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Article(id=1213131705725145538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685721600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162737541, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162737541, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162737541, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162737541, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131705993580999, articleId=1213131705725145538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Feasibility study on deep peak shaving technology for SOEC assisted coal-fired power units, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The conventional flexible retrofit plan for coal motor sets is difficult to eliminate the potential life loss and equipment safety risks caused by frequent and rapid load changes to the thermal system. In order to improve the long-term safety and economy of coal-fired power units participating in deep peak shaving, a “healthy peak shaving” technical route for coal-fired power units based on hydrogen energy storage system is proposed, with a domestic ultra supercritical secondary reheat 1 000 MW coal-fired unit as the application object. The indirect carbon emission reduction significance of peak shaving coal-fired power hydrogen production is demonstrated. On this basis, the matching degree between different hydrogen production processes and the production conditions of coal-fired power plants were analyzed. It was believed that solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) hydrogen production was the comprehensive optimal plan. Based on this, a principle design scheme for SOEC coupled coal-fired power peak shaving was proposed. Finally, a financial analysis was conducted on the new plan using the annual load curve. The calculation results indicate that, the SOEC assisted deep peak shaving of coal-fired power can increase the annual revenue of the example unit by 236 million yuan, and obtain other benefits such as equipment lifespan extension, consumption reduction, and carbon reduction. The relevant conclusions have reference significance for guiding the healthy and safe operation of peak shaving coal-fired power units.

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常规的煤电机组灵活性改造方案，难以消除频繁快速变负荷对热力系统造成的潜在寿命折损与设备安全风险。为提高煤电机组参与深度调峰的长期安全性与经济性，以某国产超超临界二次再热1 000 MW燃煤机组为应用对象，提出了基于氢储能系统的煤电机组“健康调峰”技术路线，并论证了调峰煤电制氢的间接碳减排意义。在此基础上，分析比较了不同制氢工艺与煤电厂生产条件的匹配程度，认为固体氧化物电解槽（SOEC）制氢为综合最优方案，据此给出了SOEC耦合煤电调峰的原理性设计方案，最后以年度负荷曲线对新方案进行了财务分析。计算结果表明，示例机组自第6年起每年可获得1.07亿元/年的净利润，每年减少碳排放281.92 t，同时获得设备延寿、降耗减碳等其他收益。相关结论对于指导调峰煤电机组的健康安全运行具有参考意义。

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王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术开发，。

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王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术开发，。

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王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术开发，。

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Journal of Electrochemistry, 2020, 26(2): 212-229., articleTitle=Development status and prospects of hydrogen production by high temperature solid oxide electrolysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213131725224464649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［15］, rfOrder=28, authorNames=仲蕊, journalName=中国能源报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=仲蕊. 电解水制氢主流技术实现突破[N]. 中国能源报, (2023-05-01)[2023-06-02]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ebrKgZyeBkyNYz9RSa7H0axNwezdqD42jL9C6Ov_6DmGAqQ1kVwIVwDv3fbaWf9t-FvP6ktZhzMA9mwUuT6MFczMq4_f9wfJfDHvWopT_50NLYFPYqN651D-KUOP374tVJtdTSi8fe5_jWjVycKxkQ==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS., articleTitle=电解水制氢主流技术实现突破, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213131725320933647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［15］, rfOrder=29, authorNames=ZHONG Rui, journalName=China Energy News, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG Rui. Breakthrough in mainstream technology of hydrogen production through electrolysis of water[N]. China Energy News, (2023-05-01) [2023-06-02]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ebrKgZyeBkyNYz9RSa7H0axNwezdqD42jL9C6Ov_6DmGAqQ1kVwIVwDv3fbaWf9t-FvP6ktZhzMA9mwUuT6MFczMq4_f9wfJfDHvWopT_50NLYFPYqN651D-KUOP374tVJtdTSi8fe5_jWjVycKxkQ==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS., articleTitle=Breakthrough in mainstream technology of hydrogen production through electrolysis of water, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213131725438374164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=114, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=30, authorNames=雷云红, 向昕, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=雷云红, 向昕. 利用富氧燃烧技术提高炉效进而降低碳排放的创新实践[C]//中国动力工程学会(环保技术与装备专委会). 2016: 114-118., articleTitle=利用富氧燃烧技术提高炉效进而降低碳排放的创新实践, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213131725526454553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=114, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=31, authorNames=LEI Yunhong, XIANG Xin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEI Yunhong, XIANG Xin. Innovative practice of utilizing oxygen rich combustion technology to improve furnace efficiency and reduce carbon emissions[C]// China Society of Power Engineering (Environmental Protection Technology and Equipment Special Committee), 2016: 114-118., articleTitle=Innovative practice of utilizing oxygen rich combustion technology to improve furnace efficiency and reduce carbon emissions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213131725610340637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=86, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［17］, rfOrder=32, authorNames=黄贺星, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄贺星. 富氧燃烧对350 MW机组热经济性影响的研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳工程学院, 2018: 86-94., articleTitle=富氧燃烧对350 MW机组热经济性影响的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213131725731975458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=86, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［17］, rfOrder=33, authorNames=HUANG Hexing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Hexing. Research on the influence of oxygen-enriched combustion on the thermal economy of 350 MW units[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Institute of Engineering, 2018: 86-94., articleTitle=Research on the influence of oxygen-enriched combustion on the thermal economy of 350 MW units, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1213131719012700219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, awardId=2022YFB4003600, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4003600), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1213131719104974915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, awardId=2022YFB4003600, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003600), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1213131719222415436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, awardId=TR-23-TYK05, language=EN, fundingSource=Research and Development Fund Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TR-23-TYK05), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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caption=碱水电解制氢原理, figureFileSmall=TNwOOE3t9VRaItTv1sYT6g==, figureFileBig=fTDnWKVK9jKZ4lJ1kTjVpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131716227683171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Principle of hydrogen production by proton exchange membrane electrolysis, figureFileSmall=55qulie1n1OLt2y8nWy9Kg==, figureFileBig=NbFjPsP/xUW8Mfm1UsKfrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131716319957866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PEM电解制氢原理, figureFileSmall=55qulie1n1OLt2y8nWy9Kg==, figureFileBig=NbFjPsP/xUW8Mfm1UsKfrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131716412232564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of energy consumption of different hydrogen production technologies, figureFileSmall=+N3IhZrIDAyoDUAkTFFrVw==, figureFileBig=V8JsT+dsMs/PVcMfUTDNSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131716521284476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同制氢技术能耗比较, figureFileSmall=+N3IhZrIDAyoDUAkTFFrVw==, figureFileBig=V8JsT+dsMs/PVcMfUTDNSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131716630336386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Principle of SOEC assisted coal power peak shaving, figureFileSmall=RaAqF50Cdn3o4zDe5BRDGg==, figureFileBig=QVGCQUNrwQlfwCD7bQPPQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131716747776909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SOEC辅助煤电调峰原理, figureFileSmall=RaAqF50Cdn3o4zDe5BRDGg==, figureFileBig=QVGCQUNrwQlfwCD7bQPPQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131716861023125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The main design parameters of boiler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目THA75%THA50%THA40%THA
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 7531 9851 2851 023
过热蒸汽温度/℃610610610610
一次再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 7951 355924752
一次再热蒸汽温度/℃625625625602
二次再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 8051 363930756
二次再热蒸汽温度/℃622622622591
锅炉计算热效率
（低位发热量）/%		95.1995.1994.9894.97
), ArticleFig(id=1213131716970075036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉主要设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目THA75%THA50%THA40%THA
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 7531 9851 2851 023
过热蒸汽温度/℃610610610610
一次再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 7951 355924752
一次再热蒸汽温度/℃625625625602
二次再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 8051 363930756
二次再热蒸汽温度/℃622622622591
锅炉计算热效率
（低位发热量）/%		95.1995.1994.9894.97
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717129458598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Design value of flue gas temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目THA75%THA50%THA40%THA
炉膛出口966896817760
屏过底部1 2411 1941 1011 035
低温过热器进口1 2411 1941 1011 035
低温过热器出口1 1521 067973904
高温过热器进口1 1521 067973904
高温过热器出口966896817760
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717251093422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

烟气温度设计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目THA75%THA50%THA40%THA
炉膛出口966896817760
屏过底部1 2411 1941 1011 035
低温过热器进口1 2411 1941 1011 035
低温过热器出口1 1521 067973904
高温过热器进口1 1521 067973904
高温过热器出口966896817760
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717347562421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Unit load statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷/MW时长/h占比/%
200~3505506.36
350~40087310.09
400~4501 02211.59
450~6001 45516.82
600~7001 54417.85
700~8001 33315.41
800~9001 06611.63
900~1 0008259.54
合计8 648100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717439837116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机组负荷统计

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负荷/MW时长/h占比/%
200~3505506.36
350~40087310.09
400~4501 02211.59
450~6001 45516.82
600~7001 54417.85
700~8001 33315.41
800~9001 06611.63
900~1 0008259.54
合计8 648100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717607609290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Water vapor distribution and hydrogen production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷
200~350 MW350~400 MW
上网蒸汽量/(t·h-1)703.31959.06
厂用蒸汽量/(t·h-1)51.1551.15
SOEC损失蒸汽量/(t·h-1)8.060.38
SOEC电源蒸汽量/(t·h-1)238.9011.38
SOEC原料蒸汽量/(t·h-1)21.581.03
SOEC总耗汽量/(t·h-1)268.5412.79
SOEC产氢量/(t·h-1)2.400.11
连续时间/h550.00873.00
SOEC总制氢量/t1 320.0099.91
总制氢量/t1 419.91
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717741827028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水蒸气量分配与氢气产量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷
200~350 MW350~400 MW
上网蒸汽量/(t·h-1)703.31959.06
厂用蒸汽量/(t·h-1)51.1551.15
SOEC损失蒸汽量/(t·h-1)8.060.38
SOEC电源蒸汽量/(t·h-1)238.9011.38
SOEC原料蒸汽量/(t·h-1)21.581.03
SOEC总耗汽量/(t·h-1)268.5412.79
SOEC产氢量/(t·h-1)2.400.11
连续时间/h550.00873.00
SOEC总制氢量/t1 320.0099.91
总制氢量/t1 419.91
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717863461855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Quotation of electricity auxiliary service

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
下调/%机组负荷/MW最高报价/(元·(MW·h)-1)
0~5550~600100
5~10500~550200
10~15450~500400
15~20400~450500
20~25350~400600
25~40200~3501 000
), ArticleFig(id=1213131717993485289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

电力辅助服务报价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
下调/%机组负荷/MW最高报价/(元·(MW·h)-1)
0~5550~600100
5~10500~550200
10~15450~500400
15~20400~450500
20~25350~400600
25~40200~3501 000
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718127703028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Peak shaving compensation fees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷
200~350 MW350~400 MW
计算负荷/MW275375
时长/h550873
收益/万元4 537.503 273.75
总收益/万元7 811.25
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718219977724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

调峰补偿费用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷
200~350 MW350~400 MW
计算负荷/MW275375
时长/h550873
收益/万元4 537.503 273.75
总收益/万元7 811.25
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718320640007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Boiler Heat Loss and Efficiency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目THA工况40%THA工况
干烟气热损失/%3.883.42
氢燃烧生成水的热损失/%0.220.16
燃料中水分引起热损失%0.040.03
空气含水分热损失%0.080.07
未完全燃烧热损失/%0.300.82
辐射热损失/%0.190.43
未计入热损失/%0.100.10
总损失/%4.815.03
锅炉计算热效率（低位发热量）/%95.1994.97
设计燃煤量/(t·h–1)358.9152.2
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718471634962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

锅炉热损失与效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目THA工况40%THA工况
干烟气热损失/%3.883.42
氢燃烧生成水的热损失/%0.220.16
燃料中水分引起热损失%0.040.03
空气含水分热损失%0.080.07
未完全燃烧热损失/%0.300.82
辐射热损失/%0.190.43
未计入热损失/%0.100.10
总损失/%4.815.03
锅炉计算热效率（低位发热量）/%95.1994.97
设计燃煤量/(t·h–1)358.9152.2
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718576492569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Oxygen production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷
200~350 MW350~400 MW
计算负荷/MW275375
SOEC原料蒸汽量/(t·h-1)21.581.03
SOEC产氧量/(t·h-1)19.180.92
连续时间/h550.00873.00
SOEC总制氧量/t10 549.00803.16
总制氧量/t11 352.16
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718677155874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

氧气产量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷
200~350 MW350~400 MW
计算负荷/MW275375
SOEC原料蒸汽量/(t·h-1)21.581.03
SOEC产氧量/(t·h-1)19.180.92
连续时间/h550.00873.00
SOEC总制氧量/t10 549.00803.16
总制氧量/t11 352.16
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718786207784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Calculation of profit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
收益数值成本数值
氢气售卖4 969.96设备制造62 285.00
调峰补偿7 811.25水蒸气1 881.87
设备延寿100.00折旧与运维349.09
富氧节煤10.39高温烟气1.11
合计12 891.60合计64 517.07
首年净利润–51 625.47
第2年净利润10 659.53
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718870093872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705725145538, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

利润计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
收益数值成本数值
氢气售卖4 969.96设备制造62 285.00
调峰补偿7 811.25水蒸气1 881.87
设备延寿100.00折旧与运维349.09
富氧节煤10.39高温烟气1.11
合计12 891.60合计64 517.07
首年净利润–51 625.47
第2年净利润10 659.53
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固体氧化物电解槽辅助煤电机组深度调峰技术可行性研究
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王林 1 , 刘晓莎 2 , 胡平 3 , 李治宽 4 , 李昭 1 , 张鹏 1
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(2): 133-141
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(2): 133-141
固体氧化物电解槽辅助煤电机组深度调峰技术可行性研究
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王林1 , 刘晓莎2, 胡平3, 李治宽4, 李昭1, 张鹏1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
  • 2.陕西工业职业技术学院，陕西　咸阳　712000
  • 3.咸阳市新能源及微电网重点实验室，陕西　咸阳　712000
  • 4.光大环保（中国）有限公司，广东　深圳　518031

    • 王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术开发，。

Feasibility study on deep peak shaving technology for SOEC assisted coal-fired power units
Lin WANG1 , Xiaosha LIU2, Ping HU3, Zhikuan LI4, Zhao LI1, Peng ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Polytechnic Institute, Xianyang 712000, China
  • 3.Xianyang Key Laboratory of New Energy and Microgrid System, Xianyang 712000, China
  • 4.Everbright Environmental Protection (China) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518031, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401001
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摘要
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常规的煤电机组灵活性改造方案，难以消除频繁快速变负荷对热力系统造成的潜在寿命折损与设备安全风险。为提高煤电机组参与深度调峰的长期安全性与经济性，以某国产超超临界二次再热1 000 MW燃煤机组为应用对象，提出了基于氢储能系统的煤电机组“健康调峰”技术路线，并论证了调峰煤电制氢的间接碳减排意义。在此基础上，分析比较了不同制氢工艺与煤电厂生产条件的匹配程度，认为固体氧化物电解槽（SOEC）制氢为综合最优方案，据此给出了SOEC耦合煤电调峰的原理性设计方案，最后以年度负荷曲线对新方案进行了财务分析。计算结果表明，示例机组自第6年起每年可获得1.07亿元/年的净利润，每年减少碳排放281.92 t，同时获得设备延寿、降耗减碳等其他收益。相关结论对于指导调峰煤电机组的健康安全运行具有参考意义。

电解制氢  /  固体氧化物电解槽  /  煤电机组  /  可行性  /  财务分析

The conventional flexible retrofit plan for coal motor sets is difficult to eliminate the potential life loss and equipment safety risks caused by frequent and rapid load changes to the thermal system. In order to improve the long-term safety and economy of coal-fired power units participating in deep peak shaving, a “healthy peak shaving” technical route for coal-fired power units based on hydrogen energy storage system is proposed, with a domestic ultra supercritical secondary reheat 1 000 MW coal-fired unit as the application object. The indirect carbon emission reduction significance of peak shaving coal-fired power hydrogen production is demonstrated. On this basis, the matching degree between different hydrogen production processes and the production conditions of coal-fired power plants were analyzed. It was believed that solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) hydrogen production was the comprehensive optimal plan. Based on this, a principle design scheme for SOEC coupled coal-fired power peak shaving was proposed. Finally, a financial analysis was conducted on the new plan using the annual load curve. The calculation results indicate that, the SOEC assisted deep peak shaving of coal-fired power can increase the annual revenue of the example unit by 236 million yuan, and obtain other benefits such as equipment lifespan extension, consumption reduction, and carbon reduction. The relevant conclusions have reference significance for guiding the healthy and safe operation of peak shaving coal-fired power units.

electrolytic hydrogen production  /  solid oxide electrolytic cell  /  coal fired power units  /  feasibility  /  financial analysis
王林, 刘晓莎, 胡平, 李治宽, 李昭, 张鹏. 固体氧化物电解槽辅助煤电机组深度调峰技术可行性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 133 -141 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401001
Lin WANG, Xiaosha LIU, Ping HU, Zhikuan LI, Zhao LI, Peng ZHANG. Feasibility study on deep peak shaving technology for SOEC assisted coal-fired power units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 133 -141 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401001
正文
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随着国家“双碳”战略的实施，风电、光伏等新能源电力低碳优势凸显，上网电量逐年增加，未来必将成为我国电力供应的主体[1]。近期，能源局发文明确“十四五”期间原则上将不再新建单纯以发电为目的的煤电项目。现存煤电机组的生存机会与发展空间，在于其能否顺利完成由电量主体向容量主体的角色转变，满足未来波动多变的新能源电网的调峰需求[2-3]。
已开展灵活性改造的火电机组，其最小技术出力确实能够降低（最低可达20%额定容量），但机组长期的安全健康运行难以保障[4-5]。参与深度调峰的火电机组，不得不跟随电网，频繁快速地变负荷、甚至启停机，热力设备的安全风险和寿命损耗在频繁大幅的调整中越积越多，经济指标也越来越差[6-10]。此外，现有的灵活性改造技术无法实现100%容量的极限深度调峰，承担新能源电力消纳的功能潜力尚未得到完全开发。
综上，探索建立一种既着眼于煤电机组长期安全健康、经济高效运行，又能满足未来电网快速频繁、极限深度调峰需求的新型灵活性改造方案，对于燃煤电厂的生存发展具有重要意义。
1　制氢与煤电结合方案的选择
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1.1　适应煤电调峰的制氢系统
煤电机组快速调整上网电量的功能，依靠电解制氢系统的出力快速调节实现，这要求制氢系统能满足以下条件：1）改造方案能够充分利用电厂已有的生产条件（人员、设备、物料、工艺方法等），从而有效降低初期投资；2）选用的电解槽应具有适应多变负载的能力，以实时吸纳多余电量，快速调节机组上网电量；3）采用的制氢工艺应具有较高的能量转换效率，装置投运后能够切实提升机组经济性，增加煤电企业的综合收益。
1.2　现有制氢技术路线分析
结合前述要求，对不同制氢方案与火电厂现有生产条件的契合程度进行分析。
根据电解槽的性能差异，当前制氢技术可分为碱性水电解槽（ALK）、质子交换膜电解槽（PEM）、阴离子交换膜电解槽（AEM）以及固体氧化物电解槽（SOEC）4种方案。
在标准状态下，ALK电解水技术的电解效率约为60%~75%，PEM电解水技术的电解效率约为70%~90%，而SOEC在高温（700~850 ℃）下运行，电解效率可达75%~100%。在同样的工况下，相比于ALK电解制氢和PEM电解制氢技术，SOEC方案可以节约30%以上的电能。
1）碱性水电解槽制氢
碱性电解水制氢方案使用石棉布、聚砜等绝缘材料作为隔膜，镍基材料作为电极，电解一定浓度的KOH、NaOH水溶液，原理如图1所示。电解槽的隔膜为多孔材料，当电源快速变化时，隔膜两侧的压力容易失衡，造成氢气向阳极渗透，与氧气混合后具有较高的爆炸风险；此外，碱水电解槽体积大，存贮碱液多，系统热容大，停机后再启动耗时长[11]。最后，该方案的能量损失大，制氢电耗高，经济性不佳。综上，电解碱水装置不具备快速启停机、频繁变出力的能力，因此不能满足实时吸纳煤电机组多余电量的需求。
2）质子交换膜电解槽制氢
这类制氢装置的核心是采用了质子交换膜及耐腐蚀电极。质子交换膜相较于普通隔膜，能有效阻止氢气与氧气的混合，提高电解过程的安全性。由于酸性电解液具有较高的腐蚀性，因此采用铂等贵金属作为电极，原理如图2所示。
质子交换膜与贵金属电极价格昂贵，相同产氢量的质子交换膜电解槽，其制造成本约为碱水电解槽的4倍以上[12]。高昂的初期投资将导致电厂收回成本的时间漫长，增加了电厂的经营风险。
3）阴离子交换膜电解槽制氢
相较于质子交换膜，阴离子交换膜电解槽应用了仅能通过氢氧根离子的隔膜，这类电解槽使用碱液作为电解质，因此电极材料不必使用耐腐蚀的贵金属，大大降低了制造成本[13]。目前的主要问题是，现有的阴离子交换膜结构稳定性差，使用寿命短（约10 h）。频繁更换隔膜降低了制氢设备的连续可用性，难以配合煤电机组长期稳定地提供调峰服务。
4）固体氧化物电解槽制氢
SOEC以氧化钇、氧化锆等材料为电解质。相较于低温电解技术，SOEC的运行温度高达700~1 000 ℃，高温下电化学反应速率大大提高，能量损失显著减少，SOEC制氢效率可达到95%以上，是所有电解水制氢技术路线中效率最高、产率最高的制氢方式[14]。各技术路线制氢能耗比较如图3所示。
SOEC的核心部件为固体离子传导陶瓷及不锈钢材料，机械稳定性和环境适应性优良，装置不使用贵金属作催化剂，因此制造成本低，耐用性强。SOEC技术适合大规模的氢气生产场景。上海翌晶氢能科技有限公司于2023年4月25日发布的GenStack E2500固体氧化物电解槽电堆产品，其单位制氢直流电耗3.16 (kW·h)/m3（标准状况，下同），比传统碱性制氢直流电耗低31.3%。10 000 h长期稳定性测试ASR（面积比电阻）小于10 mΩ·cm2、200次高低温热循环ASR小于5 mΩ·cm2，表明电堆具有较高的运行可靠性。此外，GenStack电堆产品还具有20%~200%宽功率负载范围、小于1 min电堆热启动时间[15]，能够较好地满足煤电机组的调峰需求，适应波动的电源负载。
2　SOEC制氢辅助煤电调峰方案分析
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综合前述分析，SOEC制氢方案具有初期投资低、设备寿命长、电解效率高、制氢产率高等优势。方案所需的高温反应条件（700~1 000 ℃）、高温水蒸气、低成本电力等与火电厂现有的生产条件耦合性强。此外，煤电机组参与深度调峰的容量都是百兆瓦级，而SOEC装置集成度高、节能高效，尤其适合于大规模的制氢场景，这也使得二者具有很高的契合度。
本文以某煤电厂超超临界1 000 MW二次再热机组为应用对象，提出基于SOEC技术的煤电机组深度调峰能力改造方案，并对项目进行了财务分析。
2.1　电厂现有生产条件
某机组选用了型号为SG-2983/32.14-M7054的二次再热超超临界压力燃煤锅炉，设计最低稳燃负荷不高于30% BMCR。锅炉主要设计参数见表1。
锅炉各处烟气温度设计见表2，表2中THA表示热耗率验收工况，指汽轮机在额定进气参数下、额定背压、回热系统正常投运，补水率为0，能连续运行发出的功率。由表2可知，40%THA工况时屏式过热器（屏过）底部及低温过热器（低过）进口烟温高达1 035 ℃。从此处抽取高温烟气作为加热源，完全能够保证SOEC装置所需的700~1 000 ℃的反应温度。
机组设置有一套高、中、低压三级串联汽轮机旁路系统。高压旁路容量为40％BMCR，即最大供汽量为1 193.2 t/h。配有2台产量为150 m3/h的除盐水生产装置，并建设有一个5 000 m3除盐水存储箱。机组补水能力与旁路抽汽容量能够保证SOEC装置所需的高温水蒸气。
机组的高压厂用电电压为10 kV，低压厂用电电压采用690 V和380 V两级电压，能够满足制氢系统不同类型设备的用电需求。
2.2　制氢设备容量选择
制氢储能系统是为煤电机组深度调峰而建立的，其容量需要根据调峰的目标容量确定。通常情况下，煤电机组在40%设计出力以上的负荷运行时，锅炉具有较高的效率与经济性。因此，以40%负荷作为制氢装置启停控制点。具体设定如下：
参与深度调峰时，若电网调度下达的负荷指令小于40%的机组额定出力时，则保持锅炉实际热负荷40%THA不变，通过制氢装置开机，消耗一部分电量，使得机组上网电量满足当前电网要求。极限情况下，机组发出的电力可以全部用于厂内自用，这时机组的上网电量将变为零，这是由于在SOEC装置辅助下，煤电机组的调峰容量达到了100%额定出力，实现了“假停机、零功率”参与电网负荷调节。
若电网的负荷需求不小于40%机组额定出力，则制氢设备停机，机组以常规模式参与调峰。
由上分析可知，厂内设备（含SOEC装置）需能够消耗机组40%的额定电量，机组厂用电率约5%，考虑交直流电转换等带来的电能损失约3%，则SOEC装置在40%THA工况下将消耗总蒸汽量的33.95%，即347.31 t/h，其中原料蒸汽量为28.77 t/h，以此计算本机组配套的制氢装置产能应达到3.20 t/h。40% THA工况下，该机组的高压旁路抽汽容量最大为409.2 t/h，能够满足SOEC最大出力时的需求。
2.3　煤电制氢+调峰系统组成
SOEC装置的低电耗优势是在消耗高品质热能的基础上实现的。因此在系统设计时，应尽可能利用温度更高的蒸汽和烟气。
由表1可知，40%THA工况下，过热蒸汽温度最高，达到610 ℃，从高压旁路抽取过热蒸汽供给SOEC装置较为合理。
由表2可知，40%THA工况下，屏过底部及低过进口烟气温度最高，达到1 035 ℃，完全可以满足电解要求。故选择在屏过底部区域设置取烟口，抽取高温烟气加热SOEC装置。
综上，SOEC辅助煤电机组深度调峰系统原理性设计方案如图4所示。
集成系统的工作过程为：当电网调度下达的负荷指令低于锅炉运行的高效率区间（指的是锅炉40%~100%额定出力范围）时，启动SOEC制氢储能系统，锅炉主蒸汽一部分用于发电，其电能分成上网电量与电解制氢电量，另一部分蒸汽作为SOEC装置的原料蒸汽。
在锅炉热负荷不变的情况下，SOEC通过蒸汽抽汽与电解耗电共同减少了机组上网电量。理想状态下，机组对外输出功率为零，表现为“假停机、零出力”状态，而一旦网侧需要负荷，则可立即停运SOEC设备，通过电气切换开关，快速响应网上电力需求。
3　收益分析与经济性计算
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常规燃煤机组经SOEC辅助调峰技术改造后，预计将获得以下收益：
1）主机寿命与安全获得可靠保障。频繁、快速升降负荷对锅炉、汽轮机及管道寿命负面影响极大，新方案将锅炉热负荷与调峰电量相解耦，避免了锅炉进入超低负荷运行工况，机组长期的健康、安全、高效运行得到保证；
2）获得超额的电网调峰补贴。机组改造后，可实现“假停机、零功率”极限调峰，额外的容量换来额外的补贴，且深度越大，调峰补偿金额也越高；
3）获得额外的氢气售卖收益。氢气是一种多用途化工原料及清洁能源，经济价值较高，煤电企业制氢具有先天的低成本优势，售卖氢气的利润更高；
4）锅炉降耗减碳效果显著。SOEC制取的氧气，可在燃烧器区域补入炉膛，提高煤粉的燃尽率，降低机组煤耗，从而减少碳排放；同时富氧燃烧需要的空气量减少，风机组电耗下降，机组的安全性更高、经济性更优；
5）具有良好的碳减排意义。煤电机组以增大新能源电力消纳比例、参与更高深度电网调峰为目的开展制氢工作，具有支持新能源电力上网、获得绿色氢能等间接的碳减排实际效果。
3.1　收益分析
配套SOEC装置后获得的收益主要包括氢气售卖收益、调峰补贴、设备延寿收益、富氧燃烧提效收益。
3.1.1　氢气售卖收益
示例机组2022年的负荷统计情况见表3，基于2.2节中制氢系统启停规则，计算新方案的各项经济指标。
由表3可知，机组处于40%额定出力以下的时长为1 423 h，占全年运行总时长的16.45%。在这段时间内，以平均负荷计算SOEC装置的运行收益。
由表1可知，锅炉维持40%THA工况运行，每小时将产生1 023 t水蒸气，这些水蒸气主要分成5个部分使用：
1）上网蒸汽　这部分蒸汽直接进入汽轮机做功发电，用于满足电网的功率要求；
2）厂用蒸汽　这部分蒸汽直接进入汽轮机做功发电，用于满足厂内设备的运转需求。通常为机组发电量的5%；
3）SOEC损失蒸汽　这部分蒸汽也是进入汽轮机做功发电，主要用来抵消交直流电的转换损失。由于发电机发出的是高压直流电，而SOEC装置需要的是低压直流电，进行电能转换时会产生能量损失，这部分损失大约占转换电能的3%；
4）SOEC电源蒸汽　这部分蒸汽进入汽轮机做功发电，用于供应SOEC装置工作时消耗的电能；
5）SOEC原料蒸汽　这部分蒸汽进入SOEC中，作为电解的原料水蒸气。
SOEC已验证的每千克H2电解能耗为39 kW·h，据此得出电解1.0 t水蒸气需耗电4.33 MW·h。由表1中40%THA工况下，电负荷400 MW与过热蒸汽流量的1 023 t/h的对应关系，可算出利用1.0 t蒸汽可发出0.39 MW电能。二者综合可知，SOEC电解1.00 t/h的原料蒸汽需配套11.07 t/h的电源蒸汽。此外，为简化计算，机组输出功率200~350 MW的区间以平均值275 MW计，350~400 MW的区间以平均值375 MW计。各部分水蒸气的分配量及产氢量见表4。
根据2020年国家能源局等五部委联合发布的《关于启动燃料电池汽车示范应用工作的通知》之规定，氢能终端售价不超过35元/kg。以该价格计，煤电厂单台机组全年可获得售氢收益为35×1 000×1 419.91=4 969.69万元。
3.1.2　调峰收益
以福建能监办发布《福建省电力调峰辅助服务市场交易规则（试行）（2022年修订版）》为例，计算电厂在上述负荷段的调峰收益。该文件规定，发电企业以基准负荷率（即60%机组额定出力）为起点，以下调机组5%的容量比率进行分级报价，具体调峰容量报价见表5。
从表5中可知，机组负荷率越低，每兆瓦时的调峰容量售价越高，35%负荷以下的收益是60%负荷时的2倍。
据此计算SOEC制氢期间机组调峰的收益，调峰收益以最高限价的50%计，调峰收益计算结果见表6。
3.1.3　设备延寿收益
调峰期间，锅炉实际负荷可长期稳定在40%额定出力上，此阶段锅炉热损失及效率见表7。
由表7可知，锅炉在40%额定出力时，其热效率与满出力工况仅相差0.22百分点，接近95%。这表明40%额定出力下，锅炉依然具有良好的运行状态。制氢储能系统承担电量调节功能，有效避免了低负荷（小于30%额定出力）、超低负荷（小于25%额定出力）及负荷波动等恶劣工况对锅炉寿命、水动力、辅机运行等造成的不利影响。这部分收益可以通过节省的设备检修费用来体现，估计为机组A修费用的10%，约为100.0万元/年。
3.1.4　富氧燃烧收益
调峰期间，制取的氧气既可对外出售，也可用于锅炉煤粉燃烧器助燃，利用锅炉富氧燃烧技术，降低机组煤耗，节省风机组电耗，进一步提升调峰煤电机组的经济性。雷云红等[16]基于现场技改成果，指出200 MW燃煤锅炉经富氧燃烧技术改造后，锅炉效率可提高0.65%~0.72%，每年减少碳排放1 506~2 515 t。黄贺星[17]通过仿真计算表明，350 MW机组以富氧燃烧方式运行，可以提高锅炉热效率0.5%~1.8%。
SOEC装置在投用期间，氧气制取情况见表8，合计年制氧量为11 352.16 t。
经含氧量换算，制取的11 352.16 t氧气可将170 229.44 t含氧量21.7%的空气提高氧体积分数至26%，获得合格的富氧空气总量为181 581.60 t。而40%THA工况下，锅炉设计进风量为1 312.78 t/h，因此上述氧气，可支持锅炉富氧燃烧138.34 h。
由表7可知，40%THA工况下锅炉效率为94.97%，设计煤种低位发热量20 920 kJ/kg，设计燃煤量152.20 t/h。应用富氧燃烧技术后，根据文献[15-16]结果，取炉效提升幅度0.65%计算，则同工况下锅炉效率将提高至95.62%。保持燃烧原设计煤种不变，则实际煤量将降低至151.17 t/h，每小时可节约燃煤1.03 t。整个富氧燃烧期间，共可节煤142.49 t。以秦皇岛煤炭网发布的2023年5月17—23日环渤海动力煤价格指数729元/t计，富氧燃烧期间节煤收益为10.39万元，减少碳排放约281.92 t/a。
3.2　成本计算
3.2.1　设备成本
目前，国内的SOEC技术方案研发大多处于实验室阶段。2023年4月25日，年产能100 MW的SOEC电堆自动化产线在上海嘉定下线，该产线由上海翌晶氢能科技有限公司自主设计开发。据该公司测算，SOEC系统的制造成本在2025年将下降到5 000元/kW，至2030年将下降至1 000元/kW。
本项目所应用的SEOC装置最大氢气产量为3.2 t/h，电解容量为124.57 MW，以当前SOEC最优制造成本5 000元/kW计，其生产制造成本为62 285万元。
3.2.2　水蒸气成本
应用于调峰煤电机组的SOEC装置，其消耗的原料蒸汽、电源蒸汽、损失蒸汽均为燃煤加热获得，由表4可知，调峰期间SOEC总计消耗水蒸气268.54×550+12.79×873=158 862.67 t。生产上述蒸汽所需的主要成本包括燃煤、辅机设备运行电耗、设备折旧等。SOEC引起的设备电耗与折旧费用在机组运行成本中占比较小，此处忽略不计。
燃料是煤电企业的最大成本。由表4可知，该机组在40%THA出力下，每小时消耗设计煤种（热值为209 16.7 kJ/kg）152.2 t，产生高温过热蒸汽1 023 t/h。据此计算SOEC消耗蒸汽量所对应的煤量为23 635.29 t。
根据秦皇岛煤炭网发布的2023年5月17日—23日环渤海动力煤价格指数729元/t计算水蒸气成本为729×23 635.29=1 723.01万元。火电厂自制除盐水的成本为10元/t，因此除盐水成本为158.86万元。水蒸气总成本为1 881.87万元。
3.2.3　折旧与运维成本
电解水制氢的成本构成中，电费占比80%、折旧占比10%、运营维护10%。SOEC装置折旧与运维费用约为电费的1/4，估算为349.09万元。
3.2.4　高温烟气成本
为保证SOEC装置的工作温度（750 ℃），自炉膛出口位置抽取高温烟气（1 035 ℃）对其进行加热，由于蒸汽自身温度已经高达610 ℃，因此所需的加热量较少。SOEC装置以最大功率工作时，需求的烟气量约为总烟气量的10%，折算为煤量为15.22 t，经济价值为11 095.38元。加热完毕后的废烟气将进入锅炉省煤器前或脱硝前烟道，进行余热回收利用。
3.3　净利润计算
示例煤电机组的收益与成本见表9。
综上，投入SOEC装置后，示例煤电机组第5.84年可收回成本，此后每年综合净利润为10 659.53万元，减少碳排放281.92 t/a。
4　结语
收起
近年来，随着国家双碳战略的实施，新能源电力上网电量大幅增加，对传统煤电机组的深度调峰能力提出了更高要求。现有火电灵活性改造方案聚集局部，忽视了机组长期运行的安全性与经济性。本文探讨了基于制氢储能装置的煤电机组极限深度调峰技术。
现有提升火电调峰容量的技改措施，不能根本消除频繁变负荷、快速启停机对热力设备造成的潜在寿命折损及安全风险；利用制氢储能装置辅助煤电机组开展极限深度调峰具有良好的综合碳减排意义；固体氧化物电解槽制氢技术与煤电厂已有的生产条件契合度高，结合性强，具有显著的优势；经财务核算，某1 000 MW燃煤机组应用SOEC辅助深调装置后，第5.84年可收回初期投资，第6年起每年可获得10 659.53万元的净利润，减少碳排放281.92 t/a。
基金
收起
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003600)
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司研发基金项目(TR-23-TYK05)
文献
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2024年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401001
  • 接收时间：2023-06-03
  • 首发时间：2025-12-31
  • 出版时间：2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-06-03
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4003600)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003600)
Research and Development Fund Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TR-23-TYK05)
西安热工研究院有限公司研发基金项目(TR-23-TYK05)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
    2.陕西工业职业技术学院，陕西　咸阳　712000
    3.咸阳市新能源及微电网重点实验室，陕西　咸阳　712000
    4.光大环保（中国）有限公司，广东　深圳　518031
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