Article(id=1236699938881589655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702137600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781842203, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781842203, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781842203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781842203, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699939196162463, articleId=1236699938881589655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Technical and economic analysis of combined heat, electricity and hydrogen supply system by solar driven solid oxide cell system, columnId=1236699938319552915, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Hydrogen storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Solid oxide cells have the ability to switch between electrolysis and fuel cell power generating modes, and operate at 650~850 ℃, resulting in high-grade waste heat. The equipment utilization ratio and energy utilization efficiency can be significantly increased by using the cell for the tri-generation of heat, electricity, and hydrogen. A photovoltaic and concentrated solar heat driven solid oxide cell system for tri-generation system of heat, power, and hydrogen is presented, and molten salt thermal storage system and batteries are coupled to ensure continuous and stable operation of solid oxide cell. By taking the lowest total cost as the object, a mixed integer linear programming model for system capacity configuration and operation strategy optimization is constructed. Moreover, based on the energy consumption principle of cascade utilization, the pinch analysis approach is applied to maximize the cascade use of multi-grade energy flows throughout the entire system, providing an efficient mechanism for integrating mass and energy in coupled systems. For a real case of solar energy resources and heat, electricity, hydrogen requirement in an industrial park, the coupled system’s levelized energy cost is 0.28 yuan/kW, and the annual full load operating hours of the solid oxide cell reaches over 6 000 h.

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固体氧化物电池可在燃料电池发电模式和电解制氢模式间切换,且工作温度为650~850 ℃,具有高品位余热回收利用的潜力,将固体氧化物电池用于热、电、氢联产可大幅提高设备利用率及能量利用效率。提出了光伏、光热驱动的固体氧化物电池热电氢联产系统,并耦合了蓄电池及熔盐蓄热保障系统连续稳定运行。以总成本最低为目标,构建系统容量配置及运行策略优化的混合整数线性规划模型,并基于品位对口、梯级利用的用能原则,采用夹点分析方法优化全系统多品位能流的梯级利用,揭示耦合系统物质和能量高效集成机理。针对某工业园区太阳能资源及热电氢需求实际案例,固体氧化物电池年满负荷运行小时数高于6 000 h,耦合系统平准化用能成本为0.28元/kW。

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杨佳霖(1986),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为综合能源系统集成与运行优化方面的研究工作,
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赵鹏翔(1975),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为综合能源服务商业模式、园区综合能源系统规划,

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236733044959268889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=CN, label=图6, caption=固体氧化物电池成本变化对系统配置及成本影响, figureFileSmall=W/dRiX9CrnUBz8sXpNQAtA==, figureFileBig=lJrE2bTFjJUnh8gIklsujg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236733045026377754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Specifications of technical and economic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式发电效率/%55[17]
电解模式效率/%74[17]
最大变负荷速率/(%·min–1)6[18]
电堆寿命/年5[19]
运行温度/℃750
运行压力/MPa0.3
尾气燃烧后温度/℃1 100
成本/(元·kW–1)10 000[20]
锂电池寿命/年5[21]
成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)500[21]
光伏成本/(元·kW–1)1 000[22]
太阳能集热-储热冷罐温度/℃180
热罐温度/℃600
成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)2 000[23]
电加热器成本/(元·kW)500
), ArticleFig(id=1236733045106069531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

技术及经济参数假设

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式发电效率/%55[17]
电解模式效率/%74[17]
最大变负荷速率/(%·min–1)6[18]
电堆寿命/年5[19]
运行温度/℃750
运行压力/MPa0.3
尾气燃烧后温度/℃1 100
成本/(元·kW–1)10 000[20]
锂电池寿命/年5[21]
成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)500[21]
光伏成本/(元·kW–1)1 000[22]
太阳能集热-储热冷罐温度/℃180
热罐温度/℃600
成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)2 000[23]
电加热器成本/(元·kW)500
), ArticleFig(id=1236733045173178396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Specifications of organic Rankine cycle parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设定
有机工质五氟丙烷
蒸发压力/MPa1.20
冷凝压力/MPa0.11
发电效率/%9.8[25]
成本/(元·kW–1)13 000[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1236733046620213277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参照系统中有机朗肯循环参数假设

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设定
有机工质五氟丙烷
蒸发压力/MPa1.20
冷凝压力/MPa0.11
发电效率/%9.8[25]
成本/(元·kW–1)13 000[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1236733046708293662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Optimal capacities of components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式容量/kW1 006.5
固体氧化物电池电解模式容量/kW2 972.6
光伏容量/kW29 705.2
光热容量/kW31.3
电加热器容量/kW623.1
锂电池容量/(kW·h–1)17 431.4
储热罐容量/kg806
), ArticleFig(id=1236733046792179743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

设备最优容量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式容量/kW1 006.5
固体氧化物电池电解模式容量/kW2 972.6
光伏容量/kW29 705.2
光热容量/kW31.3
电加热器容量/kW623.1
锂电池容量/(kW·h–1)17 431.4
储热罐容量/kg806
), ArticleFig(id=1236733046876065824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Proportions of the cost of each component and the utilization factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
成本占比/%固体氧化物电池27.90
锂电池38.70
太阳能集热-储热0.07
光伏33.00
电加热器0.40
部件利用参数固体氧化物电池年满负荷利用小时数/h6 025.6
锂电池年循环次数332
光伏弃光率/%43.5
光热弃光率/%0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1236733046951563297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699938881589655, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各设备成本占比及利用参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
成本占比/%固体氧化物电池27.90
锂电池38.70
太阳能集热-储热0.07
光伏33.00
电加热器0.40
部件利用参数固体氧化物电池年满负荷利用小时数/h6 025.6
锂电池年循环次数332
光伏弃光率/%43.5
光热弃光率/%0.6
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太阳能耦合固体氧化物电池热电氢联产系统技术经济性分析
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赵鹏翔 , 杨佳霖 , 杨宪 , 丛琳 , 吕承友
热力发电 | 储氢技术 2024,53(9): 147-154
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热力发电 | 储氢技术 2024, 53(9): 147-154
太阳能耦合固体氧化物电池热电氢联产系统技术经济性分析
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赵鹏翔 , 杨佳霖 , 杨宪, 丛琳, 吕承友
作者信息
  • 国网综合能源服务集团有限公司,北京 100052
  • 赵鹏翔(1975),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为综合能源服务商业模式、园区综合能源系统规划,

通讯作者:

杨佳霖(1986),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为综合能源系统集成与运行优化方面的研究工作,
Technical and economic analysis of combined heat, electricity and hydrogen supply system by solar driven solid oxide cell system
Pengxiang ZHAO , Jialin YANG , Xian YANG, Lin CONG, Chengyou LYU
Affiliations
  • State Grid Integrated Energy Service Group Co, Ltd, Beijing 100052, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312187
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固体氧化物电池可在燃料电池发电模式和电解制氢模式间切换,且工作温度为650~850 ℃,具有高品位余热回收利用的潜力,将固体氧化物电池用于热、电、氢联产可大幅提高设备利用率及能量利用效率。提出了光伏、光热驱动的固体氧化物电池热电氢联产系统,并耦合了蓄电池及熔盐蓄热保障系统连续稳定运行。以总成本最低为目标,构建系统容量配置及运行策略优化的混合整数线性规划模型,并基于品位对口、梯级利用的用能原则,采用夹点分析方法优化全系统多品位能流的梯级利用,揭示耦合系统物质和能量高效集成机理。针对某工业园区太阳能资源及热电氢需求实际案例,固体氧化物电池年满负荷运行小时数高于6 000 h,耦合系统平准化用能成本为0.28元/kW。

可逆固体氧化物电池  /  热电氢联产  /  能量梯级利用  /  光伏  /  光热

Solid oxide cells have the ability to switch between electrolysis and fuel cell power generating modes, and operate at 650~850 ℃, resulting in high-grade waste heat. The equipment utilization ratio and energy utilization efficiency can be significantly increased by using the cell for the tri-generation of heat, electricity, and hydrogen. A photovoltaic and concentrated solar heat driven solid oxide cell system for tri-generation system of heat, power, and hydrogen is presented, and molten salt thermal storage system and batteries are coupled to ensure continuous and stable operation of solid oxide cell. By taking the lowest total cost as the object, a mixed integer linear programming model for system capacity configuration and operation strategy optimization is constructed. Moreover, based on the energy consumption principle of cascade utilization, the pinch analysis approach is applied to maximize the cascade use of multi-grade energy flows throughout the entire system, providing an efficient mechanism for integrating mass and energy in coupled systems. For a real case of solar energy resources and heat, electricity, hydrogen requirement in an industrial park, the coupled system’s levelized energy cost is 0.28 yuan/kW, and the annual full load operating hours of the solid oxide cell reaches over 6 000 h.

reversible solid oxide cell  /  combined heat, power and hydrogen supply  /  energy cascade utilization  /  photovoltaic  /  concentrated solar heat
赵鹏翔, 杨佳霖, 杨宪, 丛琳, 吕承友. 太阳能耦合固体氧化物电池热电氢联产系统技术经济性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 147 -154 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312187
Pengxiang ZHAO, Jialin YANG, Xian YANG, Lin CONG, Chengyou LYU. Technical and economic analysis of combined heat, electricity and hydrogen supply system by solar driven solid oxide cell system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 147 -154 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312187
可再生能源在应对化石能源枯竭及降低温室气体排放方面发挥重要作用。截至2022年底,我国可再生能源发电装机已占全部电力装机的47.3%,是我国电力装机的重要组成部分。热电气联产系统契合化工、交通运输、制造等高耗能行业的用能需求,且在提高能源转换效率等方面具有突出优势。可再生能源驱动的多联产系统既发挥了可再生能源清洁环保的优势,同时提高了能源综合利用效率,具有广泛的应用前景[1]
固体氧化物电池多联产系统是当前节能环保领域研究的热点。固体氧化物电池工作温度为650~850 ℃,排气温度高,利用其高品位余热可进行热电联产,实现能量的梯级利用,提高能源综合利用效率[2]。此外,固体氧化物电池具有独特的可逆特性,可在燃料电池发电模式、电解模式间切换,能够大幅提高设备利用率,同时实现高效的电、气、热联产[3]。文献[4]针对平抑风电场出力波动这一场景,开展了可逆固体氧化物电池电气联产系统配置和运行策略优化研究。文献[5]研究了固体氧化物燃料电池与溴化锂吸收式制冷机耦合的电热冷三联供系统,系统最大综合效率高达93.34%。文献[6-7]提出了基于可逆固体氧化物电池的发电、制气、热待机3模式调峰电厂,并指出该电厂在高效电气联产的同时可实现全年连续运行,大幅提高了设备利用率和调峰电厂经济性。
合理的能量管理和多品位热回收利用是高温固体氧化物高效运行的关键因素。文献[8]针对太阳能和生物质驱动的固体氧化物电解池制氢、制氨系统,采用夹点分析方法优化了系统中冷热物流交互,设计了全系统换热网络。文献[9-10]针对固体氧化物电池热电联产系统,构建了换热网络混合整数非线性规划模型,并依据最优换热网络设计了换热器。
可再生能源驱动的固体氧化物电池多联产系统中,热能或电能由间歇性的可再生能源(光伏发电、太阳能集热、风电)提供,增加了全系统能量管理的难度,降低了固体氧化物电池的利用率和效率。配置储能系统是解决该问题的有效手段,其可将多余的能量储存并在系统能量短缺时释放。文献[11-12]研究了耦合储热装置的太阳能驱动固体氧化物电解制氢系统,配置储热时长为11 h的储热装置能够将电解池年制氢时间延长约50%,并降低约34%的制氢成本。文献[13-14]指出蓄电池可在太阳辐照低的夜间或阴天时为固体氧化物电池提供电能,保障住宅热电联供的可靠性。
目前,大量学者对可再生能源驱动的固体氧化物电池热电联产、热电冷联产、电氢联产、氢氨联产系统已经开展了广泛且深入的研究,涉及系统容量配置优化[15]、能量管理、热力学性能分析[16]等多个方面,然而对固体氧化物电池电热气联产系统的研究偏少。可再生能源驱动的固体氧化物电池电热气联产系统具有广泛的应用场景,如工业园区、混合动力列车、制造业等,由于系统深度耦合多品位热能、化学能、电能,其容量优化和能量管更加复杂。基于此,本文提出了光伏光热驱动的固体氧化物电池热电氢联产系统,并针对可再生能源出力波动问题耦合了蓄电池及熔盐蓄热,以总成本最低为目标构建系统容量配置及运行策略优化的混合整数线性规划模型,并基于品位对口、梯级利用的用能原则,采用夹点分析方法优化全系统多品位能流的梯级利用,揭示耦合系统物质和能量高效集成机理。
基于光伏光热和固体氧化物电池的热电氢联产系统结构如图1所示,主要设备有光伏、太阳能集热器、固体氧化物电池、锂电池、双罐熔盐储热器、电加热器及换热器网络。固体氧化物电池运行在燃料电池模式时,将氢气的化学能转化为电能,通入的氢气和空气需加热至电池运行温度,尾气燃烧释放的热量用于加热系统中冷物流,可实现高品位余热的回收利用;固体氧化物电池运行在电解模式时,将电能转化为氢气化学能,入口水需加热至电池工作温度,出口高温氢气和氧气余热可回收利用。
当太阳辐照充足时,光伏板将太阳能转化为电能,用于固体氧化物电池电解水、驱动电加热器和其他电动设备,或储存于蓄电池中;太阳能集热器将太阳能转化为熔盐的热能储存。当太阳辐照不足时,蓄电池和双罐熔盐储热可持续为固体氧化物电池发电或产氢过程提供所需的电能和热能,保障系统连续运行。系统的热能需求无法满足时,将采用电加热器。
集成太阳能热电技术和固体氧化物电池的热电氢联产系统容量配置及运行策略优化方法如图2所示。在满足时序电、热、氢需求的前提下使系统总成本最低,实现时序的可再生能源出力与时序的多种用能需求最优匹配。
输入包含时序的可再生能源出力、技术经济参数假设及时序的用户热电氢需求。经济参数包含关键设备成本、寿命及更换成本,技术参数包含设备效率、变负荷速率、温度和压力等参数。约束条件有能量平衡、质量平衡、固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式和电解模式变负荷速率约束、储能设备运行状态约束、蓄电池充放电深度约束等。
为实现系统能量高效利用,采用夹点分析方法优化全系统冷热物流的热交换,实现能量梯级高效利用。构建上述优化方法的混合整数线性规划模型,求解得到系统最小总成本以及最优时序能量管理策略、系统各设备最优容量。
目标函数ϕ为热电氢联产系统运行20年的总成本,包含设备投资成本θinv,i、设备更换成本θcha,j及运行维护成本θO&M,j。假设运行维护成本为设备成本的20%。目标函数表示为:
ϕ=θinv,i+θcha,j+θO&M,j
式中:i表示固体氧化物电池、太阳能集热-储热、光伏、蓄电池、电加热器;j表示固体氧化物电堆、蓄电池。
光伏、太阳能集热-储热、电加热器寿命为20年。采用平准化用能成本(levelized cost of energy,LCOE)评估系统经济性,计算方法为总成本除以系统20年电热负荷之和。
1)能量平衡
Eeleload,k=ESOFC,k+EPV,k+EBATdis,kESOEC,kEBATcha,kEEH,kElost,k
式中:E为能量;下标eleload、SOFC、PV、BATdis分别代表电负荷、固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式出力、光伏发电、蓄电池放电;下标SOEC、BATcha、EH、lost分别代表固体氧化物电池电解模式耗电、蓄电池充电、电加热器耗电、光伏弃电;k代表时刻。
Eheatload,k=Eex,k
式中:下标heatload、ex分别代表热负荷及用于保障热负荷的换热网络换热量。
2)氢气质量平衡
mH2,k=mSOEC,kmSOFC,k
式中:mH2,kmSOEC,kmSOFC,k分别为k时刻系统氢气净产量、固体氧化物电池电解模式产氢、固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式耗氢。
3)储能设备质量平衡约束
储能设备k时刻储能量与k-1时刻储能量、k时刻流入设备能量和k时刻流出设备能量相关。蓄电池能量平衡式为:
E¯BAT,k=E¯BAT,k1+EBATcha,kEBATdis,k
式中:E¯BAT,kE¯BAT,k1分别为kk-1时刻蓄电池储电量。
对于双罐储热系统有以下质量平衡约束:
m¯HT,k=m¯HT,k1+m¯HTin,km¯HTout,k
m¯CT,k=m¯CT,k1+m¯CTin,km¯CTout,k
式中:m¯为储罐内熔盐量,HT、CT表示热罐、冷罐;in、out分别表示熔盐流入、流出储热罐。
4)固体氧化物电池变负荷速率约束
$\left|E_{\mathrm{SOFC}, k}-E_{\mathrm{SOFC}, k-1}\right| \leqslant \lambda \times P_{\mathrm{SOFC}}$
$\left|E_{\mathrm{SOEC}, k}-E_{\mathrm{SOEC}, k-1}\right| \leqslant \lambda \times P_{\mathrm{SOEC}}$
式中:PSOFCPSOEC分别为固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式、电解模式容量;λ为固体氧化物电池变负荷速率上限。
5)蓄电池荷电状态约束
0.2Sk0.9
式中:Sk为蓄电池在k时刻的荷电状态。
6)蓄电池和固体氧化物电池状态约束
固体氧化物电池无法同时运行在燃料电池模式和电解模式,因此有如下约束:
ESOFC,k×ESOEC,k=0
同理,蓄电池无法同时充电、放电:
EBATdis,k×EBATcha,k=0
需要说明的是,在优化系统容量配置和运行时,除满足上述约束条件外,还需在每个时刻采用夹点分析方法实现热回收最大化。
本文以某大型工业园区为研究对象,该园区具有丰富的太阳能资源,光伏发电装置额定容量为100 kW,太阳能集热装置额定容量为200 kW,逐时发电和集热功率如图3所示。园区电、热需求如图4所示,年度耗氢约7 300 kg。为降低优化求解时间,容量配置和运行策略优化基于从历史数据提取的典型日,典型日提取方法为k均值聚类[11]。园区热电负荷波动较大,电、热负荷最大值分别为3 934、1 520 kW,园区热负荷用于厂房及办公区室内采暖。热电氢联产系统技术及经济参数假设见表1
有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)具有结构简单、有机工质沸点低等特点,与高温运行的固体氧化物燃料电池发电过程需要高品位热能加热入口反应物不同,ORC以中低温余热作为热源[24]。为对比这2种技术在电热氢三联产应用场景的差异,本文构建了一个参照系统,采用ORC代替图1中固体氧化物燃料电池模块,可逆固体氧化物电池仅运行在电解产氢模式。参照系统中ORC技术及经济参数设定见表2
1)基于固体氧化物电池的三联产系统
针对图1所示太阳能驱动的固体氧化物电池热电氢联产系统,以系统总成本最低为目标,求解容量与运行策略优化的混合整数线性规划模型,系统设备最优容量配置见表3。满足图4所示热电负荷以及年度7 300 kg产氢量的系统配置为光伏装机容量29 705.2 kW、光热装机容量31.3 kW、锂电池容量17 431.1 kW·h、储热罐容量806 kg以及电加热器容量623.1 kW,固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式容量1 006.5 kW,电解模式容量2 972.6 kW,系统LCOE为0.28元/(kW·h)。
光伏为系统中主要的能量来源,锂电池为系统中主要的储能设备。光伏装机容量为电热负荷最大值(5 455.2 kW)的5.4倍,锂电池装机容量可满足园区在最大电热负荷运行3.2 h。光伏和锂电池装机容量远超电热负荷,这是因为太阳能资源与园区热电需求时序匹配差(图3图4),且该园区离网运行,无法从电网获取电能。各设备成本占比及利用参数见表4
虽然太阳能集热-储热系统受限于高昂的成本且装机容量较小,但从优化结果看是必不可少的。作为对比,对无太阳能集热-储热的热电氢联产系统进行优化,结果显示光伏、锂电池容量将攀升至37 602.2 kW、21 354.2 kW·h,LCOE升至0.43元/(kW·h)。太阳能集热-储热系统将热能长时储存,并在电能大量短缺时释放大量热量,满足固体氧化物电池热能需求,从而大幅降低电能需求,降低光伏、锂电池容量。
光伏发电在系统中成本占比最高,占总成本的38.70%,其次为锂电池和固体氧化物电池,成本占比分别为33.00%、27.90%,太阳能集热-储热及电加热器成本不足总成本的1%。
由于太阳辐照与园区热电负荷匹配度低,且锂电池储能设备成本昂贵,光伏弃光率高达43.5%。固体氧化物电池的年度满负荷利用小时数高达6 025.6 h,这是由于其可以双模式运行,当供能系统发电不足时运行在燃料电池模式满足电负荷,当供能系统电能过剩时运行在电解模式满足园区氢气需求。锂电池年循环次数为332次,太阳能集热器由于装机容量低且配置了储热系统而利用率极高,弃光率仅为0.6%。
2)参照系统
与基于固体氧化物电池的三联产系统相比,参照系统中锂电池的装机容量大幅增加至1.9倍为32 798.1 kW·h,其成本在总成本中的比例高达64%;反之,集热器、储热罐容量分别下降至5.0 kW、123.6 kg;ORC模块容量仅为219.1 kW,远低于图1所示系统固体氧化物电池燃料电池容量(1 006.5 kW);固体氧化物电池容量(电解模式)大幅下降至261.2 kW;光伏、电加热器容量变化较小,分别为31 688.1、504.1 kW,系统LCOE为0.33元/(kW·h)。
造成参照系统中太阳能集热-储热模块容量较低的原因是ORC发电模块中工质蒸发所需要的热品位较低(工质蒸发温度100 ℃),利用储热装置中熔盐蓄热(热罐熔盐温度600 ℃)作为热源将造成高品位热的降质利用;此外,由于设定高温固体氧化物电池无需运行在燃料电池模式发电,仅需运行在电解模式产氢,高温固体氧化物电池容量(电解模式)大幅下降,系统所需高品位热能也随之大幅下降。由于系统中太阳能集热-储热模块的容量较低,需配置大容量锂电池以保障波动性光伏发电与热电负荷的匹配,故锂电池是系统中主要的储能部件。
在1个典型周期里,基于太阳能热电技术和固体氧化物电池的热电氢联产系统最优运行策略如图5所示。日间太阳辐照强烈时,光伏在满足所有电能需求的基础上,驱动固体氧化物电解制氢并为电加热器供电,剩余电能部分储存于锂电池。对光伏全年发电量进行统计可知,这3部分电能消耗分别占光伏总发电量的22.9%、20.8%、12.8%。无太阳辐照或辐照较低时,锂电池放电,同时固体氧化物电池运行在燃料电池模式发电,2种技术各满足35.2%、17.5%的电能需求。
固体氧化物电池高温运行(750 ℃),尽管加热入口物流需要大量高品位热量,尤其是电解模式水汽化过程,但是系统电加热器耗电量仅占光伏总发电量的2.6%。这是因为固体氧化物电池燃料电池模式,尾气燃烧后温度可达1 100 ℃,电解模式尾气温度750 ℃(热中性),且熔盐储热系统热罐温度达600 ℃,均为高品位热量,合理利用系统余热及熔盐蓄热大幅减少了电加热器的使用时间。
图5b)展示了太阳能集热-储热系统最优运行策略,双罐储热系统可将太阳能集热量储存,在热能大量短缺时释放,容量31.3 kW的太阳能集热场通过耦合熔盐储热系统可以释放高达175.0 kW的600 ℃高品位热能,大幅降低了系统电加热需求,尤其是水汽化过程耗电。
上述优化结果显示固体氧化物电池投资和电堆更换成本占总成本的27.9%。因此,该技术发展导致的成本变化对热电氢联产系统的配置及成本有重要影响。固体氧化物电池系统成本从当前1.0万元/kW(按照燃料电池模式容量计)降低至0.2万元/kW时,系统配置及LCOE变化如图6所示。随着固体氧化物电池成本降低,其容量从1 006.5 kW(燃料电池模式)、2 972.6 kW(电解模式)逐步升高至2 547.2 kW(燃料电池模式)、10 612.9 kW(电解模式),蓄电池装机容量下降。当固体氧化物电池成本降低至0.7万元/kW时,系统中不再配置蓄电池。随着固体氧化物电池成本降低,光伏成本占比从33.0%逐渐提高至65.7%,始终为系统中成本最高的部件。太阳能集热-储热系统容量变化较小,占系统总成本不足1%。
本文构建了太阳能驱动的固体氧化物电池热电氢三联产系统,为保障系统连续稳定运行,耦合了蓄电池和双罐熔盐储热装置;并以系统总成本最小为目标,建立了系统容量配置及运行策略优化的混合整数线性规划数学模型,并且采用夹点分析方法优化了每个时刻系统中能量的梯级利用。
1)由于热电氢联产系统离网运行且光伏光热与园区负荷差异显著,光伏及蓄电池装机容量较大,平准化用能成本为0.28元/kW。
2)可逆固体氧化物电池适用于热电氢联产,当电能不足时运行在燃料电池模式发电,当电能过剩时运行在电解模式产氢,年度满负荷运行小时数高达6 025.6 h。
3)太阳能集热-储热模块由于成本高故装机容量较低,然而集热-储热系统能够将热能长时储存并在电能短缺时释放大量热量,大幅降低光伏、蓄电池装机冗余,因而在此热电氢联产系统中必不可少。
4)随着固体氧化物电池成本的降低,热电氢联产系统不再依赖蓄电池储能,固体氧化物电池通过运行在燃料电池模式发电补足电能缺口。
5)与基于固体氧化物电池的三联产系统相比,含ORC的参照系统中固体氧化物电池由于仅运行在电解模式而容量大幅降低。高温固体氧化物电池容量的降低使得系统无需大量高品位热能,此外,ORC所需热源与熔盐储热的热能品位严重不匹配,因此参照系统中太阳能集热-储热模块和固体氧化物电池容量较低,锂电池成为参照系统中主要的储能装置。
  • 国网综合能源服务集团有限公司科技项目(527899220008)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312187
  • 接收时间:2023-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-10
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Science and Technology Project of State Grid Integrated Energy Service Group Co.(527899220008)
国网综合能源服务集团有限公司科技项目(527899220008)
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    国网综合能源服务集团有限公司,北京 100052

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杨佳霖(1986),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为综合能源系统集成与运行优化方面的研究工作,
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