布及内部工质温度。Prado等人[22]分别采用一维解析模型和三维CFD模型对A-CAES硐库的热力学行为进行了计算,认为三维CFD模型可以分析整个区域的热力学响应分布,更具有优势。
综上所述,相比理论解析方法CFD模型可以更真实地反映CAES硐室内部温度分布情况。目前,从热力学角度关注人工内衬硬岩硐室型式的相关研究较少。鉴于此,本文基于CFD计算方法,对CAES硐室充气加压(特别是首次充气)过程进行了模拟,研究了硐室不同长径比和充气管道直径对硐内气体及内衬材料温升的影响,并针对硐内气体局部高温现象提出了控制措施。
在压缩空气储能地下硐室充气加压过程中,硐室内部的温升主要受到2个显著的热力学因素的影响。一个是所注入空气在硐室内的压缩从而产生大量的热,其对整体温升的贡献占主导地位;另一个是一部分入射空气的动能转化为热能。与此同时,硐室内气体与内衬之间的热对流以及内衬间的热传导,在一定程度上缓解了充气加压过程中的温升。考虑到地下硐室充气加压过程中的复杂性,对将要建立的CFD模型进行了一定的简化假设。
1)在首次充气加压前,考虑到硐室与周围环境有充分的热交换,故认为硐室内部温度与周围环境温度相同。
2)将密封层钢板,混凝土衬砌及围岩均视为各向同性进行传热,且具有恒定的热导率、比热容及密度等性质。
3)在实际充注的过程中,从压缩机注入的空气需要经过复杂的阀件和输送管路才能注入硐室中。考虑到充气管道内气体速度较高,此次研究忽略管路设备与空气间的能量交换,假设空气直接从硐室入口处充入,确保对空气的入口条件达到可控。在此基础上,认为充气过程中入口气体的温度和速率均为常数,保持不变。
4)模拟中所有固体材料均为刚性材料,无机械变形,硐库的体积保持不变。
5)采用二维轴对称结构对地下硐库充气过程进行模拟,在保证准确性的前提下缩短计算时间。
基于上述假设,本文建立了考虑湍流、传热和真实空气特性的CAES地下硐库充气加压CFD模型。
在利用CFD求解该模型过程中,应用雷诺平均技术,具体的控制方程如下。
质量守恒方程:
ρt+xi(ρui)=0
式中:ρ为密度;t为时间;u为速度张量;x为距离;下标i=1,2,3分别表示xyz方向。
在惯性坐标系下,由动量守恒定律可得:
t(ρui)+xj(ρuiuj)=pxi+xj[μ(uixj+ujxi23δijulxl)]+(ρu'iu'j¯)xj
式中:p为压力;下标jli的含义相同;μ为动力黏度,上标“'”表示湍流脉动分量与雷诺时均分量;ρu'iu'j¯项为雷诺应力,表示湍流的影响。
为了封闭方程,必须对额外的雷诺应力进行模拟,在CFD计算中,选择合适的湍流模型是获得准确结果的关键因素之一。研究发现,对于可压缩的瞬态湍流气体射流,在标准k-ε模型的基础上,当经验常数从1.44变化到1.52时,射流铺展率的过度预测减小,渗透率对动量、密度等变量的依赖性更加准确[23]
湍流动能k及其耗散率ε由输运方程得到:
t(ρk)+xi(ρkui)=xj[(μ+μtσk)kxj]+GKρεYM
t(ρε)+xi(ρεui)=xj[(μ+μtσε)εxj]+C1εGKεkC2ερε2k
GK=ρui'u'j¯uixj
YM=2ρεMt2
Mt=kc2
μt=ρCμk2ε
式中:GK表示由于平均速度梯度产生的湍流动能;YM为可压缩湍流中波动膨胀对总耗散率的贡献;Mt为湍流马赫数;c为声速;μt为湍流黏度;C1εC2εCμ为定值,分别为1.52、1.92、0.09。
采用CFD模型针对CAES地下硐库的几何结构进行划分,分为填充高压气体的流体域和由钢板、混凝土衬砌、围岩组成的固体域2个主要区域,具体示意如图1所示。其中,d0表示充气管道的直径,Di表示储气硐室直径,Li表示硐室圆柱体部分长度,L表示硐室总长度,H1H2H3分别表示钢板、混凝土衬砌和围岩厚度。
本文旨在研究地下储气硐库不同长径比和不同充气管道直径尺寸对硐库热力学特性的影响:对于不同长径比,在保持硐室内部体积不变的条件下修改LiDi的比值;对于不同充气管道尺寸,保持其它尺寸不变,修改管道直径值,不同的几何尺寸组合见表1表1不同型式硐室模型中H1H2H3数值均保持恒定,分别为20、500、500 mm。考虑到混凝土衬砌热传导系数很低,隔热性良好,因此将几何模型中围岩边界设置为500 mm,观察围岩的温度变化情况。
由于充气过程中射流较为强劲,硐室充气口处存在显著的温度梯度,故在硐室充气入口处采用结构化网格进行划分,并进行了精细化处理;其余流体区域和固体区域采用非结构化网格。以硐库A为例,网格划分示意如图2所示。为了最小化数值结果误差,同样以硐库A为例,对模型所划分的网格进行敏感性分析,结果如图3所示。
分别采用网格数16 171、21 859、39 536、51 472 4种不同的网格密度计算硐库A首次充气加压过程的平均温度曲线变化,以此来分析网格数量的影响。由图3可见,当网格数为16 171与21 859时,数值结果还在波动,而采用39 536与59 706网格数时计算结果几乎重合,硐内温度变化几乎相同。为了节约计算成本与减小计算时间,本文A硐库数值模型均采用39 536网格数进行计算。对于其他类型的硐库,其硐库的体积与A硐库相同,故在网格划分时采用与A硐库相同的网格密度。
本文通过Fluent数值仿真软件进行CFD计算,选择基于压力的求解器,内衬的气体侧壁面采用无滑移边界条件,并利用PISO算法进行压力和速度的耦合计算。动量方程、能量方程、湍流动能和湍流耗散率方程的对流项均采用二阶迎风格式进行空间离散,并利用隐式求解器计算内衬与空气之间的瞬态流动与传热。为了更准确的描述充气加压过程,本研究选用了基于Redlich-Kwong的真实气体模型。该模型在描述真实气体流动方面相较于理想气体或一些常用的状态方程准确性更高。模拟案例中CAES地下硐室充气前初始压力为标准大气压(101 325 Pa),硐室内初始温度与周围环境初始温度相同为293.5 K,充入气体的温度为313.5 K,充气过程中充气速率保持恒定为80 kg/s。模拟计算使用的相关材料参数见表2。硐室内高压气体与内衬壁面之间的对流换热系数取决于局部气体流动条件。围岩外边界设置为恒温边界,且与围岩初始温度相同。
为了研究不同长径比对压缩空气储能硐库充气加压过程中热力学特性的影响,本文在保证硐库体积及其他变量不变的前提下设置了6种不同长径比下的硐型参数。其中,A、B 2种硐型可代表大罐式硐库,C、D、E、F 4种硐型可代表隧道式硐库。不同长径比的硐库在经过3.5 h充气后,内部压力达到了12 MPa。
不同型式硐室充气加压过程中硐内气体平均温度及最高温度温升曲线如图4所示。由图4可以观察到,气体平均温度和最高温度均与时间呈对数关系,其数值在充气开始后短时间内迅速升高,然后上升缓慢。对于不同长径比的硐室,相同充气时间后其平均温度基本随长径比的增大而增大;最高温度也基本随长径比的增大而增大。A、B型硐室内平均温度与最高温度差异不大;而C、D、E、F型,硐室内平均温度与最高温度有很大差异,特别是D、E、F型,最高温度均超过了700 K,远远大于平均温度,出现了极高温的现象。
为探明这种巨大差异出现的原因,分析了充气结束后不同类型硐室的温度分布云图如图5所示。通过对比发现:在A、B 2种类型硐室中,硐内温度分布较为均匀,2种类型硐室最高温度的分布区域主要集中在离硐室充气口较近的前端区域;而C、D、E、F型硐室温度分布出现了明显的分层现象,从硐室气体入口处温度沿轴向逐渐升高,最高温度分布区域均集中在硐室的尾端。说明硐内气体平均温度和最高温度相差过大的原因是硐内温度分布出现了明显不均匀。
硐室内温度分布的不均匀性主要受空气流动影响,总结以上计算结果,仅从平均温度的角度出发无法真实全面的描述硐室内气体热力学特性的影响,局部的高温区对内衬材料及硐库稳定性都会造成很大威胁。选择合适的硐室长径比对有效控制温升和分布非常重要。在硐型选择方面,当长径比较小时即大罐式硐库,在充气过程中有利于硐内气体温度分布均匀,可以避免出现局部极高温的现象。而当长径比较大时即隧道式硐库,在充气过程中会出现局部极高温现象。
图6展示了充气加压过程中钢板、混凝土衬砌及围岩温度的变化。对比可见,钢板作为第一层内衬材料,且由于其具有较高的导热系数,在硐室加压升温过程中平均温度最高温升达到了60 K。相比之下,混凝土衬砌导热系数较低,其加压过程中平均温度最高温升仅8 K。值得注意的是,围岩在此过程中平均温度几乎没有发生变化,这表明混凝土衬砌低导热系数的特点为围岩隔绝了热量,起到隔热作用。
图6a)中硐室不同长径比也会对钢板平均温度的变化产生显著影响。钢板平均温度随长径比的增加而减小,平均温度的最大值与最小值相差30 K。有研究表明,循环气流和高速入射气流的混合将促进对流对外壁传热的影响,有利于向壁面传递更多的热量[24]。在长径比较小的情况下,硐内温度分布较均匀,说明硐室内部形成了循环流,该内部循环流与充气管道注入的高速气流混合,有效促进了硐室内气流向外壁传递热量。钢板吸收相对较高的热量,导致温度上升显著。而对于长径比较大的硐库,充气时较多的热量积聚在硐库尾端,导致注入的高速气流无法与循环流快速混合,向硐库外壁的传热效果有限。
为研究入口直径的影响,按照当前压缩空气储能硐库充气管道的设计标准,设置了0.6 m(D1)、1.0 m(D)、1.5 m(D2)、2.0 m(D3)4种充气管道入口直径尺寸,以此来探究入口直径对硐内气体热力学特性的影响。采用80 kg/s的充气速率充气3.5 h,结束后硐室内气体温度变化情况如图7所示。
对比图7a)和图7b)硐室平均温度及最高温度变化发现,较小的入口直径可以在一定程度上降低硐室内平均温度和最高温度。当入口直径从2.0 m缩小至0.6 m,硐室内气体的平均温度下降了28 K,最高温度下降了123 K。其原因是在相同充气质量流速的情况下,入口直径小的硐室比入口直径大的硐室入口横截面积小,充进气体的初始速度比入口直径大的硐室大。对于高速气流来说,气体的流速越大,向壁面的传热效果越好,故入口直径小的硐室比入口直径大的硐室硐内平均温度和最高温度低。这一现象在图8钢板平均温度的变化中到了验证,钢板平均温度随着入口直径的增大而呈现下降趋势。
上述结论指出,充气管道入口直径较小有助于控制硐室内气体温度,可以在一定程度上降低硐库内气体的平均温度和最高温度。然而,较小直径的充气管道会产生更高流速的气流,持续高流速的气流容易对输气管道造成损坏。在实际工程应用中,也需要综合考虑工程情况,选择合适的充气管道入口直径。
当硐室的长径比较大时即目前工程上常选择隧道式硐库,在充气加压过程中会在硐室尾端产生极高温区,降低充气管道的入口直径可以在一定程度上降低最高温度,但未从根本上解决局部极高温。蒋中明等[25]针对隧道式储气硐库提出延长充气时间对储气库的温控效果较差,而增加充气管道数量可以使硐库内温度分布更加均匀,从而避免出现局部最高温。推测隧道式硐库出现极高温区主要是由于部分入射气体速度在硐库尾端降为0,气体无法流通,形成闷顶效应所导致,建议采用环形隧道式硐型设计,以确保气体在硐库内保持持续流动状态。
采用上文假设中的1)、3)、4)以及控制方程与边界条件,建立三维环形隧道式储气硐库,充气管道位于硐室中央。考虑到三维模型流体计算量巨大,本次建模只考虑由高压气体填充的流体域,壁面设置为绝热边界,旨在观察硐室内气体温度分布情况。环形隧道式储气硐库容积与第2节中所建硐库模型一致,其几何参数如图9所示。
同样以80 kg/s的充气速率,保持恒定向硐内充气3.5 h,所得硐内温度变化曲线如图10所示。观察最高温度与平均温度的变化曲线,发现最高温度的最大值超过800 K,仍远大于平均温度的最大值,说明硐室内部依旧出现了局部极高温现象。环形隧道式硐库温度分布云图如图11所示。由图11可见,硐室在充气管道对面一侧中间区域出现了极高温区。这是由于充气管道中的气流进入硐室后分成两股气流,分别向两个相反的方向沿着硐室形状的轨迹流动,最终在充气管道对面一侧中间区域相遇。这说明两股气流相向相遇后,也会在硐室内产生局部极高温区。若要避免这种现象的出现,硐室内部还需保证单向气流沿环向流动。
原充气管道与硐室直接连通,若要在环形隧道式硐库中实现单向气流,充气管道需延伸到硐室内部。本文针对储气硐库充气管道设计进行改进,改进前后硐室充气管道布置如图12所示。从图12可见,改进后的充气管道比改进前向硐室内部延伸出了一段弯管,可控制充入气流的方向。
以相同的充气条件对改进后环形跑道式硐库进行充气加压,所得温度变化曲线如图13所示。
图13可见,改进后硐内的最高温度与平均温度相差很小,仅为7 K。为进一步验证温度分布的均匀性,导出充气结束后硐室温度分布云图如图14所示。
图14可见,整个环形隧道式硐室温度分布十分均匀。进而导出硐室速度矢量分布如图15所示。由图15可见,硐内气流都在以同一个方向绕环形硐室流动,在硐室内部形成了闭合的环向气流,达到了预期设想。
目前,工程上多采用隧道式硐库,若要对目前已在施工建设的隧道式硐库提出改进,可以将硐型改为环四边形,充气管道采用上文改进后的管道设计。本文同样采用与上述环形隧道式硐库相同的条件对环四边形硐库进行充气加压模拟,得到硐库充气结束后温度分布如图16所示。由图16可见,环四边形硐库的设计整体上仍可以使硐内温度分布均匀化,不过受四边形硐型的影响,温度分布均匀性略逊于环形跑道式硐库,但已在很大程度上降低了普通隧道式硐库局部极高温的现象。
本文提出了一种考虑湍流、传热和真实空气特性的CFD模型,以模拟压缩空气储能地下硐库首次充气加压的过程;并通过该模型对地下硐室不同的长径比和充气管道入口直径进行了数值研究。
1)不同的长径比对硐内气体温度变化影响较大,平均温度和最高温度基本随着长径比的增加而增加。当长径比较小时,平均温度与最高温度的差值不大,并且此时硐室内温度分布较为均匀;当长径比超过3.9时,平均温度与最高温度差距较大,最高温度会出现极值,超过700 K,硐室内温度分布出现分层现象,在硐室尾端出现极高温区。
2)钢板在硐室充气加压升温的过程中承受了较大的热量,温升最高达到了60 K,混凝土衬砌温度变化很小,而围岩几乎不受硐内温变的影响。这一结论可以为后续CAES硐库衬砌围岩的热力耦合计算提供参考。
3)硐室在充气的过程中,适当减小充气管道的入口直径可以降低硐室内的温度,促进硐内热量向外传递。
4)为解决硐库内部极高温区(闷顶效应)现象,本文提出了环形隧道式硐型,并改进了传统的充气管道的布置方式,使硐室内温度实现均匀分布。该硐型和管道布置方式可为后续工程设计提供参考。
  • 湖北省自然科学基金重点项目(2022CFD031)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(12302507)
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2024年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403051
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2022CFD031)
湖北省自然科学基金重点项目(2022CFD031)
National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(12302507)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(12302507)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.陕西鼓风机(集团)有限公司,陕西 西安 710082

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于显杨(1992),男,博士,博士后,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能、岩石时效变形等,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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