Article(id=1222503110371693431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306386, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1687363200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397054522, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397054522, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397054522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397054522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=79, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503110690460552, articleId=1222503110371693431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on economical coal blending technology for boiler, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the cost of fuel procurement, a power plant plans to burn economical coal with low calorific value, such as carbon 3500 and Shenhun 4500.The quality characteristics of the coal to be blended deviate from the coal currently used, which affects the safety, economy and environmental protection of the boiler operation.Through coal quality analysis, laboratory test, theoretical analysis and calculation, on-site pulverizing system optimization test, economic coal blending test and operation parameter optimization test, the technology of economic coal blending combustion of boiler is studiedsystematically .The research results show that the low grindability and serious wear characteristics of the carbon 3500 lead to its poor adaptability to the pulverizing system and the boiler, and the comprehensive power supply cost of the unit increases after blending combustion.The fuel characteristics of Shenhun 4500 are close to the main coal types of the power plant, the operation performance of large proportion of mixed burning boilers is good, the comprehensive power supply cost of the unit is reduced, and the economic benefits are significant.It is suggested that the power plant can determine Shenhun 4500 as an economic coal for long-term combustion.This study can provide reference for power plants with similar demand for mixed combustion.

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为降低燃料采购成本,某电厂拟掺烧石炭3500和神混4500等低热值的经济性煤种。拟掺烧煤种的煤质特性偏离现燃用煤种,影响了锅炉运行的安全性、经济性和环保性。本文通过煤质化验分析、试验室试验、理论分析计算、现场制粉系统优化试验、经济煤掺烧试验和运行参数优化试验等方法,对锅炉经济性煤种掺烧技术进行了系统性研究。研究结果显示:石炭3500可磨度偏低,磨损特性严重,与制粉系统及锅炉适应性差,且掺烧后机组综合供电成本上升;神混4500燃料特性与电厂主力煤种接近,大比例掺烧时锅炉运行性能良好,机组综合供电成本下降,经济效益显著;电厂可将神混4500确定为长期掺烧的经济性煤种。本研究可为有类似掺烧需求的电厂提供借鉴和参考。

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张大兴(1978),工程师,主要研究方向为电厂生产管理,

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张大兴(1978),工程师,主要研究方向为电厂生产管理,

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张大兴(1978),工程师,主要研究方向为电厂生产管理,

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Huadian Technology, 2020, 42(9): 45-55., articleTitle=Review and prospect of researches on boilers’ flue gas acid dew point, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396228358943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=20, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=电站磨煤机及制粉系统性能试验:DL/T 467—2019[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2019:20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694396329022247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=20, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Performance test for pulverizers and pulverizing systems of power station: DL/T 467—2019[S]. 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label=Tab.1, caption=

Design coal quality data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
全水分war(M)/%19.00
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%11.08
收到基灰分war(A)/%8.12
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%35.27
收到基碳分war(C)/%58.54
收到基氢分war(H)/%2.93
收到基氧分war(O)/%10.01
收到基氮分war(N)/%0.69
收到基硫分war(S)/%0.71
哈氏可磨指数HGI61
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(kJ·kg–1)21 880
灰熔点ST/℃1 150
), ArticleFig(id=1241694388246598188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉设计煤煤质数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
全水分war(M)/%19.00
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%11.08
收到基灰分war(A)/%8.12
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%35.27
收到基碳分war(C)/%58.54
收到基氢分war(H)/%2.93
收到基氧分war(O)/%10.01
收到基氮分war(N)/%0.69
收到基硫分war(S)/%0.71
哈氏可磨指数HGI61
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(kJ·kg–1)21 880
灰熔点ST/℃1 150
), ArticleFig(id=1241694388334678578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Coal quality analysis of main coal and economic coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目神混5000神混4500石炭3500
全水分wt(M)/%18.8018.606.00
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%10.479.222.44
收到基灰分war(A)/%10.7418.4441.93
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%36.9436.5840.25
收到基碳分war(C)/%56.4049.8939.70
收到基氢分war(H)/%3.393.222.93
收到基氧分war(O)/%9.428.578.38
收到基氮分war(N)/%0.820.810.77
收到基全硫war(St)/%0.430.470.29
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)21.2819.0315.03
灰熔点ST/℃1 1501 150>1 500
哈氏可磨指数HGI656355
), ArticleFig(id=1241694388410176054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主力煤种和经济煤种煤质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目神混5000神混4500石炭3500
全水分wt(M)/%18.8018.606.00
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%10.479.222.44
收到基灰分war(A)/%10.7418.4441.93
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%36.9436.5840.25
收到基碳分war(C)/%56.4049.8939.70
收到基氢分war(H)/%3.393.222.93
收到基氧分war(O)/%9.428.578.38
收到基氮分war(N)/%0.820.810.77
收到基全硫war(St)/%0.430.470.29
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)21.2819.0315.03
灰熔点ST/℃1 1501 150>1 500
哈氏可磨指数HGI656355
), ArticleFig(id=1241694388527616572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Ignition, burnout and slagging grade of test coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种着火等级燃尽等级结渣等级
神混5000极易极易严重
神混4500极易极易严重
石炭3500极易
), ArticleFig(id=1241694388632474178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验煤种着火、燃尽、结渣等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种着火等级燃尽等级结渣等级
神混5000极易极易严重
神混4500极易极易严重
石炭3500极易
), ArticleFig(id=1241694388728943174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Main operating performance parameters of boilers burning economic coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺烧方式不掺经济煤掺1台磨煤机/神混4500掺2台磨煤机/神混4500掺3台磨煤机/神混4500掺1台磨煤机/石炭3500
掺烧比例对比基准25%神混450050%神混450077%神混450011%石炭3500
停运磨煤机5号磨煤机3号磨煤机3号磨煤机3号磨煤机
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)929905927909901
修正后锅炉效率/%93.8794.1693.9393.8993.84
过热器一减流量/(t·h–1)0.1/5.40.4/2.41.6/2.80/7.42.0/3.6
过热器二减流量/(t·h–1)6.1/11.76.0/6.411.8/6.99.7/6.05.2/0.5
主蒸汽温度/℃542542542542540
再热减温水流量/(t·h–1)1.1/2.00.5/1.53.8/4.30.7/1.70.1/2.2
再热蒸汽温度/℃540540542540538
SCR入口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3)127135131138165
原烟气SO2质量浓度/(mg·m–3)953970905943846
除尘后烟气烟尘质量浓度/(mg·m–3)3738394036
), ArticleFig(id=1241694390259864140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

掺烧不同比例经济煤种锅炉主要运行性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺烧方式不掺经济煤掺1台磨煤机/神混4500掺2台磨煤机/神混4500掺3台磨煤机/神混4500掺1台磨煤机/石炭3500
掺烧比例对比基准25%神混450050%神混450077%神混450011%石炭3500
停运磨煤机5号磨煤机3号磨煤机3号磨煤机3号磨煤机
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)929905927909901
修正后锅炉效率/%93.8794.1693.9393.8993.84
过热器一减流量/(t·h–1)0.1/5.40.4/2.41.6/2.80/7.42.0/3.6
过热器二减流量/(t·h–1)6.1/11.76.0/6.411.8/6.99.7/6.05.2/0.5
主蒸汽温度/℃542542542542540
再热减温水流量/(t·h–1)1.1/2.00.5/1.53.8/4.30.7/1.70.1/2.2
再热蒸汽温度/℃540540542540538
SCR入口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3)127135131138165
原烟气SO2质量浓度/(mg·m–3)953970905943846
除尘后烟气烟尘质量浓度/(mg·m–3)3738394036
), ArticleFig(id=1241694390368916050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Economic calculation of blending combustion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
经济性参数掺烧前掺烧25%神混4500掺烧50%神混4500掺烧77%神混4500掺烧11%石炭3500
综合供电煤耗(g·(kW·h)–1)303.74302.80302.65302.86304.97
综合供电成本(元·(kW·h)–1)0.444 40.439 10.438 00.436 30.446 6
供电+环保节省费用合计(亿元·a–1)0.176 30.218 10.270 2–0.089 4
), ArticleFig(id=1241694390469579350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

掺烧经济性计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
经济性参数掺烧前掺烧25%神混4500掺烧50%神混4500掺烧77%神混4500掺烧11%石炭3500
综合供电煤耗(g·(kW·h)–1)303.74302.80302.65302.86304.97
综合供电成本(元·(kW·h)–1)0.444 40.439 10.438 00.436 30.446 6
供电+环保节省费用合计(亿元·a–1)0.176 30.218 10.270 2–0.089 4
), ArticleFig(id=1241694390549271129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Recommended operating parameters for economic coal blending

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值备注
锅炉负荷/(t·h–1)900~930
运行氧量/%3.2控制不低于3.0%
25上层二次风开度/%30
25磨层周界风开度/%60
25下层二次风开度/%30
24磨层周界风开度/%60
24下层二次风开度/%30
23磨层周界风开度/%20停运磨层开度20%
23下层二次风开度/%20
22磨层周界风开度/%60
22下层二次风开度/%30
21磨层周界风开度/%60
21下层二次风开度/%30
一次风量/(t·h–1)245控制在240~250 t/h
), ArticleFig(id=1241694390612185693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503110371693431, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

经济煤掺烧推荐运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值备注
锅炉负荷/(t·h–1)900~930
运行氧量/%3.2控制不低于3.0%
25上层二次风开度/%30
25磨层周界风开度/%60
25下层二次风开度/%30
24磨层周界风开度/%60
24下层二次风开度/%30
23磨层周界风开度/%20停运磨层开度20%
23下层二次风开度/%20
22磨层周界风开度/%60
22下层二次风开度/%30
21磨层周界风开度/%60
21下层二次风开度/%30
一次风量/(t·h–1)245控制在240~250 t/h
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锅炉经济性煤种掺烧技术研究
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张大兴 1 , 屠竞毅 2, 3 , 杨忠灿 2, 3 , 张喜来 2, 3 , 刘家利 2, 3 , 张欢 2, 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(10): 79-85
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(10): 79-85
锅炉经济性煤种掺烧技术研究
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张大兴1 , 屠竞毅2, 3, 杨忠灿2, 3, 张喜来2, 3, 刘家利2, 3, 张欢2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.国能(惠州)热电有限责任公司,广东 惠州 516082
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3.陕西省燃煤电站锅炉环保工程技术研究中心,陕西 西安 710054
  • 张大兴(1978),工程师,主要研究方向为电厂生产管理,

Study on economical coal blending technology for boiler
Daxing ZHANG1 , Jingyi TU2, 3, Zhongcan YANG2, 3, Xilai ZHANG2, 3, Jiali LIU2, 3, Huan ZHANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Guoneng (Huizhou) Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Huizhou 516082, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Coal Fired Boiler Environmental Protection, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306386
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为降低燃料采购成本,某电厂拟掺烧石炭3500和神混4500等低热值的经济性煤种。拟掺烧煤种的煤质特性偏离现燃用煤种,影响了锅炉运行的安全性、经济性和环保性。本文通过煤质化验分析、试验室试验、理论分析计算、现场制粉系统优化试验、经济煤掺烧试验和运行参数优化试验等方法,对锅炉经济性煤种掺烧技术进行了系统性研究。研究结果显示:石炭3500可磨度偏低,磨损特性严重,与制粉系统及锅炉适应性差,且掺烧后机组综合供电成本上升;神混4500燃料特性与电厂主力煤种接近,大比例掺烧时锅炉运行性能良好,机组综合供电成本下降,经济效益显著;电厂可将神混4500确定为长期掺烧的经济性煤种。本研究可为有类似掺烧需求的电厂提供借鉴和参考。

锅炉  /  经济性煤种  /  煤质特性  /  掺烧试验  /  供电成本

In order to reduce the cost of fuel procurement, a power plant plans to burn economical coal with low calorific value, such as carbon 3500 and Shenhun 4500.The quality characteristics of the coal to be blended deviate from the coal currently used, which affects the safety, economy and environmental protection of the boiler operation.Through coal quality analysis, laboratory test, theoretical analysis and calculation, on-site pulverizing system optimization test, economic coal blending test and operation parameter optimization test, the technology of economic coal blending combustion of boiler is studiedsystematically .The research results show that the low grindability and serious wear characteristics of the carbon 3500 lead to its poor adaptability to the pulverizing system and the boiler, and the comprehensive power supply cost of the unit increases after blending combustion.The fuel characteristics of Shenhun 4500 are close to the main coal types of the power plant, the operation performance of large proportion of mixed burning boilers is good, the comprehensive power supply cost of the unit is reduced, and the economic benefits are significant.It is suggested that the power plant can determine Shenhun 4500 as an economic coal for long-term combustion.This study can provide reference for power plants with similar demand for mixed combustion.

boiler  /  economical coal  /  coal quality characteristics  /  mixed burning test  /  power supply cost
张大兴, 屠竞毅, 杨忠灿, 张喜来, 刘家利, 张欢. 锅炉经济性煤种掺烧技术研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 79 -85 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306386
Daxing ZHANG, Jingyi TU, Zhongcan YANG, Xilai ZHANG, Jiali LIU, Huan ZHANG. Study on economical coal blending technology for boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 79 -85 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306386
近年来,随着煤炭市场形势变化,煤价持续保持高位,电厂燃煤采购成本高,经营压力较大。
某电厂2×330 MW机组锅炉是亚临界参数、自然循环、一次中间再热、单炉膛平衡通风、固态排渣、露天布置、全钢构架的Π型汽包炉,锅炉型号为WGZ1100/17.45-3。设计燃用神混煤,煤质数据见表1
实际燃煤结构以神混5000为主,掺烧部分石炭4500、准混4300以控制炉内结渣。为降低燃煤采购运输成本,拓宽燃煤采购范围,增加燃煤采购灵活性,电厂拟燃用部分经济煤种。由于拟燃用煤种的煤质特性偏离设计煤,与现燃用煤种偏差亦较大,实际燃用后锅炉运行状态可能会发生较大变化。大量电厂的实际经验表明,在改变入炉煤种后,锅炉运行可能会出现各种各样的问题,如负荷受限[1]、结渣沾污加重[2-3]、飞灰含碳量偏高[4]、排烟温度升高[5]、汽温偏低[6]、壁温超限[7]、NOx生成量偏高[8]等,锅炉运行的安全性、经济性、环保性面临较大挑战。
本文通过实验室试验、理论分析计算、制粉系统优化试验、经济煤掺烧试验和运行参数优化试验等方法,对锅炉掺烧经济性煤种技术进行了研究,研究成果可以为有类似掺烧需求的电厂提供借鉴和参考。
锅炉实际燃用主力煤神混5000及拟掺烧煤种神混4500和石炭3500的煤质数据见表2。由表2可见,神混4500水分、挥发分、硫分、灰熔点均与神混5000相当,灰分偏高,热值偏低,燃烧特性应与主力煤相似。从灰熔点看,神混4500属易结渣煤种,大比例掺烧时相同负荷下入炉煤量增加,灰渣量增大,炉内结渣可能会增加。石炭3500水分低,灰分大,热值显著下降,可磨度明显偏低,灰熔点高。掺烧时可不必考虑结渣问题,但需注意磨煤机出力下降、入炉煤量显著增大、高负荷无备用磨等不利影响。
为考察经济性煤种与锅炉各系统的适应性,本节对各煤种的燃烧特性进行研究。
将煤粉细度R90控制在18%~20%,在一维火焰炉上进行神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500的燃尽和结渣试验,在着火炉上进行煤粉气流着火试验,测试3种煤的着火温度、燃尽率和结渣指数,其结果如图1图3所示。
根据《煤粉气流着火温度的测定方法》(DL/T 1466—2015)[9]和《煤粉燃烧结渣特性和燃尽率一维火焰炉测试方法》(DL/T 1106—2009)[10],神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500的着火、燃尽、结渣等级见表3
根据《电站磨煤机及制粉系统选型导则》(DL/T 466—2017)[11],煤粉的爆炸性按爆炸性指数Kd进行分类,其是考虑燃料活性及燃料惰性综合影响的结果。经计算,神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500的爆炸性指数Kd值分别为2.6、2.1和1.2。根据判别标准,神混5000和神混4500都属于较易爆炸煤种,神混4500爆炸倾向低于神混5000;石炭3500为中等爆炸煤种。
利用原煤流动性指标表面水分Mf可以对各煤种的流动性进行判别[12]Mf计算公式为:
Mf=100×(MtMad)/(100Mad)
Mf对原煤流动性的判别标准为:
Mf8%8%Mf12%Mf12%
经计算,神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500的表面水分分别为9.3%、10.3%和3.6%。神混5000和神混4500煤表面水分为8.0%~12.0%,单烧可能出现原煤仓落煤管堵塞,神混4500煤表面水分相对更大,单烧堵塞落煤管的几率更高。
利用沾污指数f可以对各煤种的沾污特性进行对比分析[13]f的计算公式为:
f=B/A×wNa2O
式中:B/A为碱酸比。
f对煤灰沾污性的判别标准为:
f0.20.2f0.50.5f1.0f1.0
经计算,神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500的沾污指数分别为0.56、0.55和0.03。依判别标准,神混5000和神混4500属易沾污煤,且沾污指数相近,石炭3500属轻微沾污煤种。
利用磨损指数Hm对各煤种飞灰的磨损特性进行对比分析[14]Hm计算公式为:
Hm=Aar×(wSiO2+1.35wAl2O3+0.8wFe2O3)/100
Hm对煤灰磨损性的判别标准为:
Hm1010Hm20Hm20
经计算,神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500煤灰的磨损指数分别为7.1、10.9和42.9,依判别标准,神混5000属轻微磨损煤种,神混4500属中等磨损煤种,石炭3500属严重磨损煤种。
一般而言,对于大型电站锅炉来说,煤中硫分大于1.0%~1.5%时就需注意采取水冷壁防腐蚀措施,尤其是在低氮燃烧条件下。本项目掺烧的神混4500和石炭3500煤硫分均低于1.0%,腐蚀倾向应较低。
对于空预器来说,还应注意低温腐蚀和堵灰。随着硫分升高,酸露点会升高,容易引起低温腐蚀。这里利用下述公式对各煤样的酸露点进行对比分析[15]
tld=tsl+βSar,zs31.05afhAar,zs
式中:tldtsl分别为烟气露点和水露点温度,℃;Sar,zsAar,zs分别为煤的收到基折算硫分和灰分,%;αfh为飞灰占燃料灰分的份额,对煤粉炉,取0.85;β为考虑炉内过量空气系数影响的系数,当炉膛出口过量空气系数为1.20~1.25时,取121。
经计算,神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500的酸露点分别为91.5 ℃、90.8 ℃和75.0 ℃,均处于较低水平,掺烧神混4500和石炭3500空预器低温腐蚀倾向较轻。
从前述神混5000、神混4500和石炭3500煤质特性和锅炉设备情况来看,影响神混4500大比例掺烧的主要因素有2方面:1)表面水分较高,单独入磨煤机可能导致落煤管堵煤;2)结渣严重。影响石炭3500大比例掺烧的主要因素为可磨度较低,单独入磨煤机可能导致磨煤机出力下降、石子煤量增大,另外石炭3500磨损指数高,长期燃用可能造成炉内对流受热面严重磨损。
神混4500严重结渣、较易爆炸、易沾污3种特性与电厂原主力煤种神混5000比较接近。鉴于电厂在燃用神混煤时同时还掺烧了部分高灰熔点煤以控制炉内结渣,在防爆方面也具有丰富的经验,因此掺烧神混4500时可不必过多关注结渣、沾污、爆炸问题。
在经济煤种实炉掺烧试验之前,对制粉系统运行参数进行了优化调整,排除一次风速不均、煤粉细度偏大对锅炉运行的不利影响。
在磨煤机稳定风量下,对各磨煤机出口粉管风速偏差进行了测量,结果如图4所示。由图4可见,各磨煤机出口粉管间风速偏差均超过了±5%。一次风速偏差过大会导致炉内流场混乱,风速较大的燃烧器一般携粉量较大,因此热负荷也较高,形成局部高温区,加剧燃烧器区域结渣,且一次风管磨损严重;风速较小的燃烧器一次风流速较低,燃用高挥发分煤种喷口容易结焦和烧损,且一次风管容易积粉堵塞。在燃用易结渣煤种时,调平一次风速对控制炉膛结渣至关重要。
通过调整可调缩孔,将各磨出口粉管风速偏差均控制在±5%之内,满足《电站磨煤机及制粉系统性能试验》(DL/T 467—2019)[16]规程要求,调平后各磨出口粉管风速偏差如图5所示。
一般而言,较粗的煤粉不但会导致灰渣可燃物偏高,降低燃烧效率,而且还将显著加剧炉内结渣倾向。在掺烧经济煤前,对各台磨煤机煤粉进行了摸底取样,化验煤粉细度R200R90,结果如图6所示。在常用煤种下,各磨煤粉细度R90基本都在15%~20%,均匀性指数n也都在1.0以上;4号磨煤机煤粉较细,从实际燃烧效果看,并未加剧燃烧器喷口结渣,煤粉细度总体满足燃烧需要。
掺烧试验采用分磨掺烧模式,分别进行了掺1台磨煤机/神混4500、掺2台磨煤机/神混4500、掺3台磨煤机/神混4500和掺1台磨煤机/石炭3500的锅炉性能测试,并与不掺经济煤时进行对比。
掺烧神混4500时,给煤机出现了断煤现象,这与原煤流动性分析结果相吻合。通过及时振打原煤仓,下煤恢复正常,短暂断煤未对锅炉正常运行产生影响。后期电厂可通过原煤仓防堵改造解决堵塞问题。在掺烧神混4500时对磨煤机煤粉细度进行了校核,各磨煤粉细度仍在合格水平,显示制粉系统习惯运行参数与磨制神混4500煤是基本匹配的。
掺烧石炭3500时,在磨制石炭3500的磨煤机出力下降的情况下磨煤机电流反而升高,石子煤排放频次从2 h以上缩短至10 min左右,变化情况如图7所示。在磨煤机出力下降55%的情况下,排放频次仍在30 min左右。掺烧石炭3500需要起5台磨煤机运行才能满足机组正常带负荷要求,无备用磨煤机导致制粉系统运行经济性、灵活性及安全性较差,长期看,还会导致对流受热面严重磨损。
掺烧不同比例经济煤种锅炉运行主要运行性能参数见表4
表4可见:掺烧神混4500后锅炉效率均高于掺烧前,随掺烧比例上升,锅炉效率有下降趋势;掺烧少量石炭3500后锅炉效率略微降低。汽水侧,在掺烧试验范围内,锅炉主、再热汽温都能达到设计值,过热器减温水量和再热器减温水量均没有明显增加,没有受热面管壁超温现象。环保排放方面,掺烧神混4500后NOx生成浓度变化不大;掺烧石炭3500后NOx生成浓度明显升高,这与运行5台磨煤机、还原区距离减小有一定关系。SO2和烟尘浓度主要受燃料中硫含量及灰分影响,掺烧试验中二者均在正常范围波动。
掺烧试验中,炉膛温度测试结果如图8所示。由图8可见,掺烧热值相对较低的神混4500和石炭3500后,炉膛整体温度及峰值温度均下降,燃烧器区降低幅度更明显。神华煤结渣性强,炉温降低对减轻炉膛结渣是有利的。另外,屏底烟温都在1 000 ℃左右,低于神华煤灰熔点,屏上结渣较轻。
综合考虑锅炉效率、煤炭价格、环保排放成本等因素的共同影响,神混4500和石炭3500掺烧的经济性对比结果见表5。计算中石炭3500、神混4500、神混5000的原煤到厂价分别取800、928、 1 051元/t。掺烧神混4500后,综合供电煤耗相比掺烧前均有不同程度下降,综合供电成本随神混4500掺烧比例的提高而逐渐降低。掺烧石炭3500煤后,综合供电煤耗及综合供电成本相比掺烧前上升。按全厂年上网电量34亿kW·h计算,掺烧25%神混4500、50%神混4500、77%神混4500相比掺烧前供电+环保综合节省费用分别为1 763、2 181、2 702万元,掺烧11%石炭3500相比掺烧前供电+环保综合费用上升894万元。可见,掺烧神混4500可以明显降低电厂生产成本,掺烧石炭3500则会进一步抬高电厂生产成本。
在掺烧神混4500期间,对锅炉运行氧量、配风方式、一次风速、周界风开度等进行了优化调整,使之与长期掺烧神混4500相匹配,优化结果见表6
1)本文通过煤质化验分析、试验室试验、理论分析计算、现场制粉系统优化试验、经济煤掺烧试验和运行参数优化试验等方法,对某电厂锅炉经济性煤种掺烧技术进行了全流程、系统性研究。
2)石炭3500与制粉系统适应性较差,掺烧后机组综合供电煤耗上升,从安全、经济、环保各角度看均不适宜掺烧。神混4500与锅炉各系统适应性更佳,且掺烧后机组综合供电煤耗下降,在掺烧77%比例神混4500时,供电及环保成本可比目前节省约2 700万元。电厂可将神混4500作为主力经济煤种燃用。
3)通过本次经济煤掺烧技术研究,可以为电厂积累低热值煤掺烧经验,为适应更严峻的煤炭市场形势打下基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1910000)
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Performance test for pulverizers and pulverizing systems of power station: DL/T 467—2019[S]. Bei Jing: China Electric Power Press, 2019: 20.
2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306386
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期:2023-06-22
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2020YFC1910000)
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1910000)
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    1.国能(惠州)热电有限责任公司,广东 惠州 516082
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    3.陕西省燃煤电站锅炉环保工程技术研究中心,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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