Article(id=1213131703674126667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309150, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694188800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162737052, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162737052, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162737052, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162737052, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=68, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131703934173520, articleId=1213131703674126667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Online learning model of backpressure prediction for direct air-cooled unit under flexible peak regulation, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of flexible peak regulation, in order to adapt to the dynamic change of direct air-cooled unit load and the interference of environmental factors, an online learning neural network method is proposed to predict the backpressure of direct air-cooled unit. Firstly, the historical data are cleaned and Spearman correlation analysis is used to determine the important features of low redundancy affecting backpressure. Then, the Hammerstein model is used to identify the model parameters online for the backpressure. At the same time, the backpressure prediction model of direct air-cooled unit is established by using long-short memory neural network and attention mechanism, and the model is updated by online learning. The experiments results show that, the model has an absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 9% in predicting backpressure at different time spans within the next 1 hour, and a MAPE of less than 1% in predicting backpressure within 30 seconds. Finally, the actual power plant system is used to verify that the model can run stably in practical applications. The results of this study provide an effective method for real-time prediction of the backpressure of direct air-cooled unit, which is of great significance for the operation and management of direct air-cooled unit with flexible peak regulation.

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在灵活调峰的背景下,为适应直接空冷机组负荷动态变化与环境因素干扰,提出一种在线学习的神经网络方法对直接空冷机组背压进行预测。首先,对历史数据进行清洗,通过Spearman相关性分析确定影响运行背压的低冗余重要特征。接着,采用Hammerstein模型对背压进行模型参数在线辨识。同时,采用长短记忆神经网络和注意力机制建立直接空冷机组背压预测模型,使用在线学习的方式对模型进行更新。实验表明:该模型在预测未来1 h内不同时间跨度的背压绝对百分比误差(MAPE)低于9%,并在预测30 s内的背压MAPE低于1%。最后,在实际电厂系统中验证模型能够在实际应用中稳定运行。本研究的成果为直接空冷机组背压实时预测提供了有效的方法,这对于灵活调峰直接空冷机组的运行和管理具有重要的意义。

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邓慧(1979),男,副教授,主要研究方向为空冷火电机组建模与优化控制,
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温文涛(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为直接空冷系统建模与运行优化,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131703674126667, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=长短期记忆神经网络)], refs=[Reference(id=1213131719234995162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131703674126667, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=中国电力企业联合会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国电力企业联合会. 中电联发布2023年上半年全国电力供需形势分析预测报告[R/OL]. 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The structure of neural networks model

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模型层数层名神经元数丢失率/%
Attention-LSTM1输入层4
2LSTM层64
3LSTM层32
4Dropout20
5Attention16
6输出层1
LSTM1输入层4
2LSTM层64
3LSTM层32
4Dropout20
5Dense层1
Attention-RNN1输入层4
2RNN层64
3RNN层32
4Dropout20
5Attention16
6输出层1
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718320636823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131703674126667, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

神经网络模型的网络结构

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模型层数层名神经元数丢失率/%
Attention-LSTM1输入层4
2LSTM层64
3LSTM层32
4Dropout20
5Attention16
6输出层1
LSTM1输入层4
2LSTM层64
3LSTM层32
4Dropout20
5Dense层1
Attention-RNN1输入层4
2RNN层64
3RNN层32
4Dropout20
5Attention16
6输出层1
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718408717215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131703674126667, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The errors of optimal model and online learning Attention-LSTM model

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采样间隔模型δRMSE/%δMAE/%δMAPE/%
1 sHammerstein-在线0.0220.0170.242
Attention-LSTM-在线0.0310.0240.340
5 sAttention-LSTM-在线0.0300.0210.308
30 sAttention-LSTM-在线0.0990.0620.754
1 minAttention-LSTM-在线0.1830.1311.603
15 minAttention-LSTM-离线0.4500.3123.731
Attention-LSTM-在线0.4590.3133.657
1 hAttention-LSTM-在线1.1410.7508.380
), ArticleFig(id=1213131718500991908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131703674126667, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

最优模型与在线学习Attention-LSTM模型的预测误差

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采样间隔模型δRMSE/%δMAE/%δMAPE/%
1 sHammerstein-在线0.0220.0170.242
Attention-LSTM-在线0.0310.0240.340
5 sAttention-LSTM-在线0.0300.0210.308
30 sAttention-LSTM-在线0.0990.0620.754
1 minAttention-LSTM-在线0.1830.1311.603
15 minAttention-LSTM-离线0.4500.3123.731
Attention-LSTM-在线0.4590.3133.657
1 hAttention-LSTM-在线1.1410.7508.380
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灵活调峰下在线学习的直接空冷机组背压预测模型
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温文涛 , 杨振华 , 漆乡萌 , 邓慧
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(2): 68-77
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(2): 68-77
灵活调峰下在线学习的直接空冷机组背压预测模型
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温文涛 , 杨振华, 漆乡萌, 邓慧
作者信息
  • 暨南大学能源电力研究中心,广东 珠海 519070
  • 温文涛(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为直接空冷系统建模与运行优化,

通讯作者:

邓慧(1979),男,副教授,主要研究方向为空冷火电机组建模与优化控制,
Online learning model of backpressure prediction for direct air-cooled unit under flexible peak regulation
Wentao WEN , Zhenhua YANG, Xiangmeng QI, Hui DENG
Affiliations
  • Energy and Electricity Research Center, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309150
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在灵活调峰的背景下,为适应直接空冷机组负荷动态变化与环境因素干扰,提出一种在线学习的神经网络方法对直接空冷机组背压进行预测。首先,对历史数据进行清洗,通过Spearman相关性分析确定影响运行背压的低冗余重要特征。接着,采用Hammerstein模型对背压进行模型参数在线辨识。同时,采用长短记忆神经网络和注意力机制建立直接空冷机组背压预测模型,使用在线学习的方式对模型进行更新。实验表明:该模型在预测未来1 h内不同时间跨度的背压绝对百分比误差(MAPE)低于9%,并在预测30 s内的背压MAPE低于1%。最后,在实际电厂系统中验证模型能够在实际应用中稳定运行。本研究的成果为直接空冷机组背压实时预测提供了有效的方法,这对于灵活调峰直接空冷机组的运行和管理具有重要的意义。

直接空冷机组  /  背压预测  /  在线学习  /  注意力机制  /  长短期记忆神经网络

Under the background of flexible peak regulation, in order to adapt to the dynamic change of direct air-cooled unit load and the interference of environmental factors, an online learning neural network method is proposed to predict the backpressure of direct air-cooled unit. Firstly, the historical data are cleaned and Spearman correlation analysis is used to determine the important features of low redundancy affecting backpressure. Then, the Hammerstein model is used to identify the model parameters online for the backpressure. At the same time, the backpressure prediction model of direct air-cooled unit is established by using long-short memory neural network and attention mechanism, and the model is updated by online learning. The experiments results show that, the model has an absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 9% in predicting backpressure at different time spans within the next 1 hour, and a MAPE of less than 1% in predicting backpressure within 30 seconds. Finally, the actual power plant system is used to verify that the model can run stably in practical applications. The results of this study provide an effective method for real-time prediction of the backpressure of direct air-cooled unit, which is of great significance for the operation and management of direct air-cooled unit with flexible peak regulation.

direct air-cooled unit  /  backpressure prediction  /  online learning  /  attention mechanism  /  long short-term memory network
温文涛, 杨振华, 漆乡萌, 邓慧. 灵活调峰下在线学习的直接空冷机组背压预测模型. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 68 -77 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309150
Wentao WEN, Zhenhua YANG, Xiangmeng QI, Hui DENG. Online learning model of backpressure prediction for direct air-cooled unit under flexible peak regulation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 68 -77 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309150
截至2023年6月底全国全口径发电装机容量27.1亿kW,火电发电量占全口径总发电量的比重约占五成[1]。2021年国家发改委发布煤电改造升级通知,强调了进一步降低火电机组能耗、优化冷端设备,并提升节能提效水平的重要性[2]。为应对水资源短缺的挑战,空冷技术被视为火电厂最为关键的节水方法,与湿冷技术相比,其节水效果可超过75%[3]。在我国水资源匮乏的“三北”地区,空冷机组已经得到广泛应用[4]。然而,对于大多数电厂的直接空冷机组而言,运行背压是影响机组净发电功率的主要因素之一[5]。准确预测直接空冷机组的运行背压,对于降低机组群的能耗,推动煤电机组整体清洁高效转型具有重要的经济意义。
使用传统方法如数学过程建模[6]和计算流体力学等方法预测直接空冷机组背压,需要构造大量的非线性方程,导致庞大的计算成本[7]。此外,简化假设可能会引入未量化的不确定性和不规则性问题,进而影响预测性能[8]。采用模型参数辨识或机器学习的方法作为替代方案,可以避免简化假设和推导各种物理关系导致的问题。在相关研究中,张珈铭[9]通过基于惯性权重自适应的粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法,使用稳态数据对背压二阶线性模型进行参数辨识,模型表现出较好的鲁棒性。Haffejee等人[10]采用一维过程模型模拟数据,通过随机森林方法建立空冷岛运行状态监测模型。刘宇航等[11]利用300 MW空冷机组历史运行数据,建立门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)背压预测模型。Raidoo等人[12]在考虑天气等不确定性的影响下,采用43个特征作为输入变量,建立具有编码解码结构的GRU模型。这些方法在实际应用中要求模型具备较强的泛化能力,以应对灵活调峰和环境因素等不确定性因素对机组运行的影响。然而,为了达到这一目标,需要庞大规模的历史数据和复杂的模型结构,进而增加模型训练成本。并且,这些方法在建立预测模型时,没有消除冗余信息特征,这可能导致模型过拟合的问题,从而降低模型的泛化能力[13]
为解决上述问题,本文以实际660 MW直接空冷机组作为研究对象,通过模型在线学习的方式建立背压预测模型,以应对机组灵活调峰和环境因素对机组运行的影响。首先,从该电厂1号机组中采集全年机组运行历史数据,进行异常值清除与Spearman相关性分析,选择对背压影响较高且信息冗余度较低的特征作为模型的输入变量;然后,为适应灵活调峰和环境因素导致机组运行工况的频繁变化,采用模型在线学习的方法,建立Hammerstein非线性背压预测模型并对模型参数进行在线辨识;同时,提出一种在线学习的Attention-LSTM背压预测模型;最后,在该电厂2号机组进行现场试验,结果表明,2种模型在灵活调峰与环境因素频繁变化的干扰下,能够稳定运行并准确预测背压。
长短期记忆神经网络[14](long short-term memory,LSTM)是一种循环神经网络[15](recurrent neural network,RNN)的变体,用来处理序列数据,并解决传统RNN长期依赖的问题。LSTM作为深度神经网络,可以自动提取原始数据中的相关特征,适应原始数据中的噪声[16]。LSTM细胞构造如图1所示。LSTM单元中的主要组成部分包括遗忘门Ft、输入门It、输出门Ot和细胞状态Ct。其前向传播算法如式(1)—式(6)所示:
Ft=sigmoid(utWxf+Ht1Whf+bf)
It=sigmoid(utWxi+Ht1Whi+bi)
Ot=sigmoid(utWxo+Ht1Who+bo)
C˜t=tanh(utWxc+Ht1Whc+bc)
Ct=FtCt1+ItC˜t
Ht=Ottanh(Ct)
其中:⊙为矩阵对应元素相乘;t指第t时刻;W及其不同下标为对应向量的权值矩阵;b及其不同下标是对应不同门的输出偏置;ut为输入向量;Ht为隐藏状态,也是对应时间步的输出;C˜t为临时细胞状态;sigmoid与tanh是激活函数[17]图1中的σ表示sigmoid。
注意力机制[18](attention mechanism)是一种用于增强神经网络对输入变量关注能力的技术。在传统的神经网络模型中,每个输入都被视为同等重要的特征。而Attention机制通过引入额外的可学习参数,使模型能够自动学习不同输入之间的关联,并根据重要性加权聚焦于关键信息。图2所示为Attention机制。
Attention机制根据当前时间隐藏状态Ht和历史时间隐藏状态Hti计算历史时间步的关注度权重向量at。根据关注度权重将历史时间序列数据整合到上下文向量Pt当中。最后将Attention层得到的PtHt计算得到当前的输出H˜t。其前向传播算法如式(7)—式(10)所示:
St(Ht,Hti) = Vtanh(W1Ht+W2Ht-i)
ati=exp(St(Ht,Hti))i=1Lexp(St(Ht,Hti))
Pt=i=1LatiHti
H˜t=tanh(Wc[Pt;Ht])
其中:St为Attention分数函数;W1W2分别为HtHti的Attention分数权值;V为Attention分数修正系数;atiat的第i个Attention权重;L为输入RNN的历史时间步长;WcPt的上下文权值。
单入单出的双线性参数辨识模型[19]有如式(11)所示形式:
y(t) = bTf[u(t)]c+v(t)
其中:y(t)为系统输出;f[u(t)]为系统输入的信息矩阵;b为线性参数向量;c为非线性参数向量;v(t)为估计噪声。
Hammerstein模型也包含2组参数向量,如式(12)所示:
y(t) = i=1rβiTFi[ui(t)]γi+v(t)
其中:Fi[ui(t)]为输入u(t)=[u1(t), u2(t),…,ur(t)]的基函数矩阵;βiγi分别为线性和非线性向量。
由式(12)的Hammerstein模型可以改写为预测模型,如式(13)形式:
y(t) = i=1rβiTFi(t)γi+ψT(t)ζ
其中:
Fi(t)=[fi1[ui(t1)],..., fim[ui(t1)]fi1[ui(t2)],..., fim[ui(t2)]... ...fi1[ui(tn)],...,fim[ui(tn)]]
ψ(t) = [y(t1), ... ,y(tn),               v(t1), ... ,v(tn) ]T
参数向量βγζ的代价函数为:
J(β,γ,ζ) = y(tβTF(t)γ+ψT(t)ζ
将层次辨识原理与负梯度搜索结合[20],可以得到基于层次辨识原理的扩展随机梯度算法最小化代价函数,对βγζ进行在线辨识。
本文数据集是从某火电厂中采集660 MW直接空冷1号机组的全年运行历史数据,包括机组运行与环境因素的26个特征,涵盖2021年11月1日至2022年11月1日的全年数据。为避免异常数据降低模型的泛化能力,需要对数据集清洗。
根据机组运行经验,删除经验异常点。特征阈值为:背压大于30 kPa;机组负荷大于670 MW且小于90 MW;风机转速小于10 r/min。以时间间隔15 min的数据为例,所采集的直接空冷机组数据特征归一化频率分布如图3所示。由图3可见,部分特征的频率分布为非正态分布,使用常规的统计方法,会误将正常数据判定为离群点,从而导致数据错误清洗。可以通过散点图的方式删除显著的离群点。数据清洗结果如图4所示。历史数据样本量为35 041,经清洗后样本量为29 300,使用清洗后数据保证频率分布正确。
包含冗余或无关信息的特征,会影响模型预测性能,可以通过相关性分析进行特征筛选[21]。Spearman相关性[22]是一种用于衡量2个变量之间相关性的统计方法,尤其适用于非线性关系或者不满足正态分布的数据,其值范围为[–1,1]。Spearman相关性系数ρ是基于2个变量的等级而不是实际的数值,其计算如式(17)所示。当ρ为正时,表示当一个变量增加,另一个变量趋向于增加。
ρ(RX,RZ)=i=1n(RXiR¯X)(RZiR¯Z)i=1n(RXiR¯X)2i=1n(RZiR¯Z)2
先分别将XZ变量进行等级排序为RXRZ。式(17)中:n为样本数;RXiRZi分别为RXRZi个样本值;R¯XR¯Z分别为RXRZ的均值。ρ的绝对值越大,则2个变量之间的相关性越强。
图5为各特征变量与背压的相关性系数绝对值,图6为各特征之间的相关性系数。为筛去与背压无关或低相关特征的同时保证特征包含尽量多的信息,设置Spearman相关性系数绝对值的阈值为0.2,剔除低于该值的特征,结合系统外部输入选择对应重要特征。进一步地,为避免模型输入的信息冗余,需要剔除各特征之间极度相关的特征,保留低冗余特征,设置Spearman相关性系数阈值为0.9,特征之间相关性系数大于该值可视为极度冗余特征。选择保留与背压相关性系数绝对值较高的特征变量,而删除对应的极度冗余特征。经上述处理所保留特征,即背压的低冗余重要特征。
首先,对于空冷系统而言,其外部输入主要为电网调峰调度负荷指令、空冷岛轴流风机转速指令和自然环境因素;并且对应的特征变量机组负荷、风机转速和环境温度,与背压的Spearman相关性系数绝对值都大于0.2,可作为模型输入的重要特征;其次,剔除与机组负荷、风机转速和环境温度极度相关的特征,即在图6中对应Spearman相关性系数大于0.9的特征。在上述特征筛选后,剩下未处理的排汽温度和凝结母管温度之间的相关性系数约为0.97,保留与背压相关性较高的排汽温度;最后,确定机组负荷、排汽温度、风机转速和环境温度是背压的低冗余重要特征,可作为背压预测模型的输入变量。
根据火电厂直接空冷机组的运行数据特点,结合LSTM与Attention机制,建立一种在线学习的Attention-LSTM空冷岛背压预测算法。在线学习的方式,使模型在机组灵活调峰运行下实时更新模型参数,适应机组运行时频繁变化的工况。在线学习的Attention-LSTM算法如图7所示。该模型算法分为历史模型训练和模型在线学习2部分:
1)历史模型(离线模型)的构建与训练 采集直接空冷机组的历史数据作为训练集,使用优化算法对模型进行最小化误差训练,同时调整模型结构避免模型出现过拟合或欠拟合问题。将最终调整并训练好的模型作为在线学习模型的基础。
2)模型的实时预测与在线学习 模型的实时预测与在线学习需要最近一段时间与当前时刻的机组运行数据。通过设置1个时间滑窗[23]图8),保存最近T个时刻的机组运行状态。在模型运行过程中,与厂级监测系统(SIS)实时采集机组运行数据导入时间滑窗中,并连接模型对背压进行预测;然后通过在线学习算法,实时更新模型权值。
所设置的时间滑窗是一种队列数据结构,当读取新数据时,将最早的数据删除。在模型的构建中引入Dropout层[24],按照一定的比例随机丢失神经网络层的神经元输出,能够缓解模型过拟合问题,提高模型的泛化能力。采用Adam算法[25]作为神经网络模型更新的反向传播算法,其能适应不同参数的梯度特点和不同数据集中梯度的变化。为了使得损失函数可导,选择均方误差(mean square error,MSE)作为损失函数,如式(18)所示:
δMSE=1Ni=1N(yiy^i)2
其中:δMSE为MSE;yi为实际输出值,y^i为预测值;N是输出的数据总数。
由于MSE在[0,1]和(1,+∞)之间数量级差异过大,在模型对比评价时使用均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)代替。另外,平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)和绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)也作为评价指标。计算式如式(19)—式(21)所示:
δRMSE=1Ni=1N(yiy^i)2
δMAE=1Ni=1N|yiy^i|
δMAPE=1Ni=1N|yiy^iyi|×100%
其中:δRMSEδMAEδMAPE分别为RMSE、MAE、MAPE。
在线学习的Attention-LSTM直接空冷背压预测模型需要基于历史模型更新。为进行模型预测性能对比,分别搭建Attention-LSTM、LSTM和Attention-RNN 3种背压预测离线模型,其结构示于表1。模型在预测背压时,预测的时间跨度越大,会因为对未来机组运行趋势和自然因素等信息的缺失,导致模型预测性能降低,因此,为验证模型在预测不同时间跨度背压的预测性能,设置采样间隔分别为1 s、5 s、30 s、1 min、15 min和1 h对机组运行数据进行采样,构建对应时间跨度的数据集,建立预测不同时间跨度的背压预测模型。
采用Adam算法对模型参数进行训练更新,设置最大迭代次数为300,参数更新的数据样本批量大小为32,学习率为4×10–4。为使模型更新趋于最优梯度,设置模型训练每迭代20次,学习率衰减为当前的1/5。
针对该电厂660 MW直接空冷1号机组2021年11月1至2022年11月1日运行数据,对不同时间间隔的样本进行数据清洗,并以2022年10月25日15:00为终点,分别往前取30 000个样本作为数据集,样本数量不足的取全部样本。将数据集进行划分,前80%为训练集,后20%为测试集,并且训练集中的10%作为验证集。为防止模型过拟合,在训练过程中对每个迭代的验证集δMSE进行监测,将其值最低的模型保存[26]。Attention-LSTM离线模型训练过程如图9所示。由图9可知,预测1 h时刻背压的Attention-LSTM在模型训练迭代次数为59时,验证集δMSE最低,约为0.003 7,将此时的模型保存作为在线学习模型的基础。
对于Hammerstein非线性背压预测模型,其输入变量数r=4,差分动态方程阶数n=2,非线性多项式次幂阶数m=2,模型结构为:
y(t) = i=1rβiTFi(t)γi+ψT(t)ζ
其中:
Fi(t)=[fi1[ui(t1)],  fi2[ui(t1)]fi1[ui(t2)], fi2[ui(t2)]]
fi1u=u,  fi2u=u2
ψ(t) = [y(t1),y(t2),v^(t1),v^(t2) ]T
设置在线辨识时间滑窗T分别为5、10、40、100、300、900、1 800和3 600。使用当前时刻的数据导入模型进行预测,然后对数据滑窗内数据进行模型参数辨识。Hammerstein模型在线辨识预测背压的δRMSE图10所示。由图10可知,最优时间滑窗分别为:T=300对应时间间隔1 s、5 s;T=100对应时间间隔30 s、1 min、1 h;T=40对应时间间隔15 min。
模型验证中,不同时间间隔数据使用对应的测试集,对比Hammerstein模型在线辨识和3种神经网络离线(offline)模型与在线学习(online)模型,结果如图11所示。由图11可知:3种在线学习的神经网络模型在预测1、5、30 s的背压时,对比离线模型的预测误差都明显地减小;而预测1 min、1 h的背压时,在线学习模型虽然优于离线模型但差距不明显,甚至LSTM与Attention-RNN在预测15 min的背压时对比离线模型表现为负提升。此外,Hammerstein模型在线辨识进行背压预测时仅在预测未来1 s的背压时表现为最优。
对比Attention-LSTM模型与LSTM模型可知:离线模型仅在时间跨度为1 h时,Attention机制能够明显地优化模型;而在线学习的神经网络中,Attention机制在不同时间跨度都能提升模型的预测性能;而在Attention-LSTM和Attention-RNN的对比当中,使用LSTM模型都优于RNN模型。
综上,在线学习的方式能够明显提升模型在秒级跨度下预测背压的性能,结合Attention机制共同作用,能够优化LSTM在1 h内不同时间跨度下背压的预测性能。表2为最优模型与在线学习Attention-LSTM模型的预测误差。
表2可见:在线学习的Attention-LSTM在建立预测不同时间跨度背压的模型中为最优或次优模型,并且作为次优模型时与最优模型差距不明显;而Hammerstein模型在线辨识适合建立实时监测模型。图12表2中模型在预测不同时间跨度下背压预测效果。
以该电厂660 MW的直接空冷2号机组作为对象进行现场试验。采集2022年8月1日—2日的历史数据作为训练集建立Attention-LSTM的离线模型,使用配置为“CPU:E2140,1.6 GHz;内存:2 GB”的计算机,在2022年8月6日10:16至2022年8月13日03:40对在线学习的Attention-LSTM与在线辨识的Hammerstein模型进行现场试验。试验期间,空冷机组在灵活调峰和不断变化的环境温度下运行,机组负荷与环境温度曲线如图13所示。通过SIS建立通信对2号机组实时采样,测试模型稳定运行161 h 24 min。运行期间模型的预测效果如图14所示。由图14可见:Hammerstein模型在线辨识的预测背压误差约为,δRMSE=0.085 8,δMAE=0.060 5,δMAPE= 0.595%;在线学习的Attention-LSTM模型的预测背压误差约为,δRMSE=0.038 6,δMAE=0.012 7,δMAPE= 0.125%。综上,本文基于1号纯凝机组所研究的建模方法,能够在2号热电联产机组中推广应用;并且,所建模型在实际电厂中稳定运行的同时,能够拥有较高的准确性。
1)通过对某火电厂660 MW直接空冷1号机组全年的运行数据进行数据清洗与相关性分析,确定机组负荷、排汽温度、风机转速和环境温度是影响背压的低冗余重要特征。
2)建立了Hammerstein非线性背压预测模型,引入时间滑窗机制提高模型预测性能。对比在线学习的Attention-LSTM模型,Hammerstein在线辨识更适合用于建立实时监测模型。
3)结合在线学习与Attention机制的方式,建立了一种在线学习的Attention-LSTM背压预测模型。与Attention-RNN和LSTM模型进行对比的结果表明,在线学习的Attention-LSTM模型在整体上表现出了最佳的性能。其在预测未来1 h内各时间跨度的背压时δMAPE低于9%,并且在预测30 s内各时间跨度的背压时δMAPE低于1%。
4)在某电厂660 MW直接空冷2号机组现场试验中,Hammerstein模型的在线辨识和在线学习的Attention-LSTM模型在灵活调峰和环境温度的干扰下,运行共计161 h 24 min,验证了模型在接入实际电厂系统中能够稳定运行。
综上所述,本文在火力发电灵活调峰的背景下构建了能够实时预测直接空冷机组背压的模型。该研究为应对工况频繁变化的挑战提供了解决方案,并为背压预测的实际应用提供了有益的见解。
  • 暨南大学特色新工科起点建设项目(G20200019251)
  • 白城发电公司项目(410011JX202000244)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309150
  • 接收时间:2023-09-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-09
基金
Jinan University Characteristic New Engineering Starting Point Construction Project(G20200019251)
暨南大学特色新工科起点建设项目(G20200019251)
Baicheng Power Plant Technology Project(410011JX202000244)
白城发电公司项目(410011JX202000244)
作者信息
    暨南大学能源电力研究中心,广东 珠海 519070

通讯作者:

邓慧(1979),男,副教授,主要研究方向为空冷火电机组建模与优化控制,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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