Article(id=1222503114486309724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202308381, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1690819200000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397055503, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397055503, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397055503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397055503, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503114817659759, articleId=1222503114486309724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Impact of the floating platform motion on blade deformation and performance of wind turbine, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The floating platform undergoes six degrees-of-freedom of motion in the marine environment, making the flow field around the blade fluctuate drastically, and the changing flow field will have a huge impact on the dynamic response of the blade. A two-way fluid-structure interaction simulation of the NREL 5 MW wind turbine was carried out using the CFD-CSD coupling method. Based on this, the UDF technique introduced the floating platform motion to study the blade deformation and the overall torque and thrust changes under the surge, pitch, and yaw motion. The results show that the three typical platform motions of the surge, pitch, and yaw make the blade deformation amplitude increase, and the increase of flapwise and torsional deformation is more significant than that of edgewise deformation; the surge motion has the greatest influence on the blade deformation and aerodynamic performance, the maximum change range of torsional deformation can reach 70%, the peak values of the torque and thrust are increased by 30.51% and 11.75% respectively; the pitch and yaw motions reduce the average torque and thrust.

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浮式平台在海洋环境中发生六自由度运动使得叶片周围流场产生剧烈波动,剧烈变化的流场会对叶片动态响应造成巨大的影响。采用CFD-CSD耦合方法对NREL 5 MW风力机进行了双向流固耦合仿真,在此基础上利用UDF技术加入浮式平台运动,研究了平台纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动下叶片变形情况及整机扭矩和推力变化。研究结果表明:纵荡、纵摇和艏摇这3种典型平台运动会使得叶片变形幅度增大,挥舞和扭转变形增幅要大于摆振变形;纵荡运动对叶片变形及气动性能的影响最大,扭转变形最大变化幅度可达70%,整机扭矩和推力的峰值分别提高了30.51%和11.75%;纵摇和艏摇运动减小了平均扭矩和推力。

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刘江(1980),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为风力发电机组气动设计及载荷分析,

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刘江(1980),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为风力发电机组气动设计及载荷分析,

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Harbin: Harbin Engineering University, 2012: 1., articleTitle=Study on environmental loads and coupled motion response of floating offshore wind turbine system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396496794410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=40, authorNames=罗鹏, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗鹏.海上浮式风力机气动力性能研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2012:1., articleTitle=海上浮式风力机气动力性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396580680494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=41, authorNames=LUO Peng, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Peng. Study on aerodynamic performance of offshore floating wind turbine[D]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University, 2012: 1., articleTitle=Study on aerodynamic performance of offshore floating wind turbine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396643595057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=42, authorNames=吴俊, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴俊.海上浮式风力机气动性能的数值模拟[D].上海:上海交通大学,2016:1., articleTitle=海上浮式风力机气动性能的数值模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396710703924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=43, authorNames=WU Jun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Jun. Numerical analysis of aerodynamic performance of floating offshore wind turbine[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2016: 1., articleTitle=Numerical analysis of aerodynamic performance of floating offshore wind turbine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396815561528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=44, authorNames=JONKMAN J M, journalName=Dynamics modeling and loads analysis of an offshore floating wind turbine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JONKMAN J M. Dynamics modeling and loads analysis of an offshore floating wind turbine[M]. University of Colorado at Boulder, 2007: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396924613437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=45, authorNames=唐世浩, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐世浩.海上浮式风机叶片气动载荷计算及有限元分析[D].湘潭:湖南科技大学,2015:1., articleTitle=海上浮式风机叶片气动载荷计算及有限元分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694397021082434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=46, authorNames=TANG Shihao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG Shihao. The calculation of aerodynamic load and finite element analysis to blade of floating offshore wind turbine[D]. Xiangtan: Hunan University of Science and Technology, 2015: 1., articleTitle=The calculation of aerodynamic load and finite element analysis to blade of floating offshore wind turbine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241694390268252750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, awardId=20dz1205302, language=EN, fundingSource=Shanghai’s 2020 Annual Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan: Social Development and Science & Technology Project(20dz1205302), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241694390356333138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, awardId=20dz1205302, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市2020年度“科技创新行动计划”社会发展科技攻关项目(20dz1205302), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241694378205433876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114486309724, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241694378213822485, 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NREL 5 MW wind turbine parameter

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项目参数
额定功率/MW5
规格三叶片、上风向
风轮、轮毂直径/m126、3
切入、切出、额定风速/(m·s–1)3.0、25.0、11.4
切入、额定转速/(r·min–1)6.9、12.1
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NREL 5 MW风力机基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目参数
额定功率/MW5
规格三叶片、上风向
风轮、轮毂直径/m126、3
切入、切出、额定风速/(m·s–1)3.0、25.0、11.4
切入、额定转速/(r·min–1)6.9、12.1
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Mesh independent verification

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网格数/万215321410497619
功率/kW4 5124 7964 9025 0215 093
误差/%11.185.593.501.160.26
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网格无关性验证

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网格数/万215321410497619
功率/kW4 5124 7964 9025 0215 093
误差/%11.185.593.501.160.26
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Properties of blade lay-up materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E1/GPaE2/GPaG12/GPaσ12ρ/(g·cm–3)
39.08.63.80.282.1
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叶片铺层材料属性

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E1/GPaE2/GPaG12/GPaσ12ρ/(g·cm–3)
39.08.63.80.282.1
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The first three modal frequencies of the blade

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模态阶数文献[26]结果/Hz本文结果/Hz
10.6730.559
21.1061.297
31.9261.686
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叶片前3阶模态频率

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模态阶数文献[26]结果/Hz本文结果/Hz
10.6730.559
21.1061.297
31.9261.686
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Floating platform motion conditions

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运动形式运动幅度角频率/(rad·s-1)
纵荡–5~5 m0.1p
纵摇–5~5°0.1p
艏摇–5~5°0.1p
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浮式平台运动工况

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运动形式运动幅度角频率/(rad·s-1)
纵荡–5~5 m0.1p
纵摇–5~5°0.1p
艏摇–5~5°0.1p
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浮式平台运动对叶片变形及整机性能影响
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刘江 1, 2 , 林熙涵 1 , 姜未汀 1 , 付在国 1
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(10): 187-198
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(10): 187-198
浮式平台运动对叶片变形及整机性能影响
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刘江1, 2 , 林熙涵1, 姜未汀1, 付在国1
作者信息
  • 1.上海电力大学能源与机械工程学院,上海 201306
  • 2.上海热交换系统节能工程技术研究中心,上海 200090
  • 刘江(1980),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为风力发电机组气动设计及载荷分析,

Impact of the floating platform motion on blade deformation and performance of wind turbine
Jiang LIU1, 2 , Xihan LIN1, Weiting JIANG1, Zaiguo FU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2.Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy-Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai 200090, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308381
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浮式平台在海洋环境中发生六自由度运动使得叶片周围流场产生剧烈波动,剧烈变化的流场会对叶片动态响应造成巨大的影响。采用CFD-CSD耦合方法对NREL 5 MW风力机进行了双向流固耦合仿真,在此基础上利用UDF技术加入浮式平台运动,研究了平台纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动下叶片变形情况及整机扭矩和推力变化。研究结果表明:纵荡、纵摇和艏摇这3种典型平台运动会使得叶片变形幅度增大,挥舞和扭转变形增幅要大于摆振变形;纵荡运动对叶片变形及气动性能的影响最大,扭转变形最大变化幅度可达70%,整机扭矩和推力的峰值分别提高了30.51%和11.75%;纵摇和艏摇运动减小了平均扭矩和推力。

海上风力机  /  浮式平台运动  /  流固耦合  /  叶片变形  /  整机性能

The floating platform undergoes six degrees-of-freedom of motion in the marine environment, making the flow field around the blade fluctuate drastically, and the changing flow field will have a huge impact on the dynamic response of the blade. A two-way fluid-structure interaction simulation of the NREL 5 MW wind turbine was carried out using the CFD-CSD coupling method. Based on this, the UDF technique introduced the floating platform motion to study the blade deformation and the overall torque and thrust changes under the surge, pitch, and yaw motion. The results show that the three typical platform motions of the surge, pitch, and yaw make the blade deformation amplitude increase, and the increase of flapwise and torsional deformation is more significant than that of edgewise deformation; the surge motion has the greatest influence on the blade deformation and aerodynamic performance, the maximum change range of torsional deformation can reach 70%, the peak values of the torque and thrust are increased by 30.51% and 11.75% respectively; the pitch and yaw motions reduce the average torque and thrust.

offshore wind turbine  /  floating platform motion  /  fluid-structure interaction  /  blade deformation  /  wind turbine performance
刘江, 林熙涵, 姜未汀, 付在国. 浮式平台运动对叶片变形及整机性能影响. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 187 -198 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308381
Jiang LIU, Xihan LIN, Weiting JIANG, Zaiguo FU. Impact of the floating platform motion on blade deformation and performance of wind turbine[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 187 -198 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308381
随着风电产业高速发展,为提高风轮利用效率,大容量、大尺寸风力机成为发展趋势[1],而海上浮式风力机由于海洋环境优势成为大容量风电机组的重要发展对象。根据全球风能理事会(GWEC)的统计数据[2],2021年海上风电机组新增装机容量为21.1 GW,同比增长206%。海上浮式风力机在复杂海洋环境中形成六自由度运动,包括了纵荡、横荡、垂荡3种平移运动和横摇、纵摇、艏摇3种旋转运动,具体如图1所示。平台运动使得叶片周围流场产生剧烈波动,其复杂程度远超陆上风力机和近海固定式风力机[3-4],剧烈变化的流场会对叶片动态响应造成巨大的影响[5],从而直接影响风力机的安全运行及整机气动特性。
针对上述问题,众多学者展开了相关理论研究。任年鑫等[6]采用滑移网格技术实现了浮式平台的典型周期运动,研究了不同纵荡运动状态对风力机气动性能的影响规律。吴俊等[7]基于CFD方法研究了浮式平台纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动对风力机气动载荷的影响,并运用BEM理论从机理角度进行阐明分析。Hu等人[8]利用Fluent软件中的用户自定义函数实现了3种平台运动,研究了浮式运动下融合小翼风力机的气动性能。Johlas等人[9]研究了Spar式和半潜式浮式风力机在纵荡和纵摇运动下的平均发电能力。白雪峰等[10]运用自由涡尾迹法研究了不同振幅的单个平台运动及多个耦合运动下风力机整机气动性能情况。黄杨等[11]基于naoe-FOAM-SJTU求解器,结合致动线模型和等效梁理论建立了浮式风力机气动-水动-气弹耦合模型。Dong等人[12]基于自由涡尾迹法模拟了纵摇运动下风力机不同工况下的气动特性并给出定量和可视化的分析结果。
目前,涉及浮式平台的研究主要集中在平台运动对风力机气动性能及载荷影响,缺乏平台运动对叶片动态响应影响的分析。本文在双向流固耦合基础上加入3种典型浮式平台运动[13],分析其对风力机叶片动态响应及整机性能变化的影响。
流场计算基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的连续性方程和动量方程:
ρt+xi(ρui)=0
t(ρui)+xj(ρuiuj)=pxi+xj(μuixj+τij)+Si
式中:ρ为空气密度;t为时间;uiuj代表流体的雷诺平均速度分量;p为压力;μ为动态黏度系数;Si为广义源项;τij为6个不同的雷诺应力项,i, j=1, 2, 3。
风力机结构模型在气动载荷的作用下产生形变,叶片的结构响应基于下述控制方程进行计算:
Mu+Cu+Ku=F(t)
式中:MCK分别为质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;u′′、u′、u分别为叶片结构的加速度、速度和位移;F(t)为作用在叶片结构上的外部载荷,包括了气动力、离心力、重力、角转速力和附加质量力。
流固耦合(fluid-structure interaction)主要有强耦合法和弱耦合法2种求解策略[14]。强耦合法是流体控制方程和固体控制方程耦合在同一个方程矩阵内,需要同时求解流体、固体控制方程的策略;弱耦合法是依次求解流体控制方程和结构控制方程的策略。
本文对实尺寸风力机进行双向流固耦合数值计算。采用弱耦合法[15-16]对流场控制方程和结构响应方程依次求解,即先求解瞬态流场,再求解结构的动态响应,流体域和固体域的计算采用相同的时间步长。模拟计算使用ANSYS商业软件,流体计算选用Fluent软件,结构计算采用Transient structural,通过System coupling模块将流场和结构场进行耦合,双向流固耦合计算过程如图2所示。
选用美国可再生能源实验室(NREL)设计的5 MW参考风力机[17]作为研究对象,基本参数见表1图3为流场计算区域,包含了外部静止区域和内部旋转区域,静止区域为长度3.50D、直径2.40D的圆柱形区域,旋转区域为长度0.16D、直径1.20D的圆柱形区域,D为风力机转子直径,轮毂中心位于计算区域坐标原点。
流场计算区域的入口为速度入口,出口为压力出口;静止区域侧壁边界条件设置为对称面,叶片设置为无滑移壁面。为使风轮所在的内部区域发生旋转,采用了滑移网格技术来定义其旋转。外部静止域和内部旋转域间接触的部分设置为交界面(图3)。叶片结构和流体域中的叶片壁面都设置为流固耦合界面,在此界面上压力和位移的数据可以在每个迭代时间步上进行交换[18]
流场计算采用SST k-ω湍流模型,该模型结合了k-ω模型和k-ε模型的优点[19],改进了近壁面低雷诺数流动的处理方式,在风力机气动性能预测中被广泛应用[20-22]。本文采用SIMPLE算法进行压力速度耦合,其中压力采用二阶格式,动量、湍动能和湍流耗散率均采用二阶迎风格式[23],瞬态项采用一阶隐式差分格式。此外双向流固耦合计算考虑到叶片变形引起的流场网格运动,因此需要开启动网格,并设置扩散及网格重构参数。
由于风力机叶片由多种不同的翼型连接而成,叶片表面曲率较大,且静止域与旋转域接触部分的网格尺寸要尽量保持一致,因此本文采用Fluent软件内置的Meshing模式对风力机流场划分非结构四面体网格,流体域网格如图4所示。流体域共有497万网格,其中内部旋转域有303万网格,外部静止域有194万网格。为确保模拟的准确性,选用5种不同的网格方案进行了网格无关性验证,网格无关性验证见表2。由表2可知,随着网格数量的增加,输出功率的误差不断减小,619万网格的误差仅为0.26%。考虑到准确性和计算效率,选用网格数量为497万的方案用于进一步研究。
叶片结构模型(图5)采用SHELL181单元,使得叶片厚度从叶根处的0.078 m向叶尖处的0.018 m逐渐减小。为加强叶片在弯曲变形方向上的刚度,采用正交各向异性玻璃纤维环氧树脂复合材料[24]对叶片铺层,选用[±45/0/902/03]s铺层方式[25]表3给出了每层正交各向异性复合材料的材料属性,其中E1E2G12σ12ρ分别为垂直纤维方向与沿纤维方向的弹性模量、剪切模量、泊松比和密度。叶片及轮毂网格采用三角形网格,总共88 229个单元,44 033个节点。
在NREL 5 MW风力机切入、切出风速之间选取6个风速工况进行验证,包括4个变速运行工况及2个变浆工况。首先采用多参考系法进行稳态模拟,当计算残差达到10–3且整机扭矩和推力变化稳定,认为计算收敛;随后基于稳态计算的结果采用滑移网格进行瞬态计算,当风轮旋转4个周期(约20 s)后,整机气动性能基本稳定;最后,将瞬态计算的结果与设计数据进行对比,具体结果如图6所示。由图6可知:在风速达到额定风速11.4 m/s之前,模拟结果与设计数据有较高的一致性;当风速超过额定风速,风力机开始变浆使叶片减载并维持输出功率的稳定。CFD计算出的功率和推力相比参考值略有降低,变桨后的模型需要根据桨距角参数[17]重新建立风轮模型并采用相同网格尺寸划分网格。计算误差随着风速的增加逐渐增大,其中当风速达到额定风速11.4 m/s时,输出功率误差为1.16%,推力误差为2.74%,符合计算精度要求,可以进一步用于流固耦合计算。
在耦合计算前需要验证结构模型的合理性,因此对叶片进行了模态分析。对无载荷、无旋转的单叶片进行模态计算,并将叶根设置为固定约束。图7显示了叶片前三阶的模态振型。由图7可以看出,单叶片低阶模态振型主要是以挥舞和摆振变形为主,结果与Jonkman等人[17]用FAST model计算得到的结果一致。表4呈现了单叶片的前3阶模态频率并与Jeong等人[26]的数据进行对比。由于叶片材料以及铺层参数(层数、厚度、方向)的差异,导致模态分析的结果存在差距。
本文将海上浮式风力机的平台运动简化为简谐运动[27-29],运动方程为式(4):
βi(t)=Aisin(εit)
式中:βi为平台运动位移及角度;Ai为运动振幅;εi为运动频率;i为平台的纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动。
当浮式平台发生运动时,平台带动风力机以相同的速度一起运动。平台运动速度可由平台运动方程对时间求导得出:
Vi(t)=Aiεicos(εit)
根据文献[30]计算出的平台六自由度方向运动的概率密度分布图,选取了纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动下最易发生的工况进行研究,平台运动工况见表5
为实现平台运动,将平台运动速度转换为入口相对风速变化[8,31]并利用UDF编译入口边界条件以此模拟风力机叶片在浮式平台运动下的双向流固耦合特性。浮式平台的运动可以通过坐标系间的转化矩阵来描述。假设来流风速为V=[Vx, Vy, Vz]T,则来流风速转换成相对风速为Vrel=[Vx′, Vy′, Vz′]T,平台纵荡运动将来流风速转换为相对风速Vrel,surge,可以由式(6)计算。
Vrel,surge=V+[βsurge(t) 0 0]T
平台纵摇运动对应于风轮上任意一点以坐标原点为圆心绕X轴旋转βpitch,来流风速转换成相对风速Vrel,pitch可以表示为:
Vrel,pitch=MxV=[1000cosβpitchsinβpitch0sinβpitchcosβpitch]V
式中:Mx为绕X轴的旋转变换矩阵;βpitch为纵摇运动角度。
平台艏摇运动对应于风轮上任意一点以坐标原点为圆心绕Z轴旋转βyaw相对风速Vrel,yaw可以表示为:
Vrel,yaw=MzV=[cosβyawsinβyaw0sinβyawcosβyaw0001]V
式中:Mz为绕Z轴的旋转变换矩阵;βyaw为艏摇运动角度。
在加载平台运动前,先计算900步左右的稳态计算以确保流场的稳定性。模拟基于额定工况稳态计算后的流场进行,风轮转速为12.1 r/min,纵荡运动周期为20 s,运动幅值为5 m,平台纵荡运动下的相对风速可以表示为:
Vrel,surge=[0Vy+εsurgeAsurgecos(εsurget)0]=[011.4+0.1π5cos(0.1πt)0]
计算进行3个平台运动周期,2个周期后叶片变形及气动载荷达到稳定,选取20~60 s进行叶片动态响应及整机性能分析,纵荡运动下叶尖响应如图8所示。
图8可知,纵荡运动下叶尖曲线近似为简谐曲线,挥舞(图8a))和扭转(图8c))变形曲线与纵荡运动规律基本保持一致。在纵荡运动下,挥舞和扭转变形曲线产生较大周期性波动,主要由于平台纵荡运动产生的附加速度,使叶片与来流风之间的相对速度改变,从而改变叶片各截面翼型的攻角,导致叶片变形发生周期性变化。叶尖挥舞变形(图8a))的波动范围为2.29~2.90 m,与固定式风力机相比最大变形增加了10.27%,最小变形减小了10.21%;纵荡运动(图8b))下叶尖摆振变形范围为–0.19~–0.41 m,最大变形增加了12.97%,最小变形减小了4.81%;纵荡运动(图8c))下叶尖扭转变形范围为–0.04°~–0.35°,最大变形增加了32.40%,最小变形减小了69.79%。可以得出,纵荡运动大幅增加了叶片变形幅度,对挥舞和扭转变形影响较大。因此,在纵荡运动下风力机叶片更容易出现疲劳断裂现象。
纵荡运动下叶片响应的变化将进一步影响风力机的气动性能,图9对比了纵荡运动和固定式风力机的扭矩和推力情况。
图9a)和图9b)可知,纵荡运动下扭矩和推力曲线也近似为简谐曲线,与纵荡运动规律保持一致。这主要由于来流速度的周期性变化,使得翼型截面的攻角发生周期性的变化,翼型截面的气动参数也因此产生周期性变化,最终导致风力机整机性能变化情况。由图9c)可知:纵荡运动下扭矩和推力的最大值分别为5 208.50 kN·m和884.99 kN,与固定式风力机相比分别升高了30.51%和11.75%;扭矩和推力的最小值分别为2 777.64 kN·m和674.76 kN,与固定式相比分别降低了29.87%和14.13%。可以得出,纵荡运动下风力机气动载荷变化剧烈,扭矩及推力曲线变化与纵荡运动规律一致,且扭矩变化更为敏感。此外,纵荡运动下扭矩和推力的平均值分别为3 983.73 kN·m和784.99 kN,与固定式相比前者略微升高,后者略微降低,变化幅度均在0.5%内。主要原因是纵荡运动使得扭矩和推力曲线关于中心轴不对称,即风轮朝下风向运动所减小的载荷和风轮朝上风向运动增加的载荷不相等。
为进一步探究平台运动对风力机气动性能的影响,对比了60 s内叶片表面压力分布,叶片各截面压力云图如图10所示,0.32R、0.63R和0.94R分别为叶片沿展向0.32、0.63和0.94的相对位置。
图10可知,纵荡运动扩大了压力面正压区和吸力面负压区的面积,使得叶片表面压差增大,导致纵荡运动下叶片的气动载荷增加。图11展示了纵荡运动下相对叶展高度0.32、0.63和0.94处叶片截面表面压力分布情况,图中横坐标X/C为翼型表面相对位置。
图11可知:随着叶展高度增加,纵荡运动使得叶片表面压差逐渐增大,不同相对叶展高度的截面表面压差分别增加了279.87、471.95、621.34 Pa,可以推断越靠近叶尖,纵荡运动的影响就越明显;同时可以清晰得看出纵荡运动下不同高度处叶片表面压差均大于固定式,使得纵荡运动下气动载荷增大,导致整机扭矩和推力的升高;此外,纵荡运动主要影响叶片前缘附近的压力,对叶片吸力面的影响要大于压力面。
选取周期20 s且角位移幅值为5°的纵摇工况进行分析。纵摇运动下的相对风速可以表示为:
Vrel,pitch=[0Vycos(Apitchsin(εpitcht))Vysin(Apitchsin(εpitcht))]=[011.4cos(0.087sin(0.1πt))11.4sin(0.087sin(0.1πt))]
图12显示了纵摇运动下叶尖响应曲线。
图12可知:平台纵摇运动下叶尖挥舞变形(图12a))的波动范围为2.51~2.68 m,与固定式相比最大变形增加了1.85%,最小变形减小了1.54%,这主要由于平台纵摇运动产生的附加速度,改变了叶片与来流风之间的相对速度,从而增加了挥舞方向变形的幅度;纵摇运动下叶尖摆振变形(图12b))为–0.20~–0.37 m,最大变形增加了1.63%,最小变形减小了0.21%;纵摇运动(图12c))下叶尖扭转变形范围为–0.14°~–0.27°,最大变形增加了3.19%,最小变形减小了1.37%。结果表明,纵摇运动对挥舞和扭转变形影响大于对摆振变形的影响。
纵摇运动下整机气动性能如图13所示。
图13可知:纵摇运动使得扭矩和推力的波动范围小幅增加;纵摇运动下扭矩和推力的最大值分别为3 999.32 kN·m和791.38 kN,与固定式风力机相比前者升高了0.21%,后者降低了0.07%;扭矩和推力的最小值(图13c))分别为3 942.61 kN·m和783.91 kN,与固定式相比分别降低了0.45%和0.24%;此外,扭矩和推力平均值(图13c))分别为3 970.01 kN·m和788.06 kN,与固定式相比分别降低了0.20%和0.09%。其原因可能是纵摇运动改变了来流速度与风轮旋转平面之间的角度,使得风力机在来流方向的投影面减小,最终导致扭矩和推力略微减小。
图14为60 s内叶片各截面压力云图。由图14可知,纵摇运动下的压力云图与固定式基本一致。
图15展示了纵摇运动下相对叶展高度0.32、0.63和0.94处叶片截面表面压力分布情况。由图15可以看出,纵摇运动下3个高度处叶片表面压力与固定式的压力基本相同,仅在靠近叶尖处的吸力面前缘位置的负压值略微升高,导致此时风力机的扭矩和推力略有增加。
选取周期20 s且角位移幅值为5°的艏摇工况进行分析。艏摇运动下的相对风速可以表示为:
Vrel,yaw=[Vysin(Ayawsin(εyawt))Vycos(Ayawsin(εyawt))0]=[11.4sin(0.087sin(0.1πt))11.4cos(0.087sin(0.1πt))0]
图16显示了艏摇运动下叶尖响应曲线。由图16可知:挥舞方向上(图16a))叶尖变形波动范围为2.49~2.69 m,与固定式风力机相比最大变形增加了2.01%,最小变形减小了2.22%;艏摇运动下(图16b))叶尖摆振变形范围为–0.20~–0.36 m,最大变形增加了0.66%,最小变形增加了0.57%;艏摇运动下(图16c))叶尖扭转变形范围为–0.13°~–0.27°,最大变形增加了4.21%,最小变形减小了3.66%。该结果表明艏摇运动同样对挥舞和扭转变形影响较大。
艏摇运动下整机气动性能如图17所示。由图17可知:与纵摇类似,艏摇运动下扭矩和推力的波动范围同样有小幅度变化;艏摇运动下扭矩和推力的最大值分别为3 996.62 kN·m和791.57 kN,与固定式风力机相比前者升高了0.14%,后者降低了0.05%;扭矩和推力的最小值分别为3 944.09 kN·m和784.31 kN,与固定式相比分别降低了0.41%和0.18%;扭矩和推力平均值分别为3 971.80 kN·m和788.31 kN,与固定式相比分别降低了0.14%和0.05%。其原因可能是艏摇运动改变了来流速度与风轮旋转平面之间的角度,使得风力机在来流方向的投影面减小,最终导致扭矩和推力有小幅减小。
图18为60 s内叶片各截面压力云图。由图18可知,艏摇运动下的压力云图与固定式基本一致。图19展示了艏摇运动下相对叶展高度0.32、0.63和0.94处叶片截面表面压力分布情况。
图19可以看出:艏摇运动使得叶片吸力面前缘位置的负压值略微升高,使得叶片气动载荷增大,导致此时风力机的扭矩和推力有所增加;此外,艏摇运动使得相对叶展高度0.32、0.63和0.94处最大负压的绝对值分别增加了21.87、42.62、89.31 Pa,可以推断随着叶展高度增加,艏摇运动对叶片吸力面的影响逐渐增大。
1)3种典型平台运动都使得叶片变形幅度增大,且挥舞和扭转变形变化幅度大于摆振变形。纵荡运动对叶片变形产生的影响最大,当平台处于纵荡运动时扭转变形最大变化幅度可达70%。因此控制平台纵荡运动对改善浮式风机叶片疲劳寿命有着十分重要的意义。
2)在平台纵荡运动下,由于来流风速和平台纵荡速度的叠加,使得整机扭矩、推力曲线波动剧烈,扭矩和推力的峰值分别升高了30.51%和11.75%。
3)在平台纵摇和艏摇运动下,由于改变了来流风速与风轮旋转平面之间的角度,减少了风力机在来流方向上的投影面,使得扭矩和推力的平均值相比固定式略微降低,且扭矩变化更为敏感。
  • 上海市2020年度“科技创新行动计划”社会发展科技攻关项目(20dz1205302)
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308381
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期:2023-08-01
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Shanghai’s 2020 Annual Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan: Social Development and Science & Technology Project(20dz1205302)
上海市2020年度“科技创新行动计划”社会发展科技攻关项目(20dz1205302)
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    1.上海电力大学能源与机械工程学院,上海 201306
    2.上海热交换系统节能工程技术研究中心,上海 200090
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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