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The blockage and burst failure of steam tubes caused by exfoliated oxide scales is the major risk faced by supercritical boiler in thermal power generations. With the development of advanced ultra-supercritical thermal power technology, especially, more severe oxidation scale problems will carry over into the higher steam parameters thermal power plants. High temperature coating technology shows a new research methods and approaches in solving exfoliated oxide scale problems. It can not only satisfy the performance requirements of heat resistant steel to high temperature steam oxidation resistant in harsh service environment, but also release the temperature limit of currently used heat-resistant steels due to its inadequate oxidation resistance, which has great application potential in the energy sector. The R&D plans of steam oxidation resistant coatings for steam flow parts of ultra-supercritical thermal power units in the EU, the United States and China are briefly described. The current research progress in preparation and service performance of these coatings is emphatically introduced. The basic research and engineering application issues restricting the large-scale application of aluminide coatings in thermal power units are proposed. And the application prospect of high temperature aluminide coating technology for complex heat-resistant steel tubes of ultra-supercritical power plant boiler is prospected.

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长期以来,火电机组蒸汽侧的氧化皮问题是导致锅炉堵管、爆管等事故的主要安全隐患,尤其是随着先进超超临界火电技术的发展,更高蒸汽参数下火电机组面临的氧化皮问题将更加严峻。高温涂层技术为解决这一问题开辟了新的方法和思路,不仅能够满足苛刻服役环境下耐热钢对抗高温蒸汽氧化性能的需求,还可释放耐热钢因抗氧化不足而降档使用的温限,在能源系统领域中具有巨大的应用潜能。简述了欧盟、美国及国内的多个超(超)临界火电机组通流部件抗蒸汽氧化涂层技术的研发计划,重点综述了当前抗蒸汽氧化涂层设计策略及使役性能研究进展,提出了制约铝化物涂层在火电机组规模化应用的基础研究和工程应用问题,展望了高温铝化物涂层技术服役于超超临界电站锅炉复杂材质耐热钢管的应用前景。

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label=Tab.1, caption=

Advanced ultra-supercritical boiler materials R&D division

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研发任务主要内容牵头单位与组织
任务1概念设计与经济性分析EPRI
任务2先进合金的力学性能ORNL
任务3高温蒸汽氧化行为研究Babcock & Wilcox
任务4烟气腐蚀行为研究Foster Wheeler
任务5焊接性能Alstom
任务6部件可制造性研究Alstom
任务7高温涂层技术Alstom
任务8设计准则与数据库Alstom
任务9项目集成与管理EPRI
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391505580891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111340581660, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

美国先进超超临界锅炉材料研发联盟及分工

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研发任务主要内容牵头单位与组织
任务1概念设计与经济性分析EPRI
任务2先进合金的力学性能ORNL
任务3高温蒸汽氧化行为研究Babcock & Wilcox
任务4烟气腐蚀行为研究Foster Wheeler
任务5焊接性能Alstom
任务6部件可制造性研究Alstom
任务7高温涂层技术Alstom
任务8设计准则与数据库Alstom
任务9项目集成与管理EPRI
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火电机组通流部件抗蒸汽氧化涂层技术发展与展望
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鲁金涛 , 黄锦阳 , 杨珍 , 袁勇
热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023,52(10): 13-24
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热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023, 52(10): 13-24
火电机组通流部件抗蒸汽氧化涂层技术发展与展望
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鲁金涛 , 黄锦阳, 杨珍, 袁勇
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司清洁低碳热力发电系统集成及运维国家工程研究中心,陕西 西安 710054
  • 鲁金涛(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为电站高温材料,

Progress in the development of high temperature coatings for protection of power generation steam components
Jintao LU , Jinyang HUANG, Zhen YANG, Yong YUAN
Affiliations
  • National Engineering Research Center of Integration and Maintenance of Clean and Low-carbon Thermal Power Generation System, Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306351
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长期以来,火电机组蒸汽侧的氧化皮问题是导致锅炉堵管、爆管等事故的主要安全隐患,尤其是随着先进超超临界火电技术的发展,更高蒸汽参数下火电机组面临的氧化皮问题将更加严峻。高温涂层技术为解决这一问题开辟了新的方法和思路,不仅能够满足苛刻服役环境下耐热钢对抗高温蒸汽氧化性能的需求,还可释放耐热钢因抗氧化不足而降档使用的温限,在能源系统领域中具有巨大的应用潜能。简述了欧盟、美国及国内的多个超(超)临界火电机组通流部件抗蒸汽氧化涂层技术的研发计划,重点综述了当前抗蒸汽氧化涂层设计策略及使役性能研究进展,提出了制约铝化物涂层在火电机组规模化应用的基础研究和工程应用问题,展望了高温铝化物涂层技术服役于超超临界电站锅炉复杂材质耐热钢管的应用前景。

超超临界  /  高温涂层  /  锅炉管  /  蒸汽氧化  /  铝化物涂层

The blockage and burst failure of steam tubes caused by exfoliated oxide scales is the major risk faced by supercritical boiler in thermal power generations. With the development of advanced ultra-supercritical thermal power technology, especially, more severe oxidation scale problems will carry over into the higher steam parameters thermal power plants. High temperature coating technology shows a new research methods and approaches in solving exfoliated oxide scale problems. It can not only satisfy the performance requirements of heat resistant steel to high temperature steam oxidation resistant in harsh service environment, but also release the temperature limit of currently used heat-resistant steels due to its inadequate oxidation resistance, which has great application potential in the energy sector. The R&D plans of steam oxidation resistant coatings for steam flow parts of ultra-supercritical thermal power units in the EU, the United States and China are briefly described. The current research progress in preparation and service performance of these coatings is emphatically introduced. The basic research and engineering application issues restricting the large-scale application of aluminide coatings in thermal power units are proposed. And the application prospect of high temperature aluminide coating technology for complex heat-resistant steel tubes of ultra-supercritical power plant boiler is prospected.

ultra-supercritical  /  high temperature coating  /  boiler tubes  /  steam oxidation  /  aluminide coating
鲁金涛, 黄锦阳, 杨珍, 袁勇. 火电机组通流部件抗蒸汽氧化涂层技术发展与展望. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306351
Jintao LU, Jinyang HUANG, Zhen YANG, Yong YUAN. Progress in the development of high temperature coatings for protection of power generation steam components[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306351
作为长期困扰火电机组安全运行的共性问题,火电机组蒸汽侧氧化皮导致的堵管、爆管事故已占机组非计划停机(非停)次数的60%以上[1],切实减少由此造成的机组非停是确保我国现阶段火电机组安全的直接途径。研究表明[2],一台超超临界600 MW锅炉受热面蒸汽管道内剥落的氧化皮数以吨计,这些氧化皮不仅会堵塞过、再热器从而引发爆管事故,也会被高流速蒸汽携带出锅炉损伤汽轮机叶片。随着630~700 ℃先进超超临界(advanced ultra-supercritical,A-USC)火电技术的发展[3],更高蒸汽参数下的氧化皮问题将日益严峻。
高温涂层技术在解决火电机组氧化皮问题、释放耐热钢因抗氧化不足而降档使用的温限等方面具有明显的优势[4-6],已成为现役及未来高参数机组材料研发的重要议题。目前,高温涂层因生长保护性的氧化膜(Al2O3、Cr2O3、SiO2等)而被广泛应用于航空、航天等领域[7],与这些工业中短时、高温、高应力服役环境不同,超超临界火电机组部件选材具有材质复杂(低合金钢、9%Cr马氏体钢、18%~25%Cr奥氏体钢、高温合金)、服役温度相对较低(600~700 ℃)、长时(>200 000 h)、低应力(<10%Rp0.2)、饱和干蒸汽(USC)的特点[8],考虑到高温涂层本征脆性、与锅炉部件不同材质间扩散退化等问题,其在火电机组服役仍处于评估阶段。
现役高参数火电机组生成和传输蒸汽的部件主要使用低合金钢、铁素体-马氏体耐热钢、奥氏体耐热钢以及少量高温合金[9],火电机组典型选材的抗蒸汽氧化能力如图1所示[10-24]。从合金成分设计的角度看,合金中Cr含量是其抗蒸汽氧化能力的核心指标。
18%Cr系奥氏体钢的热强度高(650 ℃时Super304H钢持久强度约为117 MPa)、经济性好,但抗氧化性能不足限制其仅能应用不高于620 ℃。细化晶粒、内壁喷丸及高Cr合金化等技术虽然能够使奥氏体钢快速生长出抗氧化所需的Cr2O3膜,但Cr2O3在高于600 ℃蒸汽中的稳定性较差[25-26],在加氧处理的机组中挥发性产物造成的氧化膜疏松问题会更加严重。随着服役时间的增加,当生长氧化膜所需的Cr得不到补充时,合金的抗氧化性能也会急剧下降。25%Cr系奥氏体钢虽然抗氧化/腐蚀性能优异,但较差的组织稳定性降低了合金的高温持久强度。马氏体耐热钢在高温区服役也面临同样问题,9%Cr系马氏体耐热钢在650 ℃、常压纯水蒸气中热暴露1 000 h后表面氧化皮的厚度可达200 μm,外层为疏松多孔的Fe3O4层极易脱落,这大大降低了600 ℃超超临界火电机组安全运行的可靠性,同时也将限制马氏体耐热钢P91/92在更高蒸汽参数下的应用,已经大批量使用的马氏体耐热钢T/P92的使用温度上限不高于620 ℃,超过这一温度T/P92将面临抗蒸汽氧化性能不足的问题。新型耐热钢G115[27]、Sanicro25[28]等在650 ℃温度下的持久强度显著提高,但抗蒸汽氧化性能尚待服役验证。鉴于部分现役耐热钢在620~650 ℃仍具有较高的持久强度,在充分挖掘现有耐热钢潜力的基础上提升马氏体、奥氏体耐热钢使用温度上限是低成本建设超620 ℃等级超超临界火电机组的可行路径。
针对火电机组管道氧化皮剥落、堆积造成爆管的问题,多数研究集中在比较和总结运行机组所用材料蒸汽氧化皮的多维结构、生长规律与剥落特征[29-30],各种运行条件(如温度、溶解氧、冷却速率、运行时间等)对氧化程度[31-32]、结构形态和剥落时机的影响[33-34],以期从大量运行机组存在的氧化皮现象和事故特征出发揭示其共性规律而加以防治。目前,国内外普遍采用内壁喷丸加特殊热处理和晶粒超细化等处理技术缓解高温蒸汽氧化问题[35-36],但这些技术的作用效果随服役温度升高或时间延长会明显降低,难以从根本上解决氧化皮剥落的问题。
因此,研发针对通流部件的表面防护技术以提高其抗氧化/腐蚀性,不仅是解决氧化皮疏松引发的剥落、堵管、爆管及由腐蚀引发的管材减薄等安全隐患、降低氧化皮监测和清洗等费用的有效手段。无论是从机组安全运行的角度,还是止损、节材的效益出发,都具有极其重要的意义。
针对超超临界和先进超超临界机组的研发,欧洲科学技术合作组织(European Cooperation in Science and Technology)最先提出了火电机组通流部件用抗蒸汽氧化涂层研发计划。欧盟在能源计划ENERGY(1998—2002)框架下资助了SUPERCOAT(coatings for supercritical steam cycles)研发项目[37],目的在于除开发新合金材料外,通过高温涂层技术解决火电机组高温部件在更高蒸汽温度和压力下的氧化问题。来自5个欧盟国家的8个研究团队分工参与了包括氧化皮剥落机理、涂层制备、氧化测试、性能表征、寿命模型、等比例涂层部件制备与实炉验证等工作,具体如图2所示[37]。该研发项目获得了一系列基础研究成果,包括优选了抗蒸汽氧化涂层材料体系、进行了实验室氧化试验测试并获得了可用性结论、明确了涂层的保护和退化机制、以及证明了对大尺寸部件的适用性等。
在另一项由德国联邦经济劳动部(German Ministry of Economic Affairs)资助的650 ℃机组研发计划KOMET 650(1999—2007)中[38-39],由Babcock和Alstom等资助的联合研发团队在Westfalen电厂的独立蒸汽旁路上验证了涂层部件的综合服役性能。根据SUPERCOAT项目计划,在核心研发阶段结束后的4年内,将进一步优化现场测试和降低成本,以便形成适用于大型蒸汽发电厂成熟的商业涂层体系。但是,随着欧盟火电机组比例的压缩及能源结构调整,该计划的商业化并未实现。
美国没有进行独立的火电机组通流部件用抗氧化涂层研发计划,而是由美国能源部(DOE)联合俄亥俄州煤炭开发办公室(Ohio Coal Develop-ment Office)、美国电科院(EPRI)、Alstom、Babcock & Wilcox、Foster Wheeler和橡树岭国家实验室(ORNL)等组建联盟共同开展了题为“Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Coal Power Plants”(DE-FG26-01NT41175)的研发计划[40],目的是开发能够在760 ℃(1 400 °F)、35 MPa(5 000 psi)蒸汽下运行的超临界电厂锅炉材料。该联盟主要任务及分工见表1[40]
其中,任务7主要开展蒸汽部件用抗氧化涂层研制,任务3和任务4涉及涂层部件环境腐蚀测试与评估。由Babcock & Wilcox和Foster Wheeler主导的高温蒸汽氧化和烟气腐蚀任务组测试了包括热喷涂50Ni/50Cr涂层、渗Cr涂层、Cr-Si涂层、Cr-Al涂层等多种可工业化制备的抗氧化涂层体系的耐蚀性能,部分合金及涂层材料在真实锅炉上进行了探枪现场试验[41-42],具体如图3所示。该研发任务确认了可用于保护蒸汽部件的低成本涂层制造技术,提供了用于实验室和现场试验所需的腐蚀和氧化测试的涂层样品。
在国内,针对性地开展火电机组通流部件用抗氧化涂层研发计划比较晚。中国华能集团有限公司西安热工研究院有限公司自2015年实施了面向高参数火电机组过/再热器、大管道、高温集箱、高压气缸、高温阀门等蒸汽部件的高温涂层研发与应用计划,具体如图4所示。
基于国内外现有研究成果,项目团队从锅炉管内壁抗蒸汽氧化涂层材料设计与组织结构控制、制备工艺与配套装置和质量评价与服役寿命预测3方面入手,开发了适用于超(超)临界电站锅炉的大长径比锅炉管内壁高温涂层制备技术。在传统铝化物涂层技术的基础上进一步优化设计了涂层阻扩散性能,形成了一系列匹配部件制造技术的涂层制备工艺[43]。目前,适用于小口径锅炉管内壁抗氧化涂层技术已在开展综合服役性能评估与实炉验证任务。实炉服役后涂层仍保持双层结构,与Super304H母材管与喷丸管相比,涂层管有效提高了管材抗蒸汽氧化能力,内壁氧化膜更薄,生长速率更慢;施加涂层显著提高了管道内表面硬度,对管道服役后的高温力学性能及母材组织无显著影响,且施加涂层不影响焊缝组织稳定性[44]。总体而言,虽然国内相关研究起步晚,但是涂层研发涵盖的部件范围更广泛,涂层制备工艺策略更符合工业化制造流程,依托国内庞大的火电机组规模,更易于开展实炉验证试验和规模化工业应用。
火电机组高温部件主要使用耐热钢材质,虽然富Cr涂层能够生长Cr2O3或富Cr尖晶石氧化物,在一定程度上提高合金的抗蒸汽氧化能力,但是,更高的制备成本以及高温蒸汽中挥发产物问题将限制其应用。因此,富Cr涂层更多被考虑在换热器管外壁使用,用于减缓锅炉烟气侧积灰、硫化和碱金属等腐蚀[45]。相比而言,Fe-Al系的铝化物涂层具有更低的成本和更好的抗蒸汽氧化能力,且基于高温热扩散工艺的铝化物涂层制备技术比较成熟,如粉末包埋法、气氛渗铝或料浆渗铝[46]
基于研究共识,在锅炉管耐热钢表面制备铝化物涂层不存在原理上的障碍[47]。但是,能够克服涂层-基体成分梯度、最大程度降低涂层脆性、满足全寿命周期抗氧化需求且能低成本制备是其能否服役于火电机组的关键。受制于火电机组锅炉管合金组织与强度的严苛限制(服役温度下105 h,持久强度>100 MPa)[8],低温铝化物涂层制备技术因减少额外的高温加热对合金组织和性能的不利影响而更受关注。如以欧洲的SUPERCOAT为代表的研究项目主要采取了低温渗铝的方法,该项目一系列的研究结果表明[48-50],提高温度虽然可加快渗层生长,但同时会改变基体组织而恶化其力学性能,因而不适于对锅炉耐热钢进行高温渗铝。但多项研究表明低温渗铝层比较脆,涂层与基体热膨胀系数的差异导致了制备的涂层内会存在大量贯穿性裂纹,渗层主要由力学性能较差的η-Fe2Al5组成,强度低脆性高(抗压强度240 MPa,断裂韧性KIC=2.3 MPa·m1/2[51]。渗层与基体的热匹配性不良,受拉应力(η-Fe2Al5的热膨胀系数>20×10–6/℃,高于铁素体约11×10–6/℃和奥氏体钢约18×10–6/℃)作用[52],而具有良好服役表现的FeAl、FeCrAl等涂层结构在低温粉末包埋工艺下难以获得,具体如图5所示。
表面纳米化处理带动了低温制备铝化物涂层技术进展,纳米化增加了亚表层晶界数量和界面能,提高了渗镀过程中的涂层生长速率[53],研究表明600 ℃时渗层物相特征也会得到显著优化,这一研究结果为解决耐热钢低温渗铝效率低下的问题提供了方案,但如何在大长径比锅炉管内壁稳定的实施尚待工程验证。国内也有针对化工、石化管道的粉末渗铝技术[46],通常需保温数十个小时(相当于热处理),过长时间的高温加热对合金基体组织的改变限制了其在电力行业的推广应用。早期的国家电力工业部曾资助热浸渗铝技术在马头电厂示范应用[54],该技术在锅炉管内外壁形成了以纯Al、Fe2Al5为主相的合金化层。但是,热浸渗铝表面质量差、且难以满足锅炉管长度要求,未能得到推广。针对锅炉管仅内壁有抗蒸汽氧化需求的特点,西安热工研究院有限公司开发了锅炉管内壁料浆法涂层制备技术,通过匹配锅炉管固溶热处理制度,仅在锅炉管内壁制备了无损伤母材力学性能的Fe-Al(Si)涂层[55],建立了涂层结构控制的预测模型。
高温涂层技术在机组全寿命周期中的综合服役性能是安全运行的决定性因素。多项研究表明[56-59],在超临界蒸汽环境中,铝化物涂层氧化速率极低,因蒸汽氧化造成的铝源损失几乎可以忽略。与Ni-Al涂层在较低温度下生长亚稳态的γ(θ)-Al2O3不同,Fe-Al涂层在650 ℃、饱和蒸汽环境中可生长稳态的α-Al2O3[60],具有相对更好的保护性,具体如图6所示;与耐热钢母材相比,650 ℃饱和蒸汽环境下的氧化速率可降低2~3个数量级[59]。另外,虽然Fe-Al系涂层与锅炉管合金(马氏体钢或奥氏体钢)传热系数有差异,鉴于涂层厚度普遍小于管壁厚度的0.2%,涂层传热性能的差异对锅炉整体热效率的影响也可忽略。
相比氧化和传热特性,涂层部件的高温持久寿命受到更广泛的关注,但尚未有一致的结论。从寿命评估的角度讲,相互矛盾的结论来自不同团队的研究结果[61-64]。Bates等人[61]发现在同试验参数下不同厚度的FeAl涂层能使P91钢锅炉管650 ℃持久性能下降了约16%~51%。Dryepondt等人[62]报道了Fe3Al结构的涂层显著提高了P92合金短期内的蠕变速率,认为涂层试样蠕变断裂强度的降低是因为涂层降低了部件的有效载荷面积,这一特征在高应力下更显著,具体如图7所示。Hou等人[64]通过矩阵纳米压痕测试了涂层不同区域的硬度,认为涂层互扩散区强度的降低是涂层样品提前进入蠕变破坏阶段的潜在原因。与之相反,Agüero等人[63]指出与未制备涂层的P92钢相比,铝化物涂层合金的长时持久性能影响可忽略,母材自身在蠕变过程中组织贫化和弱化才是降低材料的高温强度的关键因素。Lu等人[65]对仅内壁涂层的锅炉管持久寿命的研究结果表明,涂层部件的高温持久强度与无涂层部件相当,采用外推法计算出的经表面涂层处理后Super304H钢650 ℃/105 h的持久强度约为127 MPa,满足《高压锅炉无缝钢管》(GB/T 5310—2008)对该材料持久性能的要求。综合比较而言,在这些研究中,涂层对母材持久寿命正面或负面的影响未必全部来自涂层本身(成分、物相、厚度、缺陷等),也与制备过程对母材的损伤(额外的高温加热、冷却条件、涂层是否全包裹试样等)和试验方法(过高的应力、短时测量等)有关。因此,立足部件结构特征、排除涂层制备过程对母材的影响、以及更贴合服役工况的测试手段,才是获得涂层部件真实持久寿命的前提。
涂层本征脆性导致的微裂纹也是其使役性能关注的重点,Agüero等人[5]的研究表明,虽然由于Fe-Al金属间化合物相的本征脆性使涂层容易产生微裂纹,但得益于Fe-Al金属间化合物较高的本征强度[66],涂层侧细小而密集的裂纹均止于涂层/基体界面,释放应力的同时并未向基体深处扩展。即便在模拟汽轮机温度波动与高应力下的测试环境中,也未见裂纹向基体扩展[67],且B2结构的Fe-Al相涂层保证了足够的铝来应对涂层与基体间的互扩散。目前,尚无研究表明涂层中的微裂纹会对母材的高温强度有直接影响,但Guo等人[68]的研究指出Fe-Al金属间化合物涂层的微裂纹能在短期内(100 h)提高蒸汽氧化速率,而更长时间下的实验研究表明这些微裂纹在热暴露过程中因氧化而自愈合,裂纹内较薄的Al2O3并未对裂纹扩展起促进作用[69],反而是长时的载荷应力作用会促进铝化物涂层内的裂纹扩展[70]
涂层承受的应力除了来自载荷(自重、蒸汽压力)外,还来自长时的蠕变变形。由于母材与涂层间的应变相容性,金属母材及涂层将同时进行蠕变变形并在此过程中逐渐实现应力的传递。当涂层产生与基体等大的应变变形时,将导致涂层内存在极大的残余应力。论文作者团队研究了单面涂层样品的高温蠕变行为,结果表明,无涂层侧裂纹与距离断口的位置无明显相关性,在整个标距段内均可观察到深入基体内部的大尺寸裂纹;而涂层侧裂纹仅出现在断口附近,且裂纹均终止于涂层-基体的界面,并未向基体深处扩展,试样纵截面背散射像如图8所示。因此,初步认为涂层裂纹并非是单面涂层样品在蠕变过程中导致涂层部件蠕变断裂的根源。另外,长时的应力累积效应显然也会改变涂层内部的元素扩散和涂层-基体互扩散[71],高温环境下载荷应力造成的裂纹扩展与元素扩散行为的耦合模型尚不清楚。
需要强调的是,现阶段以机组选材为目的的工程指标性评估(氧化、传热、寿命、可焊性等)普遍忽视了涂层组织演化规律及失效机理这一背后的核心科学问题。基于研究共识,铝化物涂层在短时、高温环境中的组织退化路径比较清晰。以Ni-Al系涂层为例,即沿着铝浓度梯度从β-NiAl→γ′-Ni3Al→γ-Ni的方向退化[72]。提高温度加快涂层退化速率,如Inconel 713LC基体上的Ni-Al涂层在1 000 ℃热暴露23 h后就已经出现了大量的γ′相,导致涂层的抗氧化性能降低[73]。对于火电机组用Fe-Al系涂层而言,涂层的退化方向显然也是朝着低铝含量的物相进行。但是,相对较低的服役温度会明显降低涂层元素扩散速度,从而延长涂层的抗氧化寿命;此外,涂层在长时、低应力、饱和蒸汽等环境因素协同作用下也呈现了明显的非典型特征,Lu等人[74-75]研究了Super304H(0.1C18Cr9Ni3CuNbN)基体上铝化物涂层组织演化路径[75],具体如图9所示。
结果表明,以β-FeAl为主物相的涂层在650 ℃、10 000 h热暴露后出现β-FeAl+Ni→β-NiAl+α-Fe(ΔG= –83.5 kJ/mol,650 ℃)的演化特征,而这一类的物相转化并未削弱涂层的防护功能,反而因物相转变改善了塑性[76]。当涂层组织由Fe-Al金属间化合物层向Fe-Al-Ni三元合金的平衡态凝固组织转化的时候,涂层-母材互扩散衍生的多种二次析出相将在涂层组织演化过程中充当重要角色。
在超超临界火电机组中,具有最大防护需求的部件主要是传输高温高压蒸汽的小口径锅炉管,使用量大、且设计寿命一般不低于20年。如1 000 MW机组过/再热器锅炉管,其内径20~50 mm、长度8~12 m,管屏弯头数量多且用量达1 000 t以上。如何在满足部件结构特征、选材需求的基础上掌握低成本的涂层制备技术、涂层结构控制的关键因素、服役演化规律和工程服役寿命预测方法是目前国内外基础及应用技术研究的焦点。
火电机组抗蒸汽氧化需求背景下,高温涂层的成分、结构控制及多性能平衡的涂层设计与优化的策略和方法尚缺乏实验基础和科学依据。火电机组部件材质复杂,针对不同钢种的涂层设计也应该有所区分。不同材质的部件有完全不同的热加工工艺和热物属性,为保证涂层与基体的匹配性,需要针对性开展涂层设计与制备工艺研究,否则会降低涂层的防护效果。
仅就铝化物涂层而言,涂层在火电机组蒸汽通流部件服役的凸出问题集中在元素互扩散导致的涂层退化[77]。因此,涂层的成分优化与阻扩散结构设计将成为亟待解决的核心问题。在超超临界机组设计选材阶段,涂层部件的综合性能评价指标复杂,部件的传热性能、冷弯、强度、寿命、蒸汽氧化、焊接等性能均有具体要求[78],涂层自身结构及涂层制备过程对母材合金的影响仍需要全面评估;另外,就满足<650 ℃饱和蒸汽氧化需求而言,是否需要航天、石化等领域所需的高质量分数铝(>30%)、大厚度(50~200 μm)的铝化物涂层也有待商榷[79-80],这显然将取决于涂层在全寿命周期内的氧化寿命与组织演化对母材持久寿命的影响程度。
超超临界机组蒸汽通流部件体量大,采用额外的高温热扩散工艺制备涂层显然不具有经济性,而将涂层制备技术嵌入到部件的制造流程中,不仅节约了成本,而且避免对部件母材造成组织和性能的影响。与之相关的工业化嵌入工艺尚缺乏工业试验与评估、规模化制造和加工过程中涂层缺陷控制及对性能影响等问题尚未解决。
以锅炉受热面换热管为例,现有工业标准下的主要制造流程包括:炼钢、铸造、坯料热成形、退火、制管(热穿孔、热挤压等)、热处理(固溶、正火、回火、稳定化热处理等)、酸洗、机加工等[81]。如能将涂层制备过程嵌入到锅炉管的热处理过程中,即在不会改变基体合金的组织与力学性能的同时,同步实现管道内壁涂层制备的目的。为此,需要对传统的无缝钢管制造流程及加工设备进行必要的调整,涉及管内外壁清洗、涂层原料填充或涂覆、气氛保护烧制、矫直和酸洗处理等多个工序。理论上内壁涂层锅炉管可以沿用母材管的生产质量体系,但是,仍需要经过多批次产业化级的工艺优化与固化,形成适用于不同结构、材质涂层部件的制造、检验与验收的标准,以此保障批次生产的质量稳定性。
火电机组工程应用更关注涂层部件指标性的使役表现,但对决定使役性能的涂层组织演化规律及失效机理这一背后的核心科学问题缺乏深入研究。
目前,在低于650 ℃的超临界蒸汽环境中, Fe-Al系涂层在长时热暴露后的全物相组织演化研究尚不全面,由此缓慢组织退化造成的二次相析出、缺陷积累以及是否会进一步造成的涂层部件蠕变断裂失效,也都需要进一步的研究。因此,服役于电站锅炉的铝化物涂层退化研究重点应更多集中在涂层组织演化,特别是涂层-母材的互扩散以及长时间累积的组织缺陷对强度的影响上,如可肯达尔效应带来的孔洞、物相转化引发膨胀畸变进而造成的微裂纹等。在火电机组相对低温、长时、低应力、多腐蚀介质服役环境下,铝化物涂层部件的抗氧化寿命、持久寿命、涂层组织演化模型、蠕变断裂机理缺乏研究。现有部分研究结果虽然支持涂层部件满足《高压锅炉无缝钢管》(GB/T 5310—2008)对该材料持久性能的要求[5,69,72,75],但涂层部件是否在全寿命周期内遵循现有合金材料持久寿命模型、是否会因长时组织演化造成蠕变断裂失效行为的突变,还有待进一步的研究。
目前执行的蒸汽通流部件无损检测方法及标准主要针对材质均匀的合金材料,涂层部件的在役监检方法、标准尚缺失,面向全寿命周期的涂层退化与修复、工程化安全应用标准尚不明确。在真实服役状态下,锅炉管同时受温度波动、气流冲刷、蒸汽氧化、应力(蒸汽压力、自重等)等环境协同作用,导致真实服役状态下性能表现与实验室材料评价结果会有较大的差距,建立实验模拟与真实服役环境下涂层失效的关联模式尤其重要。
锅炉换热器部件焊缝裂纹导致的水汽泄漏事故也是机组安全服役的重大隐患,因铝元素对焊缝组织脆性的潜在影响比较大[82]、不同材质焊材对焊缝铝的质量分数都有明确的限制,涂层中铝元素扩散是否会导致焊缝铝污染及污染程度问题尚无定论;另外,涂层部件的水化学稳定性也应给予关注。《火力发电厂机组大修化学检查导则》中对汽轮机转子、叶片、隔板结垢积盐的沉积物总量有上限规定,铝化物涂层生长的Al2O3膜虽然在高温下具有优异的保护性能,但因Al2O3是同时可溶解于酸和碱的两性氧化物,而锅炉在启停阶段会有短期的碱性锅炉水浸泡工况(PH>9、SO42–/Cl缩聚)发生,铝化物涂层及其氧化膜在炉水浸泡期间的溶解及析出规律还有待进一步研究。
总体而言,铝化物涂层技术能显著降低机组蒸汽通流部件高温氧化速率,是彻底解决氧化皮问题的高性价比技术途径。针对火电机组蒸汽通流部件的服役环境特征,开发能克服现役超超临界电站锅炉奥氏体钢管服役过程中所面临的氧化问题且能进一步提供现役耐热钢材料在更高的蒸汽参数机组(630~700 ℃)上继续使用的铝化物涂层技术已成为电力行业迫切的需求。
虽然国内外多个研究团队已开展了相关研发工作,但仍需要在如下几个方面开展进一步的基础与应用研究。
1)火电机组蒸汽通流部件用高温涂层的成分、结构控制及多性能平衡的涂层设计与优化的策略和方法尚缺乏实验基础和科学依据。
2)涂层组织演化是决定使役表现关键核心问题,亟待开展铝化物涂层在火电机组相对低温、长时、低应力、超超临界蒸汽环境中的全物相组织演化规律及失效机理研究。
3)涂层的抗氧化效果除了与自身成分与结构有关以外,与蒸汽品质、流体因素、锅炉运行等都有直接的关系,而这些因素的影响已经超出了材料本身的特性,全面考虑涂层部件高温蒸汽氧化损失的因素也至关重要。
4)解决涂层部件的“抗氧化寿命”与“持久寿命”问题是工程服役的前提,需要进一步建立全寿命周期内的涂层氧化寿命预测方法和基于强度要求的持久寿命评估模型,“两个寿命”模型应获得足够的测试数据修正,并获得验证。
5)适用于锅炉部件大长径比管道、异形管件、大尺寸汽轮机部件等的涂层产业化制备工艺仍需工程优化并形成制造标准,应加快推进机组蒸汽通流部件用高温涂层技术的制造工艺规范、检验和使用验收标准等工作,为火电机组大规模使用提供安全保障。
6)真实服役状态下的性能表现与实验室材料评价结果会有一定的差距,需要在多种工况下的实炉验证与优化研发下,逐步解决火电机组蒸汽通流部件涂层技术研发、产业化制备和服役过程中所遇到的科学和工程技术问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52271070)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H41; TA-20-TYK03)
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306351
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期:2023-06-11
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(52271070)
国家自然科学基金项目(52271070)
Science and Technology Project of Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H41; TA-20-TYK03)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H41; TA-20-TYK03)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司清洁低碳热力发电系统集成及运维国家工程研究中心,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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