Article(id=1213131710716363272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202307111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688486400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162738732, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162738732, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162738732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162738732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=142, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131712876429909, articleId=1213131710716363272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimized dispatching of wind-PV-thermal-storage for auxiliary power system of thermal power plant, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing annual growth of wind and solar power generation, the issue of power consumption has become increasingly prominent. Meanwhile, high-capacity thermal power plants face relatively high auxiliary power loads, resulting in additional operating costs. To address these issues, a joint optimization dispatch model for wind-PV-thermal-storage for auxiliary power system of thermal power plant is developed based on the concept of multi-energy complementarity. Firstly, the compositional structure of the wind-PV-thermal-storage integrated power supply for auxiliary power of thermal power plants is outlined, prioritizing the supply of auxiliary power loads with wind power and photovoltaic power. Secondly, a wind-PV-thermal-storage integrated power supply optimization scheduling model is developed, taking into account the operating costs of thermal power units at different load rates and the costs associated with wind power, photovoltaic power, and energy storage. A hierarchical analysis method is employed to establish a multi-objective function based on the total cost, wind and solar curtailment costs, and environmental costs, while considering corresponding constraint conditions. Finally, various scenarios are set up to compare and analyze the optimization results of the integrated power supply system for auxiliary power. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model for the integrated power supply system can effectively reduce unit operating costs and environmental costs, as well as promote the integration of wind and photovoltaic power.

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随着风电和光伏发电量逐年增长,其消纳问题日益凸显。同时,大容量火电机组厂用电负荷也相对较高,造成额外的运行成本。对此,基于多能互补思想,建立了一种风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电优化调度模型。首先,提出了风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电的组成结构,将风电、光伏发电优先供应厂用电负荷;其次构建了风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电优化调度模型,考虑了火电机组不同负荷率下的运行成本和风光储成本,采用层次分析法建立了基于总成本、弃风弃光成本和环境成本的多目标函数,设置相应约束条件;最后,设置不同的场景对比分析联合供应厂用电系统的优化结果,试验结果表明:所提出的联合供应厂用电系统模型可以减少机组运行成本和环境成本,并促进风光消纳。

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李新利(1973),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为综合能源系统、模式识别与智能系统、图像处理,
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李炳阳(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源优化调度、模式识别与智能系统,

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李炳阳(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源优化调度、模式识别与智能系统,

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李炳阳(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源优化调度、模式识别与智能系统,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=2806, pageEnd=2819, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHANG Zhigang, KANG Chongqing, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Zhigang, KANG Chongqing. 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Power System Technology, 2019, 43(11): 3961-3970., articleTitle=Hierarchical optimization scheduling of deep peak shaving for energy-storage auxiliary thermal power generating units, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1213131716642915080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213131716651303688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, companyId=1213131716642915080, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213131716663886602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, companyId=1213131716642915080, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The structure of the wind-PV-thermal-storage supply system for plant auxiliary, figureFileSmall=njN7yLaub9BaoMnkwepM7g==, figureFileBig=0VWFusoYT1fo/H5QydVaZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721155985415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电系统组成, figureFileSmall=njN7yLaub9BaoMnkwepM7g==, figureFileBig=0VWFusoYT1fo/H5QydVaZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721395060752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Forecasting curves of auxiliary power load, wind power and photovoltaic power, figureFileSmall=7KQS/nTUaxR3q3gav1VMdw==, figureFileBig=FOUIdrgH/PNds00GXq8mZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721478946836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=图2, caption=厂用电负荷、风电和光伏发电预测曲线, figureFileSmall=7KQS/nTUaxR3q3gav1VMdw==, figureFileBig=FOUIdrgH/PNds00GXq8mZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721583804444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The influence of different installed capacities and proportional access of new energy, figureFileSmall=eT2Wxlc4AiUqxSEdATQDsg==, figureFileBig=0W0CYW3o5aS2vChmsicIdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721701244959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同新能源装机容量及比例接入影响, figureFileSmall=eT2Wxlc4AiUqxSEdATQDsg==, figureFileBig=0W0CYW3o5aS2vChmsicIdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721818685475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The output of each power supply when thermal power units supply their own power, figureFileSmall=ViQ2mY0YiGVzKpyJaDWjag==, figureFileBig=XLmoKxB6GXzLnf8RLGYE1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721923543081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=图4, caption=火电机组供应自身厂用电时各设备出力, figureFileSmall=ViQ2mY0YiGVzKpyJaDWjag==, figureFileBig=XLmoKxB6GXzLnf8RLGYE1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131722020012079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The output of each power supply when thermal power units don’t supply their own power, figureFileSmall=HTNKc3X89bUUJq/lAuxWOQ==, figureFileBig=PMEu35RTJHl2MeFHCrndfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131722120675379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=图5, caption=火电机组不供应自身厂用电时各设备出力, figureFileSmall=HTNKc3X89bUUJq/lAuxWOQ==, figureFileBig=PMEu35RTJHl2MeFHCrndfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131722309419062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Life degradation rate of units with different load variation amplitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变负荷幅度/%510152025303540455055606570
寿命损耗率/(×10–4)0.020.040.040.050.050.060.060.060.080.10.130.160.170.19
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722401693755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同变负荷幅度的机组寿命损耗率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变负荷幅度/%510152025303540455055606570
寿命损耗率/(×10–4)0.020.040.040.050.050.060.060.060.080.10.130.160.170.19
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722493968446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of thermal power units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组编号最大出力/MW厂用电率设计值/%启停成本/(×104元)第3阶段煤耗率系数煤耗特性系数最小启/停时间/h购机成本/(×108元)第3阶段投油量/t燃油环境附加成本/(元·t–1)
a/(×10–4t·(MW²·h)–1)b/(t·(MW·h)–1)c/(t·(MW·h)–1)
16005.023.9021.120.7850.22825.54018/1821.9374.74 781
23007.011.8791.141.3100.23217.0079/913.3302.73 324
32008.57.7231.142.5800.23412.3566/69.2161.82 137
41359.05.4741.173.6100.2389.3024/46.3251.31 825
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722632380480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

火电机组参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组编号最大出力/MW厂用电率设计值/%启停成本/(×104元)第3阶段煤耗率系数煤耗特性系数最小启/停时间/h购机成本/(×108元)第3阶段投油量/t燃油环境附加成本/(元·t–1)
a/(×10–4t·(MW²·h)–1)b/(t·(MW·h)–1)c/(t·(MW·h)–1)
16005.023.9021.120.7850.22825.54018/1821.9374.74 781
23007.011.8791.141.3100.23217.0079/913.3302.73 324
32008.57.7231.142.5800.23412.3566/69.2161.82 137
41359.05.4741.173.6100.2389.3024/46.3251.31 825
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722754015302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Environmental cost parameters of coal-fired power units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物实际排放量/(kg·t–1)污染当量值单位应税税额/(元·kg–1)
SO28.80.957.2
NOx7.70.958.0
烟尘58.02.186.6
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722867261512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

火电机组燃煤环保代价参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物实际排放量/(kg·t–1)污染当量值单位应税税额/(元·kg–1)
SO28.80.957.2
NOx7.70.958.0
烟尘58.02.186.6
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722980507726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of energy storage system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
储能容量/(MW·h)100充/放电效率/%90/90
自放电率/%0.005荷电上/下限1.0/0.2
最大充/放电功率/MW30初始荷电状态0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723089559633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

储能装置参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
储能容量/(MW·h)100充/放电效率/%90/90
自放电率/%0.005荷电上/下限1.0/0.2
最大充/放电功率/MW30初始荷电状态0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723227971674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Parameters of wind, solar, and energy storage cost

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源类型装机容量/MW单位容量投资成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)单位功率投资成本/(元·kW–1)单位功率年维护成本系数/(元·kW–1)运维成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)寿命/a贴现率/%
储能装置1 2502 2001200.0726155
风电厂2004 500300.0207255
光伏电站1004 000400.089255
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723357995100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

风光储成本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源类型装机容量/MW单位容量投资成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)单位功率投资成本/(元·kW–1)单位功率年维护成本系数/(元·kW–1)运维成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)寿命/a贴现率/%
储能装置1 2502 2001200.0726155
风电厂2004 500300.0207255
光伏电站1004 000400.089255
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723488018529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

System optimization results in five scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景总成本/万元燃料成本/万元环境成本/万元机组损耗成本/万元启停成本/万元弃风弃光率/%风光储成本/万元供应厂用电机组机组达到最低负荷率/%平均厂用电率/%
1334.30214.8091.502.9325.082, 3, 44010.03
2273.12131.8956.2639.2012.4524.412, 35510.65
3240.98129.0355.042.4822.833.8924.922, 44511.00
4232.58128.1754.6713.202.0432.153, 45511.46
5227.08126.7154.050.8313.20032.303, 44511.54
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723609653353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

5种场景下系统优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景总成本/万元燃料成本/万元环境成本/万元机组损耗成本/万元启停成本/万元弃风弃光率/%风光储成本/万元供应厂用电机组机组达到最低负荷率/%平均厂用电率/%
1334.30214.8091.502.9325.082, 3, 44010.03
2273.12131.8956.2639.2012.4524.412, 35510.65
3240.98129.0355.042.4822.833.8924.922, 44511.00
4232.58128.1754.6713.202.0432.153, 45511.46
5227.08126.7154.050.8313.20032.303, 44511.54
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723836145778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison of system parameters after excluding self-supply of auxiliary power

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景总成本/万元燃料与环境成本/万元弃风弃光率/%损耗与启停成本/万元平均厂用电率/%
5供应厂用电227.08180.76014.0311.54
6不供应厂用电214.29155.231.124.219.75
), ArticleFig(id=1213131725140574328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710716363272, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不供应自身厂用电后系统参数对比

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场景总成本/万元燃料与环境成本/万元弃风弃光率/%损耗与启停成本/万元平均厂用电率/%
5供应厂用电227.08180.76014.0311.54
6不供应厂用电214.29155.231.124.219.75
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风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电系统优化调度
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李炳阳 1 , 李新利 1 , 杨国田 1 , 王连友 1 , 赵娟 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(2): 142-152
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(2): 142-152
风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电系统优化调度
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李炳阳1 , 李新利1 , 杨国田1, 王连友1, 赵娟2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.鹤壁鹤淇发电有限责任公司,河南 鹤壁 458000
  • 李炳阳(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源优化调度、模式识别与智能系统,

通讯作者:

李新利(1973),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为综合能源系统、模式识别与智能系统、图像处理,
Optimized dispatching of wind-PV-thermal-storage for auxiliary power system of thermal power plant
Bingyang LI1 , Xinli LI1 , Guotian YANG1, Lianyou WANG1, Juan ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.Hebi Heqi Power Generation Limited Liability Company, Hebi 458000, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307111
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随着风电和光伏发电量逐年增长,其消纳问题日益凸显。同时,大容量火电机组厂用电负荷也相对较高,造成额外的运行成本。对此,基于多能互补思想,建立了一种风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电优化调度模型。首先,提出了风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电的组成结构,将风电、光伏发电优先供应厂用电负荷;其次构建了风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电优化调度模型,考虑了火电机组不同负荷率下的运行成本和风光储成本,采用层次分析法建立了基于总成本、弃风弃光成本和环境成本的多目标函数,设置相应约束条件;最后,设置不同的场景对比分析联合供应厂用电系统的优化结果,试验结果表明:所提出的联合供应厂用电系统模型可以减少机组运行成本和环境成本,并促进风光消纳。

风光消纳  /  联合供应  /  厂用电  /  多能互补  /  优化调度

With the increasing annual growth of wind and solar power generation, the issue of power consumption has become increasingly prominent. Meanwhile, high-capacity thermal power plants face relatively high auxiliary power loads, resulting in additional operating costs. To address these issues, a joint optimization dispatch model for wind-PV-thermal-storage for auxiliary power system of thermal power plant is developed based on the concept of multi-energy complementarity. Firstly, the compositional structure of the wind-PV-thermal-storage integrated power supply for auxiliary power of thermal power plants is outlined, prioritizing the supply of auxiliary power loads with wind power and photovoltaic power. Secondly, a wind-PV-thermal-storage integrated power supply optimization scheduling model is developed, taking into account the operating costs of thermal power units at different load rates and the costs associated with wind power, photovoltaic power, and energy storage. A hierarchical analysis method is employed to establish a multi-objective function based on the total cost, wind and solar curtailment costs, and environmental costs, while considering corresponding constraint conditions. Finally, various scenarios are set up to compare and analyze the optimization results of the integrated power supply system for auxiliary power. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model for the integrated power supply system can effectively reduce unit operating costs and environmental costs, as well as promote the integration of wind and photovoltaic power.

wind and photovoltaic power consumption  /  joint supply  /  auxiliary power  /  multi-energy complement  /  optimal dispatch
李炳阳, 李新利, 杨国田, 王连友, 赵娟. 风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电系统优化调度. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 142 -152 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307111
Bingyang LI, Xinli LI, Guotian YANG, Lianyou WANG, Juan ZHAO. Optimized dispatching of wind-PV-thermal-storage for auxiliary power system of thermal power plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 142 -152 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307111
为实现“碳达峰碳中和”目标,目前我国大力发展新能源,推动电力脱碳,加快能源转型[1]。根据国家能源局发布的数据统计,截至2022年5月底,中国新能源发电总装机容量达到1.1 TW[2],装机规模居世界首位,但风光发电量占比仅约11%,现有的电力系统结构与机制难以实现更高比例的风光消纳[3],局部地区消纳矛盾逐渐凸显[4]。主要原因有3个方面:1)由于风电、光伏等新能源出力的随机性、间歇性和波动性,若将其大规模并网,会对电网的运行及安全造成冲击[5];2)可再生能源装机容量的增加及用电需求的放缓,新能源所发电力难以跨区域输送,就地消纳能力欠缺[4, 6];3)新能源对于火力发电呈现一定的反调峰特性,导致弃风弃光现象增加[7]。仅2022年第1季度,我国弃风弃光电量约8.4 TW[8],特别是在“三北”地区,由于缺乏优质调节能力的水电电源,风光消纳受限,大量可再生清洁能源被浪费[9],同时大量煤炭等化石能源的使用造成了严重的资源与环境问题。因此,有必要对提升可再生能源的利用率进行研究。
在此背景下,国内外诸多学者对多种可再生能源与火电互补协调发电进行了大量研究,该发电模式一方面充分挖掘了电力系统的灵活调节能力,另一方面在满足调峰需求的同时促进了可再生能源消纳[10-14]。文献[15]提出了风光水火储多能互补协调优化策略,对火电的调峰补偿收益进行分配,利用联合系统分层调度方案进行求解。文献[16]提出了风光火储运行过程中负荷跟踪、功率平滑2种出力模式,考虑了储能发电成本,对多个目标函数进行求解分析。文献[17]基于鲁棒优化方法,在风电规模化并网场景下计算火电机组深度调峰下的经济成本,获得优化调度方案。文献[18]在考虑最优弃能率的基础上,研究弃风弃光对火电调峰及经济性的影响,以电网的运行成本最小为目标函数进行优化调度。
上述基于多能互补的消纳方法均将可再生能源与火电机组作为电源侧对外部负荷进行供电,忽略了火电厂本身的厂用电负荷,没有将新能源与火电机组进行深度融合。火电厂的运行过程中,其厂用电率约为5%~10%[19],对大型机组而言,厂用电负荷相对较高。随着近年来新能源发电控制策略逐渐成熟[20],可根据火电厂与新能源发电项目所在的地区特点,将难以消纳的风电、光伏发电等接入火电厂厂用电系统,与火电机组共同承担厂用电负荷,不仅可以提高火电厂向电网输电能力、降低煤炭消耗、实现节能减排,而且促进了新能源消纳。
因此,针对大型火电机组,本文基于多能互补思想,提出了风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电系统结构,建立联合供应火电厂厂用电系统优化调度模型,分析了风光火储各环节的发电成本,构建了目标函数和约束条件,并对其中的复杂模型进行线性化处理。在不同场景下进行仿真试验,试验结果表明通过该模型供应火电机组厂用电负荷,可以降低系统运行成本,促进新能源消纳,减少污染物排放。
根据《火力发电厂厂用电设计技术规程》(DL/T 5153—2014),对于火电厂大容量机组,其公用负荷较多、容量较大,可采用集中供电方式,同时设立高压公用母线段。针对以上特点,本文建立风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电的组成结构(图1)。
在风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电系统中,火电厂含有一定数量的大容量机组A和小容量机组B。风电厂、光伏电站和储能装置所发电力通过各自的接口单元送至大容量机组A的厂用公共母线,小容量机组B在满足自身厂用负荷B的情况下,输送电力到机组A的厂用公共母线。
运行过程中,风力发电与光伏发电作为清洁能源,在系统运行能力范围内优先利用。当风光储输送功率不满足火电机组A的厂用电时,机组B承担机组A剩余的厂用电负荷。该模型在保证功率平衡的基础上,合理规划各个电源的出力情况,实现经济运行,同时可通过储能装置的充放电能力,平抑风光接入厂用电后带来的波动,从而保证风光火储供应厂用电时的稳定性和经济性。
一般来说,火电机组所产生的功率分为2部分:一部分用于满足电厂本身的需求,例如驱动电机、辅助设备和提供照明等,这部分被称为“厂用电负荷”;另一部分则通过输电网向外供应。火电机组it时刻的厂用电功率Pi,t,aux和外送功率Pi,t,tra可以分别表示为:
{Pi,t,aux=Pi,t,gei(Pi,t,g)Pi,t,tra=Pi,t,gPi,t,aux
式中:Pi,t,g为火电机组it时刻的有功功率;ei(Pi,t,g)为机组it时刻的厂用电率,其与机组功率有关。
本文以55%、45%和30% 3个负荷率界限将火电机组运行过程划分为3个阶段,每个阶段的构成成本不同。
此阶段下的火电机组运行成本主要为锅炉燃煤的煤耗、环境成本和机组启停成本[21]
根据《中华人民共和国环境保护税法》[22],本文考虑火电机组燃煤时排放SO2、NOx、烟尘3类大气污染物的环境成本,各污染物的应税税额按其排放量折合的污染当量值确定。此外,根据风电和光伏发电的波动性,火电机组会存在启停活动以调节负荷平衡。该阶段下的火电机组运行成本C1、煤耗成本Ci,t,coal、燃煤环境成本Ci,t,evc和启停成本Ci,t,ss分别表示为:
{C1=Ci,t,coal+Ci,t,evc+Ci,t,ssCi,t,coal=(aiPi,t,g2+biPi,t,g+ci)ScoalCi,t,evc=v=1Nv(aiPi,t,g2+biPi,t,g+ci)GvGv,eqvμvCi,t,ss=ui,t,g(1ui,t-1,g)Ci,on+ui,t-1,g(1ui,t,g)Ci,off
式中:aibici均为煤耗特性系数;Scoal为当月煤炭价格;Nv为污染物排放种类;Gv为污染物v的实际排放量;Gv,eqv为污染物v的污染当量值;μv为污染物v的单位应税税额;ui,t,g为火电机组it时刻的运行状态,0表示关机,1表示开机;Ci,onCi,off分别为机组i的开机、停机成本。
此阶段相较于第1阶段,机组功率变化会使发电机转子产生疲劳损耗和蠕变损耗,从而影响机组的寿命和机组运行的经济性[23]。该阶段下的火电机组运行成本C2和机组寿命损耗成本Ci,t,was分别为:
{C2=C1+Ci,t,wasCi,t,was=βSi,unit2Ng(Pi,t,g)
式中:β为机组运行损耗系数;Si,unit为机组i的购机成本;Ng(Pi,t,g)为转子致裂循环次数,该数值与机组功率有关,可通过Manson-Coffin公式计算[24]
此阶段相较于第2阶段,火电机组运行时需投入助燃油以维持锅炉燃烧稳定,同时投油燃烧会产生NOx、烟尘等污染物,导致火电厂的废弃排污费增加[25]。该阶段下的火电机组运行成本C3、附加投油成本Ci,t,oil和环境附加成本Ci,t,evo分别表示为:
{C3=C2+Ci,t,oil+Ci,t,evoCi,t,oil=αoilQi,oilCi,t,evo=wi,oilQi,oil+Spu,oil(Pi,t,g,Qi,oil)
式中:αoil为当月柴油价格;Qi,oil为机组i在第3阶段的耗油量;wi,oil为单位燃油产生的排污成本;Spu,oil为排污量超标时的罚款函数。
综上所述,火电机组it时刻的运行成本Ci,t,g以分段函数表示为:
Ci,t,g={C1    55 %Ri,t100 %C2    45 %Ri,t55 %C3    30 %Ri,t45 %
式中:Ri,t为火电机组it时刻的负荷率,以百分比表示。
根据IEC60300-3-3标准,本文考虑风力发电机、光伏电池板和储能装置的寿命周期成本,该成本指在系统寿命周期内,投资、运行、维护等过程中发生的或可能发生的所有直接、间接、派生的或非派生费用的总和。采用资金回收系数对其及相关配套设备的投资成本进行修正,资金回收系数可以表示为:
C(r,n)=r(1+r)n(1+r)n1
式中:r为贴现率;n为设备的使用寿命。
1)风电厂折旧后的投资成本可以表示为:
Cw,in=cw,inPw,rp365C(r,nw)+cw,aomPw,rp365
式中:cw,in为风电厂投资单价;Pw,rp为风机额定功率;nw为风机使用寿命;cw,aom为风机年维护成本。
2)风机发电成本为:
Ct,w,om=cw,omPt,w
式中:cw,om为风机单位出力的运维成本;Pt,wt时段的风力发电量。
1)光伏电站折旧后的投资成本可以表示为:
Cpv,in=cpv,inPpv,rp365C(r,npv)+cpv,aomPpv,rp365
式中:cpv,in为光伏电站投资单价;Ppv,rp为光伏电池板额定功率;npv为光伏电池板使用寿命;cpv,aom为光伏电站年维护成本。
2)光伏电池板发电成本为:
Ct,pv,om=cpv,omPt,pv
式中:cpv,om为光伏电池板单位出力的运维成本;Pt,pvt时段的光伏发电量。
1)储能装置可以平抑风光能源接入带来的波动性,同时可以辅助火电机组运行[26],折旧后的投资成本可以表示为:
Cbe,in=cbc,inEbc+cbe,inPbe365C(r,nbe)+cbe,aomPbe365
式中:EbcPbe分别为储能的容量、额定功率;cbc,incbe,in分别为储能容量、额定功率的投资成本;nbe为储能使用寿命;cbe,aom为储能额定功率的年运行维护成本。
2)储能充放电成本可以表示为:
Ct,be,om=cbe,om(Pt,cha+Pt,dis)
式中:cbe,om为储能的充放电成本系数;Pt,chaPt,dis分别为储能t时刻的充、放电功率。
风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电系统调度模型的目标函数包含经济型目标、环保型目标和系统消纳新能源能力目标。
1)经济型目标函数
经济型目标函数主要考虑火电机组运行成本、风机运维成本、光伏运维成本、储能充放电成本、弃风成本、弃光成本;风机投资成本、光伏投资成本、储能投资成本。一个调度周期T的总成本可以表示为:
minftc=i=1Ngt=1TCi,t,g+t=1T(Ct,w,om+Ct,pv,om+               Ct,be,om+Ct,w,aban+Ct,pv,aban)+               Cw,in+Cpv,in+Cbe,in
t时段的弃风、弃光成本为:
{Ct,w,aban=cw,aban(Pt,w,maxPt,w)Ct,pv,aban=cpv,aban(Pt,pv,maxPt,pv)
式中:cw,abancpv,aban分别为单位弃风、弃光成本;Pt,w,maxPt,pv,max分别为风电厂、光伏电站t时刻的最大输出功率。
2)环保型目标函数
环保型目标函数主要考虑火电机组燃煤排放污染物的成本、燃油产生的环境附加成本,一个调度周期T的环境成本可以表示为:
minfev=i=1Ngt=1T(Ci,t,evc+Ci,t,evo)
3)系统消纳新能源能力目标函数
系统消纳风光的能力主要考虑系统运行过程中因为弃风、弃光产生的惩罚成本,弃风、弃光成本越小,系统消纳新能源的能力就越强,一个调度周期T的弃风、弃光成本可以表示为:
minfaban=t=1T(Ct,w,aban+Ct,pv,aban)
对于多目标优化问题,本文采用层次分析法构造判断矩阵,由于总成本中含有另外2个目标的成本,令总成本所占权重最大,其次尽可能地消纳风电、光电,最后考虑环境成本。构造判断矩阵:
H=[1251/215/21/52/51]
该矩阵通过一致性检验,利用特征值法得到归一化后的权重I=[0.588 2 0.294 1 0.117 6],总目标函数表示为:
minf1=I[ftc;faban;fev]
综上所述,将多目标函数转化为单目标函数后,可利用目标规划的数学方法进行求解。
i=1NgPi,t,tra+Pt,w+Pt,pv=Pt,load+Pt,cha+Pt,dis
式中:Pt,loadt时刻外部火电机组的厂用电总负荷。
1)功率约束
{ui,t,gPi,g,zPi,t,gui,t,gPi,g,maxPi,g,z=Ri,g,minPi,g,max
式中:Pi,g,zPi,g,maxRi,g,min分别为火电机组i的最小出力、最大出力、最低负荷率。
2)最小启停时间约束
{(ui,t-1,gui,t,g)(Ti,t-1,g,onTi,g,on)0(ui,t,gui,t-1,g)(Ti,t-1,g,offTi,g,off)0
式中:Ti,t-1,g,onTi,t-1,g,off分别为机组t–1时刻的连续运行时间、停机时间;Ti,g,onTi,g,off分别为机组允许的最小连续运行时间、停机时间。
{0Pt,wPt,w,max0Pt,pvPt,pv,max
1)荷电状态约束
{SSOC,t=SSOC,t-1(1ηsd)+Pt,chaηchaEbePt,disηdisEbeSSOC,minSSOC,tSSOC,maxSSOC,init=SSOC,final
式中:SSOC,tt时刻储能的荷电状态;ηsd为储能的自放电率;ηchaηdis分别为储能的充、放电效率;SSOC,minSSOC,max分别为储能荷电状态的上、下限;SSOC,initSSOC,final分别为储能初始、结束时刻的荷电状态。
2)充、放电功率约束
{ut,chaPcha,minPt,chaut,chaPcha,maxut,disPdis,minPt,disut,disPdis,max
式中:ut,chaut,dis分别为储能装置t时刻的充、放电状态;Pcha,minPcha,max分别为储能充电功率的最小值、最大值;Pdis,minPdis,max分别为储能放电功率的最小值、最大值。
模型中,火电机组的厂用电功率和寿命损耗成本为非线性函数,煤耗函数为二次函数,不便代入模型进行求解。因此,本文分别对其进行处理。
根据文献[27],火电机组的负荷每降低10%,厂用电率增加14%左右,为简化计算,火电机组it时刻的厂用电功率可以改写为:
Pi,t,aux=Pi,t,gei,dv(1.4Pi,t,gPi,g,max+2.4)
式中:ei,dv为厂用电率设计值,表示火电机组i在满负荷下厂用电量占总发电量的百分比。式(25)可以进一步表示为:
Pi,t,aux=Pi,g,maxei,dv(1.4Ri,t2+2.4Ri,t)
在机组出力范围内采用线性最小二乘法对式(26)进行拟合,得到:
Pi,t,aux=Pi,g,maxei,dv(1.4Ri,t2+2.4Ri,t)
最后,火电机组it时刻的厂用电功率转化为与功率Pi,t,g有关的线性函数,可以表示为:
Pi,t,aux=ei,dv(0.72Pi,t,g+0.448Pi,g,max)
参考文献[28],利用有限元软件ANSYS计算不同变负荷率下的转子总应变幅,得到相应的机组寿命损耗率,具体数值见表1
引入布尔变量δi,t,j,was表示火电机组it时刻的有功功率是否达到机组寿命损耗率的第j分段,可以表示为:
δi,t,j,was={1χj1Pi,g,max|Pi,tPi,t1|χjPi,g,max0 
式中:χj为不同变负荷幅度区间的端点值。机组寿命损耗成本可以改写为:
Ci,t,was=βSi,unitδi,t,j,wasdj
式中:dj为第j分段机组的寿命损耗率。
对煤耗成本函数进行分段处理,并引入布尔变量δi,t,m,coal表示火电机组it时刻的有功功率是否达到煤耗成本函数的第m分段,可以表示为:
δi,t,m,coal={1   Pi,g,z+l=1m-1Pi,g,ΔPi,t,gPi,g,z+l=1mPi,g,Δ0   
式中:Pi,g,Δ为分段间隔。
机组it时刻的有功功率和煤耗成本可以分别表示为:
{Pi,t,g=δi,t,m,coal(Pi,g,z+l=1m1Pi,g,Δ+ΔPi,t,m,g)Ccoal(Pi,t,g)=δi,t,m,coal(Ccoal(Pi,g,z)+                    l=1m1ki,t,lPi,g,Δ+ki,t,mΔPi,t,m,g)
式中:ΔPi,t,m,gki,t,m分别为机组it时刻煤耗成本函数第m分段的有功功率和斜率。
综上所述,该模型最终转化为混合整数线性规划模型。在MATLAB平台中,使用YALMIP调用CPLEX求解器的方法[29],对火电机组实时功率Pi,t,g、风电实时功率Pt,w、光伏实时功率Pt,pv、储能充放电功率Pt,chaPt,dis这5种变量进行优化求解。
为验证本文所建模型有效性,对其进行算例仿真分析,以4台容量分别为600、300、200、135 MW的火电机组供应厂用负荷为例,分别记为机组1、机组2、机组3、机组4,相关参数见表2[17,28]表3[22,30]。新能源总装机容量选择为300 MW,风光比为2:1,储能容量为100 MW,风电厂、光伏电站、储能装置的相关参数见表4[26]表5[31-32]
弃风、弃光惩罚系数均为600元/(MW·h)[16],当月煤价、油价分别为720、6 600元/t。火电机组运行损耗系数β在第1阶段取0,第2阶段取1.2,第3阶段取1.5[33];调度周期T取24 h,时间尺度取1 h。厂用电负荷、风力发电和光伏发电的预测曲线[15]图2所示。
本文对5种调度场景下的各成本组成和平均厂用电率进行对比分析,5种调度场景下的仿真结果见表6
场景1 仅由火电机组供应厂用电负荷,火电机组最低负荷率为30%。
场景2 不含储能,由风光火联合供应厂用电负荷,火电机组最低负荷率为55%。
场景3 不含储能,由风光火联合供应厂用电负荷,火电机组最低负荷率为30%。
场景4 风光火储联合供应厂用电负荷,火电机组最低负荷率为55%。
场景5 风光火储联合供应厂用电负荷,火电机组最低负荷率为30%。
场景1中,厂用电负荷选择了3台小容量火电机组供应,而没有选择600 MW大容量机组单独供应,这是因为大容量机组单独承担负荷时平均负荷率高,带来高额的燃料成本和环境成本,同时跟踪负荷变化时变负荷成本高。此外,小容量火电机组运行时也需要实时调整出力以跟踪负荷变化,机组启停成本与损耗成本较高,存在额外的燃油费用。
场景2和场景3中引入了风光后,虽然带来了一定的风光成本,同时火电机组的启停和损耗成本也分别有所增加,但由于新能源的节煤效益,系统的总成本分别下降了18.3%、27.9%。此外,由于平均负荷率的下降,平均厂用电率分别相对上升了6.2%、9.7%。场景3相较于场景2,火电机组可以在更低的负荷率下运行,为风、光提供了更多的消纳空间,弃风弃光率相对减少68.8%。然而,相对于剩余的弃风弃光成本,火电机组进入第3阶段会带来附加的燃煤成本、损耗成本和燃油成本,厂用电率也会进一步升高,造成电量浪费,因此场景3中机组只进入到第2阶段。
场景4相较于场景2,引入储能装置,在一定程度上平抑了风、光的波动性,使得机组的启停成本大幅下降,总成本下降了40.54万元,弃风弃光率相对减少83.6%。场景4相较于场景3,风光的消纳率更高,这是因为系统在场景3中只进入到第2阶段,而场景4中系统选择了2台小容量机组供电,机组平均负荷率更低,风光出力增加。因此,从节约成本的角度来看,储能的充放电调节相较于火电的低负荷运行,对促进风光的消纳作用更为明显和经济。
场景4和场景5接入储能装置后,虽然带来了一定的储能成本,但减少了弃风、弃光和燃煤成本,此时仅由2台小容量机组供电,机组损耗和启停成本降低,较高的厂用电率设计值导致平均厂用电率进一步变高。
为验证本文模型的合理性,在场景5下研究了不同新能源装机容量及比例对系统调度结果的影响,具体如图3所示,其中新能源装机容量在220~ 360 MW区间变化。当系统中只有光伏时,由于光伏发电特性,其只在白天部分时间内可以发电,经济效益不高,总成本居高不下,而其余4种场景调度优化后的总成本基本相近,当风光比为2:1,装机容量在300 MW及以上时总成本较低。由于风电全天都有功率输出,随着风电装机容量的增加,弃风弃光率总体呈现上升的趋势,相应的惩罚成本随之增加。同时,随着新能源装机容量增加,化石燃料燃烧减少,环境成本呈现下降趋势,小容量机组逐渐替代大容量机组工作,平均负荷率随之下降,平均厂用电率总体呈现上升趋势。
综合各方面考虑,该风光火储系统中,新能源装机容量应为300 MW及以上,其中风电占比应为光伏占比的2倍及以上,使二者充分互补,从而削弱风电、光伏发电的自身特性对系统的不利影响。
为验证火电机组自身厂用电负荷对系统优化结果的影响,本文对场景5下机组自身厂用电被外部能源供应前后各项成本的变化情况进行对比研究,结果见表7,其中,场景6为场景5中火电机组不需要供应自身厂用电的调度场景。
图4为场景5中火电机组需要供应自身厂用电负荷时各设备出力情况。由图4可以看出,系统选择了火电机组3和机组4进行供电,火电机组3在22:00—24:00时段处于第2阶段,火电机组4在00:00—05:00时段处于第2阶段。系统的风电、光伏发电全部被消纳。此外,储能装置在系统中起到了很好的调节作用,负荷低谷时,储能放电,火电机组可以低负荷运行,提高了风光消纳率,负荷高峰时储能充电,起到了削峰填谷的作用。
图5为场景6中火电机组不需要供应自身厂用电负荷时各设备出力情况。由图5可以看出,系统选择了机组2和机组4进行供电,火电机组2在06:00—07:00、22:00—24:00时段处于第2阶段,火电机组4在00:00—05:00、06:00—07:00时段处于第2阶段。系统在02:00—05:00时段存在弃风现象。这是因为火电机组原本供应自身厂用电的功率用于供应外部负荷,导致风电出力减少,同时储能放电功率增加,荷电状态提前到达下限。场景6相较于场景5,总成本减少了12.79万元,火电厂平均厂用电率相对减少15.51%,燃烧化石燃料产生的成本减少了25.53万元,这是因为不供应自身厂用电后,火电机组出力减少,但在低负荷运行时的变负荷与启停次数变多,相应成本增加,同时存在弃风弃光的惩罚成本。
综合各方面考虑,当引入新能源等外部能源供应火电厂用电负荷时,虽然机组低负荷运行时的运维成本和弃风弃光的惩罚成本有所增加,但平均负荷率下降,燃烧化石燃料产生的成本大幅减少,从而使总成本减少,同时系统可安排较大容量机组运行,平均厂用电率降低,系统供电效率提高。
本文针对风电、光伏发电难以消纳导致的弃风弃光问题,建立了一种风光火储联合供应火电厂厂用电的优化调度模型。研究的主要结论如下:
1)将火电、风电、光伏发电和储能发电经专线引至火电厂厂用公共母线,四者共同承担火电厂厂用电负荷,提出了联合供应火电厂厂用电的优化调度策略,该策略可降低系统的运行成本,提高风光消纳率。
2)火电机组低负荷运行时会带来高额的附加成本,厂用电率也较高,而储能装置可以辅助火电机组运行,减少火电机组变负荷和启停成本,促进风光消纳,使总成本降低。
3)火电机组自身厂用电负荷被新能源联合供应后,系统会调整出力,机组平均负荷率降低,燃烧化石燃料产生的成本大幅减少,同时使火电厂优质电能得到有效利用。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307111
  • 接收时间:2023-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-05
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    1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
    2.鹤壁鹤淇发电有限责任公司,河南 鹤壁 458000

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李新利(1973),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为综合能源系统、模式识别与智能系统、图像处理,
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