Article(id=1222503116356969405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686844800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397055949, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397055949, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397055949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397055949, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503118105994213, articleId=1222503116356969405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on phased array ultrasonic testing technology of cast aluminum fittings based on flexible array probes, columnId=1222503108685583135, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on material properties of generator set, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The growing complexity observed in the structures of cast aluminum fittings has posed significant challenges to conventional non-destructive testing techniques, rendering them inadequate in fulfilling the requirements for swift on-site inspection of irregularly shaped cast aluminum fittings. Consequently, an ultrasonic testing method based on flexible phased array probes was proposed. Firstly, a dynamic focusing algorithm for flexible phased array ultrasonic probes was introduced, and the basic simulation theory of CIVA multi-technique software platform was analyzed. Then, the dynamic focusing algorithm used to achieve deflection and focusing of ultrasonic beam was verified by simulation with CIVA, and the parameters of the flexible phased array ultrasonic probes were optimized through simulation. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the testing method were verified through the inspection of typical cast aluminum fittings. The results show that phased array ultrasonic testing technology based on flexible array probes can meet the requirements of outgoing quality control and on-site rapid inspection of cast aluminum fittings with irregular shape.

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针对铸铝金具结构的复杂化,传统无损检测技术已不能满足不规则形状铸铝金具现场快速检测的需求,提出一种基于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声检测方法。首先给出用于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声动态聚焦算法,分析CIVA无损仿真平台的基础仿真理论;其次基于CIVA无损仿真平台验证动态聚焦算法实现声束的偏转与聚焦,并通过仿真对柔性相控阵超声探头进行参数优化;最后通过对典型铸铝金具进行检测,验证方法的有效性和可行性。结果表明,对于不规则形状的铸铝金具,基于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声检测可满足其出厂检测和现场在役快速检测的需求。

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何成(1971),男,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统无损检测技术,

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China Measurement & Test, 2021, 47(7): 19-25., articleTitle=CIVA simulation of fillet weld inspection of small diam eter and thin-walled pipe base based on ultrasonic phased array, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241694395787957006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503116356969405, awardId=SGXJDK00DYJS2100102, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Research Institute(SGXJDK00DYJS2100102), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241694395867648785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503116356969405, awardId=SGXJDK00DYJS2100102, language=CN, fundingSource=国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院科学技术项目(SGXJDK00DYJS2100102), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241694383272153384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503116356969405, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241694383276347690, 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articleId=1222503116356969405, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of flexible phased array ultrasonic probe

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探头类型通道数n阵元中心距p/mm阵元隔槽g/mm有效孔径A/mm阵元长度E/mm中心频率/MHz带宽(–6 dB)/%
线阵320.500.0516.005.007.560
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柔性相控阵超声探头参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探头类型通道数n阵元中心距p/mm阵元隔槽g/mm有效孔径A/mm阵元长度E/mm中心频率/MHz带宽(–6 dB)/%
线阵320.500.0516.005.007.560
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基于柔性阵列探头的铸铝金具相控阵超声检测技术研究
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何成 1 , 王宗江 1 , 夏玉秀 2 , 张义凤 2 , 丁杰 2 , 薛峰 2 , 蒋建生 2
热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023,52(10): 53-62
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热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023, 52(10): 53-62
基于柔性阵列探头的铸铝金具相控阵超声检测技术研究
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何成1 , 王宗江1, 夏玉秀2, 张义凤2, 丁杰2, 薛峰2, 蒋建生2
作者信息
  • 1.国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 2.上海材料研究所有限公司上海市工程材料应用与评价重点实验室,上海 200437
  • 何成(1971),男,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统无损检测技术,

Research on phased array ultrasonic testing technology of cast aluminum fittings based on flexible array probes
Cheng HE1 , Zongjiang WANG1, Yuxiu XIA2, Yifeng ZHANG2, Jie DING2, Feng XUE2, Jiansheng JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830000, China
  • 2.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials Application and Evaluation, Shanghai Research Institute of Materials Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200437, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306100
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针对铸铝金具结构的复杂化,传统无损检测技术已不能满足不规则形状铸铝金具现场快速检测的需求,提出一种基于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声检测方法。首先给出用于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声动态聚焦算法,分析CIVA无损仿真平台的基础仿真理论;其次基于CIVA无损仿真平台验证动态聚焦算法实现声束的偏转与聚焦,并通过仿真对柔性相控阵超声探头进行参数优化;最后通过对典型铸铝金具进行检测,验证方法的有效性和可行性。结果表明,对于不规则形状的铸铝金具,基于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声检测可满足其出厂检测和现场在役快速检测的需求。

铸铝金具  /  蜂窝状缺陷  /  相控阵超声  /  柔性阵列探头

The growing complexity observed in the structures of cast aluminum fittings has posed significant challenges to conventional non-destructive testing techniques, rendering them inadequate in fulfilling the requirements for swift on-site inspection of irregularly shaped cast aluminum fittings. Consequently, an ultrasonic testing method based on flexible phased array probes was proposed. Firstly, a dynamic focusing algorithm for flexible phased array ultrasonic probes was introduced, and the basic simulation theory of CIVA multi-technique software platform was analyzed. Then, the dynamic focusing algorithm used to achieve deflection and focusing of ultrasonic beam was verified by simulation with CIVA, and the parameters of the flexible phased array ultrasonic probes were optimized through simulation. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the testing method were verified through the inspection of typical cast aluminum fittings. The results show that phased array ultrasonic testing technology based on flexible array probes can meet the requirements of outgoing quality control and on-site rapid inspection of cast aluminum fittings with irregular shape.

cast aluminum fittings  /  honeycomb defects  /  phased array ultrasound  /  flexible array probes
何成, 王宗江, 夏玉秀, 张义凤, 丁杰, 薛峰, 蒋建生. 基于柔性阵列探头的铸铝金具相控阵超声检测技术研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 53 -62 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306100
Cheng HE, Zongjiang WANG, Yuxiu XIA, Yifeng ZHANG, Jie DING, Feng XUE, Jiansheng JIANG. Research on phased array ultrasonic testing technology of cast aluminum fittings based on flexible array probes[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 53 -62 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306100
电力金具可连接和组合电力系统中的各类装置,起到连接、支撑和保护的作用[1]。铸造铝合金金具在加工制造过程中易产生内部蜂窝状缺陷,进而在使用中造成失效断裂事故。随着金具种类和结构的复杂化,传统超声检测方法与不规则形状的金具耦合效果差,会造成信号衰减及变形,难以准确检出缺陷。相控阵超声检测技术通过控制多阵元的不同发射延时实现声束的动态聚焦与偏转,在同一位置对不同检测区域进行多角度扫描及成像,但常规刚性相控阵超声探头仍面临不规则形状表面所带来的耦合困难问题。
为解决不规则工件表面耦合问题,刚性相控阵超声探头可与定制楔块组合,但无法满足多种类的应用需求;还可与柔性楔块或水囊相结合,向水囊中注入水作为内部耦合剂,通过硅橡胶薄膜实现接触耦合,在复合绝缘子[2]、高压电缆终端铅封[3]等方面均有研究,但声波在多层介质传播产生较多衰减;除刚性相控阵超声探头外,法国原子能委员会(CEA)提出柔性相控阵概念,并经过大量研究和试验研发出一系列柔性相控阵超声探头[4-7]
柔性相控阵超声探头的各个阵元能够贴合不规则形状的表面,可有效避免因表面不规则而引起的声束畸变、弯曲、检测灵敏度下降等现象,但柔性相控阵超声探头仍存在由于阻尼片较薄,探头的频带窄,尤其在检测凹面时,出现旁瓣增加,表面盲区较大的问题[8-9]。目前柔性相控阵超声探头在航空发动机叶片[10]、工业管道焊缝缺陷检测[11-12]、航空复材构件R区检测[13]等方面已有较多应用研究。本文基于柔性相控阵超声探头的柔性贴合优势对铸铝金具疏松等蜂窝状缺陷开展检测研究,通过CIVA仿真平台验证相控阵聚焦法则、检测工艺与探头参数,并在铸铝金具上进行试验验证。
相控阵超声检测采用多个阵元组合,通过控制每个阵元按照聚焦法则进行延时激励,调整激励顺序与延时时间,根据惠更斯原理实现超声波的聚焦、平移及偏转[14-15]。柔性相控阵超声探头通常使用柔性保护膜包裹探头阵元,以适应不规则表面和弯曲部位,实现更好的耦合效果,减少衰减。
采用柔性相控阵超声检测不规则表面金具时,根据复杂曲面的形状将其分为所有阵元都在凹面检测、凹面与凸面均有阵元检测、所有阵元都在凸面检测3种类型[16]
图1为一个具有凹面与凸面的复杂曲面构件,其中O1O2分别为构件凹面和凸面的圆心,凹面半径R1,凸面半径R2。假设将带有n个阵元的柔性相控阵探头放置在工件上,从左到右依次排序1—na为每次激发阵元组开始的阵元序列号,A为起始阵元位置,x为第X个阵元的序列号,e为最后一个扫描阵元的序列号,E为最后1个扫描阵元位置,F为聚焦点位置,α为激励阵元组扫描的偏转角,lBF为聚焦深度,M为每次激励的阵列孔径,d为阵元芯距,G为凹面与凸面的交点位置,gG点左边紧邻阵元的序列号,lFX为各阵元到聚焦点的距离,c为超声纵波在试件中的传播速度,延迟时间计算公式[17]为:
t=max(lFX)lFXc
为获得柔性相控阵超声探头的聚焦法则,只需要计算不同情况下每个阵元辐射声场的传播路径lFX即可。
目前柔性相控阵超声探头在凹面区域①与凸面区域③(图1)的聚焦理论已有较多学者研究,为2种场景的应用提供理论指导[18-20],本文重点分析柔性相控阵超声探头同时分布在凹面与凸面的聚焦理论。
当凹面与凸面均有阵元扫描时(图1区域②),B2为激励阵元组在凹面阵元列的中心位置,B3为激励阵元组在凸面阵元列的中心位置,由于阵元在凹面与凸面检测时,聚焦计算方法不同,所以对不同位置计算方法分别进行讨论。
阵元在凹面上扫描时x≤g,分布在凹面部分的阵元对应的圆心角为δ1,根据弧长公式扫描凹面部分的阵元数为:
z=round(δ1d/R1)
 g=z+a
式中:round为对数值进行四舍五入的函数。
传播路径为:
lF2X2=R12+lO1F222R1·lO1F2·cos|θ2(x2M+12)·d/R1|
阵元在凸面上扫描时g<xe,分布在凸面阵元对应的圆心角为δ2,扫描中凹面部分阵元数为Mz
e=M+a
δ2=(M1)dδ1R1R2
1)聚焦点在凹面和凸面圆心连线O1O2的左侧时,x>g,传播路径为:
lF2X2=R22+lO2F222R2lO2F2cos(φ1)
lO2F2=lO1F22+lO1O222lO1F2lO1O2cos(ε)
lO1O2=R1+R2
ε=δ1γ+θ2
δ1=(ga+1)d/R1
θ2=arcsin(lB2F2sinα2lO1F2)
φ1=arcsin(lO1F2sinεlO2F2)+(x2g+1)d/R2
γ=zd/2R1
2)聚焦点在凹面和凸面圆心连线O1O2的右侧时,x>g,传播路径为:
lF3X2=R22+lO2F322R2lO2F3cos(φ2)
φ2=|θ3(x2a+M+g2)d/R2|
θ3=arcsin(lB3F3sin(α3)lO2F3)
因此,实际检测时获得超声纵波在金具中的传播速度c、激励阵元数目M、阵元中心距d、偏转角α、聚焦深度lBF、凹面半径R1、凹面对应的圆心角σ1、凸面半径R2、凸面对应的圆心角σ2,即可计算各阵元的延时时间,并以此作为聚焦延时法则,通过多通道信号发生器控制各阵元激励信号按照延时聚焦法则进行延时激励,使各阵元发射的声波在聚焦点处进行同相叠加,实现高灵敏度和信噪比的检测效果。
CIVA声场仿真中的声场分布计算基于Pencil法修正的瑞利积分模型,通过对超声探头上每个离散点的声压进行积分计算来确定声场中任意位置的声压值[21]
单个探头时,纵波的速度(标量)势可用瑞利积分表达为[22]
φ(r,t)=Vn(t)TΓn(rT,t|rrT|/c)2π|rrT|dS(rT)
相控阵超声探头时,介质中任一点的速度势:
φ(r,t)=Vn(t)iTiΓi(rTi,tτi|rrT|/c)2π|rrT|dS(rT)
式中:φ(r, t)为传播介质中点rt时刻的速度势;rT为点源在探头表面的位置;V(t)为探头点源在时刻t的振动速度;c为超声波在介质中的声速;rrT为点源到计算点r之间的距离;dS(rT)为探头点源rT的面积。
缺陷响应过程如图2所示,图2a)为超声波从探头发射,入射到缺陷上,图2b)为缺陷和声场相互作用产生散射场,图2c)为超声探头接收缺陷的反射回波并合成最终的接收信号。
发射声束、缺陷散射、接收声束在缺陷点处相互作用,计算如下:
SER(t)=MAR(M)AE(M)[B(M)·eEiφ·eRiφ]S(tTETR)
式中:M为缺陷上离散点;AE(M)为入射声束幅值;AR(M)为接收声束幅值;TE为入射声束的延时时间;TR为接收声束的延迟时间;B(M)为散射系数,其与选用的近似缺陷散射模型相关,而缺陷散射模型应根据不同的缺陷类型选取,如空心体积型缺陷或平面状的裂纹缺陷,多采用基尔霍夫散射模型(Kirchhoff),类似裂纹缺陷的端角衍射波模拟采用几何衍射理论模型(geometrical theory of diffraction,GTD),夹渣等实心体积模型的模拟采用修正波恩近似模型(Born)[23-25];下标E代表入射方向,下标R代表接收方向。
利用柔性相控阵超声探头检测不规则形状铸铝金具时,由于铸铝金具表面曲率发生变化,构件中声束传播特性复杂,使用CIVA仿真平台进一步研究不规则形状铸铝金具内部声场聚焦特性及分布规律。建立带有凹面与凸面的零件三维模型如图3所示,模型中凹面半径为25 mm,凸面半径为75 mm,厚度为50 mm,凹面圆心角为65º,凸面圆心角为40º,材质选用铝合金2024,将其导入CIVA仿真平台进行仿真模拟分析。
以情况最复杂的凹面与凸面相交区域为例进行模拟研究,建立了不同偏转角与聚焦深度的4组对比仿真模型。采用7.5 MHz柔性相控阵纵波超声直探头,其包含32个阵元晶片,探头长16.00 mm,宽5.00 mm,阵元中心距0.50 mm,阵元间隙0.05 mm,单次激发阵元数为8个,初始激发阵元为第1阵元,仿真结果如图4所示。由图4可见,无论是在凹面区域、凹面与凸面结合区域还是在凸面区域,使用柔性相控阵超声探头均能实现声束在复杂曲面铸铝金具中声束的动态偏转与聚焦,验证了在复杂曲面上相控阵聚焦算法的有效性。
图3所示的复杂曲面三维模型中分别在凹面区域、凹面与凸面相交区域、凸面区域3处各预埋一组直径为Φ2 mm,长度为3 mm的横孔缺陷和Φ2 mm×Φ2 mm×Φ1 mm的球形夹渣缺陷,其中,横孔缺陷的法向深度为10 mm,球形夹渣缺陷的法向深度为15 mm,缺陷预埋位置如图5所示。采用2.2.1节中所述的探头参数对缺陷进行仿真扫描,分别采取无延时与0°~45º扇形扫描延时2种延时方式,扫描仿真结果如图6图7所示。图6图7的仿真结果表明,对于不同曲面类型、不同深度与不同类型的缺陷均能够有效检出,进一步证明了柔性相控阵超声探头在复杂曲面金具检测中的可靠性。
Φ2 mm横孔回波为例,分析在3个不同曲面场景,相同法向深度预埋缺陷使用不同延时法则的回波幅值情况,仿真结果如图8所示。图8的仿真结果结果表明:无延时得到的A扫信号凸面检测效果最好,而凹面回波幅值最低,相同灵敏度下2个位置回波幅值相差26%;而使用扇扫延时得到的A扫信号凹面与凹凸面结合面的幅值相等,凸面的幅值最高,与另2个位置的信号幅值相差5%之内,说明应用延时法则可以弥补不同曲率的复杂曲面由于曲率不同、凹凸方式不同所产生的声波衰减。所以,在实际检测复杂曲面金具时,采用一定的延时法则可以弥补由于曲面结构而造成的衰减,更适用于实际检测。
采用图5中凹凸结合区域的一组预埋缺陷进行不同激励阵元数量的模拟研究,采用2.2.1节中所述的探头参数,探头阵元数量为32,分别对发射阵元0°~45°扇扫激励的3、8、12、16个激发阵元进行仿真,结果如图9所示。不同激励阵元数量对同一缺陷的仿真对比结果表明,随着激励阵元数的增加,聚焦能力增强,检出缺陷的形状越接近实际缺陷,但当激励阵元数过大时,聚焦区域变小,并且增加声波传播的复杂性,故认为当激励阵元数为8或12时,可以获得较好的聚焦结果和检测结果。
试验采用多浦乐PHASCAN便携式相控阵检测仪,以及多浦乐柔性相控阵超声探头,探头参数见表1,柔性相控阵超声探头阵元排布及实物如图10所示。
为验证本文提出的基于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声检测方案对铸铝金具缺陷检出能力,以典型的电力铸铝金具线夹进行检测,在线夹上预设人工缺陷,分别加工深度为2 mm和5 mm,直径Φ2 mm平底孔,实物如图11所示,采用柔性相控阵超声探头对不规则检测面进行超声检测(图12)。
使用上述柔性相控阵超声探头对线夹工件的无缺陷位置与预埋缺陷位置分别进行检测,结果如图13图15所示。其中,无缺陷位置A扫描和S扫描图像如图13所示,缺陷位置(深度2 mm,Φ2 mm平底孔)的A扫描和S扫描图像如图14所示,缺陷位置(深度5 mm,Φ 2 mm平底孔)的A扫描和S扫描图像如图15所示。检测结果表明:工件底波清晰可见,工件内部情况直观清楚;预埋缺陷均可有效检出,证明了超声相控阵探头参数符合检测要求,进而验证了基于柔性阵列探头的相控阵超声检测技术可用于检测复杂曲面的铸铝金具内部缺陷。
为进一步验证检测效果,选取1组带有自然缺陷的铸铝金具用柔性相控阵超声探头进行超声检测及工业计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)检测,带有自然缺陷铸铝金具的实物如图16所示。
带自然缺陷铸铝金具1相控阵超声检测结果如图17所示,工业CT检测结果如图18所示。由图18工业CT检测结果可以看出,该金具内部含有长度约为21 mm的蜂窝状缺陷。
带自然缺陷铸铝金具2相控阵超声检测结果如图19所示,工业CT检测结果如图20所示。由图20工业CT检测结果可以看出,检出的最小缺陷长度为2.13 mm,同时也是该组铸铝金具中检出的最小缺陷。
相控阵超声检测缺陷位置与基于X射线的工业CT检测位置十分接近,均可准确检出工件的自然缺陷,进一步验证了相控阵超声检测结果的准确性和可靠性。根据铸铝金具的使用要求不允许存在大于Φ5 mm平底孔当量的缺陷及指示长度大于50 mm的线状缺陷,本组试验最小缺陷达到金具检测要求,并且超声相控阵检测操作简单,图像直观清晰,适用于铸铝金具的出厂检测和现场快速检测。
本文提出采用柔性相控阵超声探头检测不规则形状的铸铝金具,给出相控阵动态聚焦方法,使用CIVA仿真软件对不同曲面类型、不同曲率半径铸铝金具模型进行声场仿真,分析典型缺陷的缺陷响应。仿真结果表明,采取扇扫的发射激励延时能够弥补不同曲面所造成的辐射声波衰减,并进一步对柔性相控阵探头检测工艺进行优化。最后通过对带有人工预埋缺陷及1组带有自然缺陷的铸铝金具进行试验验证,证明所选探头参数可有效检出铸铝金具的蜂窝状缺陷,并使用工业CT检测技术对相控阵超声检测技术的有效性和可行性进行了验证。为进一步提高缺陷的检出率、改善不规则形状铸铝金具的出厂检验及现场快速检测提供了新思路。
  • 国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院科学技术项目(SGXJDK00DYJS2100102)
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306100
  • 接收时间:2023-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-16
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Research Institute(SGXJDK00DYJS2100102)
国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院科学技术项目(SGXJDK00DYJS2100102)
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    1.国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    2.上海材料研究所有限公司上海市工程材料应用与评价重点实验室,上海 200437
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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