Article(id=1222503114687636326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202212289, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1670688000000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397055551, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397055551, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397055551, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397055551, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503115006403451, articleId=1222503114687636326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Condition monitoring model of HRSG based on PCA-SSA-LSTM, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to monitor the condition of the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and to ensure the healthy operation of the HRSG, the three-pressure main steam temperature and pressure prediction model was established by using the data from the healthy operation of HRSG and combining the three methods of principle component analysis (PCA), sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and long short-term memory (LSTM). PCA was used to reduce the input parameters of the model from 22 to 9 dimensions, and taking the reheat steam temperature prediction model as an example, it was concluded that the model with PCA dimensionality reduction reduced the hyperparameter optimization time by 11.3% compared with the model without PCA dimensionality reduction. Compared with the model without SSA, the value of coefficients of determination of these models is significantly improved, mean absolute error and root mean square error are significantly reduced, and the alarm threshold of the main steam temperature HRSG is determined according to the distribution of absolute error. Therefore, the condition monitoring model of HRSG based on PCA-SSA-LSTM has short training time and high prediction accuracy, and the model provides theoretical basis and technical support for fault monitoring and diagnosis of HRSG in gas turbine combined cycle power plants.

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为了实现对余热锅炉的状态监测,保证余热锅炉的健康运行,使用余热锅炉健康运行时的数据并结合主成分分析(PCA)、麻雀搜索算法(SSA)、长短期记忆网络(LSTM)3种方法建立余热锅炉三压力级主蒸汽温度和压力预测模型。使用PCA将模型输入参数从22维降到9维,并以再热蒸汽温度预测模型为例进行分析,发现经PCA降维的模型与未经PCA降维的模型相比缩减了11.3%的超参数寻优时间。使用SSA对LSTM超参数寻优之后分别建立6个主蒸汽温度、压力预测模型,与未使用SSA的模型相比,这些模型的决定系数有了显著的提升,平均绝对误差与均方根误差有了显著的下降。因此基于PCA-SSA-LSTM的余热锅炉状态监测模型训练时间短,预测精度高,同时该模型给燃气轮机联合循环电厂余热锅炉的故障监测与诊断提供了理论依据和技术支持。

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向文国(1964),男,教授,博士生导师,
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国洪立(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为联合循环机组性能分析和故障诊断,

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国洪立(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为联合循环机组性能分析和故障诊断,

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LPEC—低压省煤器;IPEC—中压省煤器;RH—再热器;HPEV—高压蒸发器;LPEV—低压蒸发器;IPEV—中压蒸发器;ATTP—减温器;HPSH—高压过热器;LPSH—低压过热器;IPSH—中压过热器;HPEC—高压省煤器。

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Top 9 Principal Component Information

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主成分特征值贡献率/%累计贡献率/%
19.54343.37643.4
23.21114.59358.0
32.28810.40268.4
41.4666.66275.0
51.0334.69779.7
60.8763.98083.7
70.8033.64987.4
80.5302.41189.8
90.4131.87791.6
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前9个主成分信息

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主成分特征值贡献率/%累计贡献率/%
19.54343.37643.4
23.21114.59358.0
32.28810.40268.4
41.4666.66275.0
51.0334.69779.7
60.8763.98083.7
70.8033.64987.4
80.5302.41189.8
90.4131.87791.6
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Hyperparameter upper and lower limits

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项目LSTM层隐含单元数初始学习率L2正则化系数
上限1503×10–31×10–2
下限51×10–41×10–10
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超参数上下限

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项目LSTM层隐含单元数初始学习率L2正则化系数
上限1503×10–31×10–2
下限51×10–41×10–10
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Hyperparameter optimization results

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项目适应度函数值LSTM层隐含单元数初始学习率L2正则化系数
再热蒸汽温度0.015 8982×10–31.35×10–4
低压主蒸汽温度0.032 3931.7×10–31×10–10
高压主蒸汽温度0.009 3841.7×10–41×10–10
再热蒸汽压力0.022 7279.33×10–41.2×10–3
低压主蒸汽压力0.020 4881.6×10–34.26×10–5
高压主蒸汽压力0.008 41051.9×10–42.7×10–10
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SSA对LSTM超参数寻优结果

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项目适应度函数值LSTM层隐含单元数初始学习率L2正则化系数
再热蒸汽温度0.015 8982×10–31.35×10–4
低压主蒸汽温度0.032 3931.7×10–31×10–10
高压主蒸汽温度0.009 3841.7×10–41×10–10
再热蒸汽压力0.022 7279.33×10–41.2×10–3
低压主蒸汽压力0.020 4881.6×10–34.26×10–5
高压主蒸汽压力0.008 41051.9×10–42.7×10–10
), ArticleFig(id=1241694382957588988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503114687636326, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

HRSG steam output parameter prediction and evaluation index information

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对比模型PCA-BPPCA-LSTMPCA-SSA-LSTM
再热蒸汽温度δRMSE2.1771.7860.516
R20.1700.4410.953
δMAE1.8841.3570.362
低压主蒸汽温度δRMSE2.6331.6860.938
R20.1070.3350.617
δMAE2.1771.8160.688
高压主蒸汽温度δRMSE1.5150.8200.434
R20.5060.8550.959
δMAE1.2430.5810.283
再热蒸汽压力δRMSE35.5777.9716.592
R20.1750.9590.972
δMAE30.0356.1224.743
低压主蒸汽压力δRMSE5.0472.3141.747
R20.6090.9180.954
δMAE3.9291.7781.338
高压主蒸汽压力δRMSE41.3058.8557.004
R20.0030.9200.950
δMAE33.1265.4175.019
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余热锅炉蒸汽输出参数预测评估指标信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比模型PCA-BPPCA-LSTMPCA-SSA-LSTM
再热蒸汽温度δRMSE2.1771.7860.516
R20.1700.4410.953
δMAE1.8841.3570.362
低压主蒸汽温度δRMSE2.6331.6860.938
R20.1070.3350.617
δMAE2.1771.8160.688
高压主蒸汽温度δRMSE1.5150.8200.434
R20.5060.8550.959
δMAE1.2430.5810.283
再热蒸汽压力δRMSE35.5777.9716.592
R20.1750.9590.972
δMAE30.0356.1224.743
低压主蒸汽压力δRMSE5.0472.3141.747
R20.6090.9180.954
δMAE3.9291.7781.338
高压主蒸汽压力δRMSE41.3058.8557.004
R20.0030.9200.950
δMAE33.1265.4175.019
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基于PCA-SSA-LSTM的余热锅炉状态监测模型
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国洪立 1 , 陈时熠 1 , 唐寅 2 , 黄帅 2 , 向文国 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(10): 86-94
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(10): 86-94
基于PCA-SSA-LSTM的余热锅炉状态监测模型
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国洪立1 , 陈时熠1, 唐寅2, 黄帅2, 向文国1
作者信息
  • 1.东南大学能源热转换及过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096
  • 2.华能南京燃机发电有限公司,江苏 南京 210046
  • 国洪立(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为联合循环机组性能分析和故障诊断,

通讯作者:

向文国(1964),男,教授,博士生导师,
Condition monitoring model of HRSG based on PCA-SSA-LSTM
Hongli GUO1 , Shiyi CHEN1, Yin TANG2, Shuai HUANG2, Wenguo XIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
  • 2.Huaneng Nanjing Gas Turbine Power Generation Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210046, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212289
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为了实现对余热锅炉的状态监测,保证余热锅炉的健康运行,使用余热锅炉健康运行时的数据并结合主成分分析(PCA)、麻雀搜索算法(SSA)、长短期记忆网络(LSTM)3种方法建立余热锅炉三压力级主蒸汽温度和压力预测模型。使用PCA将模型输入参数从22维降到9维,并以再热蒸汽温度预测模型为例进行分析,发现经PCA降维的模型与未经PCA降维的模型相比缩减了11.3%的超参数寻优时间。使用SSA对LSTM超参数寻优之后分别建立6个主蒸汽温度、压力预测模型,与未使用SSA的模型相比,这些模型的决定系数有了显著的提升,平均绝对误差与均方根误差有了显著的下降。因此基于PCA-SSA-LSTM的余热锅炉状态监测模型训练时间短,预测精度高,同时该模型给燃气轮机联合循环电厂余热锅炉的故障监测与诊断提供了理论依据和技术支持。

余热锅炉  /  状态监测  /  主成分分析  /  麻雀搜索算法  /  长短期记忆网络

In order to monitor the condition of the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and to ensure the healthy operation of the HRSG, the three-pressure main steam temperature and pressure prediction model was established by using the data from the healthy operation of HRSG and combining the three methods of principle component analysis (PCA), sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and long short-term memory (LSTM). PCA was used to reduce the input parameters of the model from 22 to 9 dimensions, and taking the reheat steam temperature prediction model as an example, it was concluded that the model with PCA dimensionality reduction reduced the hyperparameter optimization time by 11.3% compared with the model without PCA dimensionality reduction. Compared with the model without SSA, the value of coefficients of determination of these models is significantly improved, mean absolute error and root mean square error are significantly reduced, and the alarm threshold of the main steam temperature HRSG is determined according to the distribution of absolute error. Therefore, the condition monitoring model of HRSG based on PCA-SSA-LSTM has short training time and high prediction accuracy, and the model provides theoretical basis and technical support for fault monitoring and diagnosis of HRSG in gas turbine combined cycle power plants.

HRSG  /  condition monitoring  /  PCA  /  SSA  /  LSTM
国洪立, 陈时熠, 唐寅, 黄帅, 向文国. 基于PCA-SSA-LSTM的余热锅炉状态监测模型. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212289
Hongli GUO, Shiyi CHEN, Yin TANG, Shuai HUANG, Wenguo XIANG. Condition monitoring model of HRSG based on PCA-SSA-LSTM[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212289
天然气作为一种清洁、低碳的绿色能源得到大规模使用。按照国家能源局发布的《能源生产和消费革命战略(2016—2030)》[1]的规划,到2030年天然气将占一次能源消费比例的15%。因此,以天然气为主要燃料的燃气-蒸汽联合循环得到愈来愈广泛的使用[2]。余热锅炉是联合循环系统中承上启下的重要热力设备[3]。余热锅炉一旦出现故障,其影响和损失巨大,需要即时监测余热锅炉的运行状态、判断设备是否健康运行,以提高机组的可靠性和可用性[4]
目前对余热锅炉的研究主要集中在余热锅炉性能变化模型的建立[5-8]以及性能优化[3,9-11]上,对余热锅炉的故障监测研究比较少。目前对余热锅炉的故障监测研究方法主要有以可靠性为中心去分析开发余热锅炉的故障树[12-13]、基于物理模型的余热锅炉故障诊断方法[14-15]以及基于数据驱动的故障诊断方法[16-17]。随着大数据和人工智能技术的发展,数据驱动的故障监测技术逐渐成为研究热点。该方法能够很好地对设备运行时的状态参数进行预测,从而通过比较实际运行状况下的参数值与预测值的误差来监测设备是否处于健康运行之下。
基于此,本文采用基于数据驱动的方法建立余热锅炉关键参数预测模型,从而实现对余热锅炉运行状态监测的目的。建模数据采用电厂余热锅炉健康运行时产生的大量数据,通过健康数据对预测模型进行训练,以便揭露出健康运行时余热锅炉输入参数与输出参数之间的映射关系。同时,考虑到余热锅炉参数数据量大、变量个数多、各个变量之间耦合性强、非线性的特点,本文使用主成分分析(principle component analysis,PCA)对模型的输入变量进行预处理,从而去除各个变量之间的相关性,实现数据的降维,在确保预测精度的同时,缩短模型的训练或优化时间。考虑到余热锅炉运行产生的数据是一种时间序列数据,而长短期记忆神经网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)是一种具有时间记忆特性的循环神经网络,能够有效地处理时间序列数据,因此本文使用LSTM作为基础建模方法。在建立LSTM预测模型的时候,需要设置一些超参数,考虑到采用手动的方法设置或者调整这些参数非常费时费力,本文采用麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)来对部分超参数进行寻优,从而找到这些超参数的最优位置,确保模型的预测精度。综上所述,本文融合PCA、LSTM、SSA 3种方法建立出预测精度高、训练时间少的余热锅炉三压力级主蒸汽温度与压力的预测模型,实现对余热锅炉的状态监测。
选用某燃气轮机电厂S109FA联合循环机组的余热锅炉作为研究对象。该余热锅炉为三压再热无补燃型余热锅炉。该锅炉受热面分为高、中、低3个压力级,具体组成如图1所示。3个压力级系统最终产生的蒸汽去向为:低压过热器2产生的低压主蒸汽会与汽轮机中压缸排汽混合进入低压缸做功;中压过热器产生的中压蒸汽与高压缸排汽混合后进入再热器1加热,然后经过再热器减温器调节蒸汽温度进入再热器2,再热器2产出的再热蒸汽进入中压缸做功;高压过热器1产生的蒸汽经高压蒸汽减温器调节温度后进入高压过热器2,高压过热器2产生的高压主蒸汽进入高压缸做功。各个受热面流动介质的热量来源为燃气轮机排气。
由上述蒸汽去向可知,各个压力级产生的蒸汽质量会直接影响汽轮机的做功量。因此,本文将3个压力级最终产生的蒸汽温度与蒸汽压力(低压主蒸汽温度/℃、再热蒸汽温度/℃、高压主蒸汽温度/℃、低压主蒸汽压力/kPa、再热蒸汽压力/kPa、高压主蒸汽压力/kPa)作为需要预测的余热锅炉关键参数,即状态监测模型需要预测的输出参数。
PCA是一种常用的多元数据分析方法,可以使用PCA提取数据的特征,计算出几个能综合反映原始数据信息的指标,并且这些新指标之间彼此不相关,从而使数据结构更简单,达到数据降维的目的[18-20],其原理如下。
1)假设原始数据中心有n组数据,每组数据含有m个参数,将其写为矩阵的形式:
X=[x11x12...x1mx21x22...x2mxn1xn2...xnm],Xi=[x1ix2ixni]
2)将X标准化得到标准化矩阵Z
zij=xijx¯jsj,i=1,2,3,...,n;j=1,2,3,...,m
其中:x¯j=i=1nxijnsj=i=1n(xijx¯j)2n1
3)计算Z的协方差矩阵C
C=ZZTn1
4)根据|λiEC|=0计算出矩阵C的特征值λi(λ1>λ2>…>λm)及对应的特征向量ui
ui=[ui1ui2uim]T,i=1,2,,m
5)计算出主成分Fi
Fi=u1iX1+u2iX2+umiXm,i=1,2,3,,m
6)规定第i个主成分贡献率为ki,其计算公式见式(6);规定前i个主成分的累计贡献率为pi,其计算过程见式(7)。
ki=λir=1mλr×100%
pi=x=1ikx
累计贡献率越高,说明前i个主成分包括的原始数据的信息就越完整。
LSTM[21]是循环神经网络(RNN)的一种变体。与RNN相比,LSTM增加了一些存储单元,包括遗忘门、输入门和输出门,从而解决了RNN中存在的“梯度爆炸”和“梯度消失”问题。
图2为LSTM的网络单元结构[22],其主要运行流程如下。
首先,LSTM通过遗忘门对上一时刻的信息选择性的遗忘。上一状态输入信息ht-1与当前输入信息xt一同输入sigmoid函数σ
Ft=σ(Wf×[ht-1,xt]+bf)
其次,由输入门的sigmoid层进行选择性记忆,再把tanh层与sigmoid层结合在一块,对单元的状态进行更新,主要规则见式(9)与式(10)。
It=σ(Wi×[ht-1,xt]+bi)
Gt=tanh(Wg×[ht-1,xt]+bg)
然后,LSTM对旧单元状态进行更新,其规则见式(11)。
Ct=Ft×Ct1+It×Gt
最后,通过输出门得到LSTM单元的最终输出,主要规则见式(12)与式(13)。
Yt=σ(Wy×[ht-1,xt]+by)
ht=Yt×tanh(Ct)
式中:W为权重;b为偏差矩阵;F/f为遗忘门;I/i为输入门;Y/y为输出门;t为时刻;C为单元状态;σ为sigmoid激活函数;tanh为tanh激活函数。
群智能优化算法是一种随机优化技术,具有可扩展性、全局搜索和局部开发的能力[23-24]。麻雀算法便是一种群智能优化算法[25],该算法模仿麻雀的种群特性,即在麻雀群体中可以把麻雀分为发现者和加入者2种类型。主要算法原理如下[25]
假设一个麻雀种群由n只麻雀组成,需要优化的参数维度为m,该种群可以表示为式(14)。
X=[x11x12x1mx21x22x2mxn1xn2xnm]
发现者负责为群体寻找食物,因此其有更大的食物搜索范围。在每次迭代中,发现者的位置更新为式(15)。
Xij,t+1={Xij,texp(iαiitemmax)R2<SSTXij,t+QL                 R2SST
式中:t表示当前迭代数;iitem,max表示最大迭代次数;Xij表示第i个麻雀在第j参数维度的位置信息;α∈[0,1]是一个随机数;R2∈[0,1]表示报警值;SST∈[0.5,1]表示安全值;Q为服从正态分布的随机数;矩阵中所有元素值都为1。
加入者的位置更新见式(16)。
Xij,t+1={Qexp(XworstXij,ti2)    ,i>n/2  Xp,t+1+|Xij,tXP,t+1|A+L,otherwise  
式中:Xp为目前发现者占据的最优位置;Xworst为当前全局最差位置;A表示1个1×d的矩阵,矩阵中的每个元素随机地赋值1或–1,A+=AT(AAT)–1
在麻雀种群中,能够识别危险的麻雀占总数量的10%~20%。这部分麻雀的初始位置是在随机生成的,其表达式见式(17)。
Xij,t+1={Xbest,t+β|Xij,tXbest,t|   fi>fgXij,t+K(|Xij,tXworst,t|(fifw)+ε)fi=fg
式中:Xbest为当前的全局最优位置;β为一个服从均值为0、方差为1的正态分布的随机数;K为一个随机数,处在[–1,1]区间内;fi为当前麻雀个体的适应度值;fg为全局最优适应度值;fw为全局最差适应度值;ε为一个很小的常数。
使用PCA-SSA-LSTM方法建立余热锅炉状态监测模型的步骤如图3所示。
首先是数据的收集与预处理部分。数据采于机组的运行数据,时间跨度为2022年6月1日—7月30日。在该时间段内余热锅炉未发生故障,保持健康运行的状态。采集数据的时间间隔为20 s,一共有271 648组数据。数据包含机组的启停过程产生的数据以及稳态运行时的数据。数据的预处理包括输入输出参数的选择、停机数据的去除、稳态数据的筛选、输入参数的降维,通过这些步骤便可以得出处理好的数据。其次,将这些数据划分为训练集和测试集,训练集用来训练模型,测试集用来测试模型的泛化能力。然后使用SSA对LSTM寻优,输出参数已在1.1节说明。在建立模型之前,需要使用SSA对每个输出参数对应的LSTM模型进行超参数寻优,具体的寻优计算过程如图3中partII所示。最后将最优超参数代入不同的输出参数预测模型中建立LSTM预测模型,约定误差衡量指标,接着通过测试集预测值与真实值的比较来验证模型的预测准确性从而说明模型的监测能力。
图1可知,进入余热锅炉的燃气通过加热余热锅炉各个受热面将进入余热锅炉中的水变成蒸汽。从能量守恒与传热的角度讲,燃气通过余热锅炉受热面之后损失的热量由受热面中的介质吸收,因此燃气相关参数以及给水参数对余热锅炉最终产生的蒸汽热力学参数有至关重要的影响;同时2级再热器之间会有再热减温水的输入,并且有高压缸排汽与中压过热蒸汽混合进入再热器1中,2级高压过热器之间同样也会有减温水的输入:这些因素都会影响余热锅炉受热面介质与燃气的热交换过程。
因此本文结合电厂关于余热锅炉的测点以及余热锅炉自身的性质确定出22个输入参数,分别为机组负荷(MW)、相对湿度(%)、环境温度(℃)、燃气进入锅炉温度(℃)、燃气进入锅炉压力(kPa)、中压给水至中压汽包的流量(t/h)、给水母管压力(kPa)、再热器入口温度(℃)、再热器入口压力(kPa)、高压缸排汽温度(℃)、中压蒸汽温度(℃)、中压蒸汽流量(t/h)、中压蒸汽压力(kPa)、再热减温水流量(t/h)、再热减温水温度(℃)、高压减温水流量(t/h)、高压减温水温度(℃)、高压省煤器流量(t/h)、中压给水流量(t/h)、低压给水至汽包温度(℃)、低压给水至汽包压力(kPa)、低压给水至汽包流量(t/h)。因此当用PCA处理输入数据时,式(1)中的m=22且矩阵中列的排列顺序为上述所给输入参数的排列顺序。
以机组负荷作为停机数据去除以及稳态筛选的标准参数,停机数据去除的依据是去除机组负荷小于等于0的数据点;稳态数据的筛选使用的是滑动窗口法。其主要原理为:先选定特定组数的数据当作窗口,计算出窗口内数据的平均值与标准差,如果该窗口内数据的标准差与平均值的比值小于某个判定阈值,就说明这段窗口内的数据波动比较大,判定为非稳态数据;反之则为稳态数据。本文选定窗口的组数为50,判定阈值为0.01。机组负荷初始数据的分布、稳态选结果如图4所示。
对机组负荷进行稳态筛选后,为验证该稳态筛选过程是否同样对其他参数产生良好的效果,选用燃气进入锅炉的压力、高压减温水温度、环境温度3个参数进行效果验证。由图4b)可知,初始数据经过稳态筛选后,数据均平稳地分布在不同的区间内,参与验证的3个参数结果也是如此,可见稳态筛选效果较好。经处理后的部分输入参数的分布范围如下:机组负荷241.56~332.90 MW,相对湿度28.17%~72.77%,环境温度26.21~41.59 ℃。
设定阈值t=0.9,当累计贡献率pi>t时,说明前i个主成分所涵盖的数据信息已经包含原始数据的90%,因此可将前i个主成分提取出来作为建立模型所需要的输入参数。使用PCA处理原始数据,得到各主成分累计贡献率以及贡献率的变化如图5所示。由图5可知:主成分1的贡献率达到40%以上,占累计贡献率的比例比较大;当计算到主成分9时,累计贡献率已经达到91.6%,后续主成分贡献率已经极小。因此选定前9个主成分作为预测模型的输入参数,将输入数据从22维降到9维。
表1为前9个主成分的特征值、贡献率以及累计贡献率。根据特征值算出对应的特征向量,然后代入式(5)计算出各主成分的数值。
在使用SSA对LSTM模型的超参数寻优之前,需要将输入数据与6个预测模型所对应的输出数据进行归一化处理,以消除量纲以及奇异样本数据的影响;并且将数据量的70%作为训练集,30%作为测试集。使用SSA对LSTM模型的LSTM层的隐含单元数、初始学习率、L2正则化系数这3个超参数进行寻优。SSA优化参数中种群数量设置为50,迭代次数设置为30,适应度函数选用测试集输出参数的真实值与预测值的均方根误差。此处真实值与预测值均未经过反归一化处理,其计算规则见式(18)。3个超参数设置的上下限见表2
δRMSE=i=1n(yiyi)2n
式中:n为测试集的样本数量;yi为预测值;yi为真实值。
分别对6种主蒸汽参数建立SSA对LSTM的寻优模型,最终得到的适应度函数值以及超参数最优值见表3。由表3可知,当SSA寻优迭代次数达到30之后,适应度函数的值均在0.04之下,说明寻优效果较好。
同时为了比较使用经PCA处理过的数据与使用未经PCA处理过的数据进行模型搭建的异同,选用输入参数为未经PCA处理的22维数据、输出参数为再热蒸汽温度进行预测模型建立(将其称为模型1),并通过SSA对模型1的超参数进行寻优,并将其与表3中的再热蒸汽温度预测模型(输入数据已经过PCA处理,将其称为模型2)的寻优结果进行对比。2类模型进行SSA超参数过程中适应度函数值随迭代次数变化的情况如图6所示。
图6可知:在前12次迭代中,2类模型的适应度函数值急剧下降,然后均稳定在0.019左右, 2类模型的适应度函数值差值极小;之后在经过多次迭代后,最终模型2的寻优适应度函数值为0.015 8,模型1寻优适应度函数值为0.015 1,相差0.000 7。由此可见,经PCA处理后的数据所训练的模型在预测精度上会有一定损失,不过这个损失极小。但是在寻优时间上,模型1的时间为4 571 min,模型2的时间为4 054 min,模型2的寻优时间要比模型1少517 min,缩减了11.3%的寻优时间。因此使用PCA对数据进行降维处理,在牺牲极小的预测精度的前提下能够大大缩减模型寻优或训练的时间。
选用决定系数R2、均方根误差δRMSE以及平均绝对误差δMAE作为模型评估指标,其中R2δMAE计算规则为:
R2=1i=1n(yiyi)2i=1n(y¯yi)2
δMAE=i=1n|yiyi|n
式中:n为数据样本个数;y¯为真实值的平均值。
为了评估PCA-SSA-LSTM模型的预测精度,选用PCA-BP与PCA-LSTM模型作为对照组,对3个主蒸汽温度参数与3个主蒸汽压力参数分别使用3种方法进行训练,建立相对应的预测模型,使用测试集对模型的预测结果进行验证。每种参数的预测效果如图7所示。
图7可知,在3种类型的预测模型中,PCA-BP训练出的预测模型的预测效果较差,与真实值的偏离程度较高(这是由于余热锅炉本身产生的数据是一种时间序列数据);通过PCA-LSTM以及PCA-SSA-LSTM建立的预测模型的预测效果更好。
余热锅炉蒸汽输出参数预测评估指标信息见表4
表4可以进一步分析3种模型的优劣。从MAE的角度分析,使用PCA-SSA-LSTM方法建立的3个主蒸汽温度预测模型的δMAE均小于0.7,3个主蒸汽压力预测模型的δMAE均小于5.1;相对于其他2种方法而言,δMAE的降低幅度均大于7.3%。从决定系数R2的角度进行分析,对于使用PCA-BP方法构建的6个模型而言,它们的R2值都要低于0.61,使用PCA-LSTM方法建立的模型R2值有了明显的提升;而使用PCA-SSA-LSTM方法建立的模型所带来的提升效果更大,再热蒸汽温度、压力、高压主蒸汽温度、压力以及低压主蒸汽压力的R2值都处在0.95左右,即使低压主蒸汽温度预测模型的R2值只有0.617,但是该模型的R2值也相对于使用PCA-LSTM方法建立的模型提高了84.18%。从均方根误差的角度进行分析,使用PCA-SSA-LSTM方法建立的模型相对于使用PCA-BP方法δRMSE降低的幅度为64.38%~83.04%,相对于使用PCA-LSTM方法δRMSE降低的幅度为17.30%~71.11%,降低幅度很大。由此可见,使用SSA对LSTM模型进行优化之后模型预测精度提高显著。因此,本文提出的融合PCA、SSA、LSTM建立的余热锅炉关键蒸汽输出参数预测模型不仅能减小模型的训练时间,同时还能较好地学习出历史健康运行数据之间的规律,达到对各个参数进行准确预测并进行监测的目的。综合以上6个基于PCA-SSA-LSTM方法建立的蒸汽输出参数预测模型形成余热锅炉状态监测系统,从而对余热锅炉系统健康运行起到关键监督作用。
1)使用PCA方法将原先的22维输入参数降低到9维,在原始数据信息保留90%以上的前提下,降低了模型优化或训练的时间,节省了计算资源与时间。
2)使用SSA对LSTM模型进行超参数寻优,然后根据最优的超参数建立各个蒸汽输出参数的预测模型。通过测试集、其他模型以及相关指标的验证可知,模型预测精度高、泛化能力强,有很强的实际应用价值。
3)通过余热锅炉健康运行的历史数据对三压力级余热锅炉产生的高压主蒸汽、低压主蒸汽、再热蒸汽温度以及压力进行预测模型的建立,可以预测出余热锅炉健康运行时的相关主蒸汽参数,给余热锅炉的状态监测提供理论与技术的支持。
  • 国家科技重大专项(2017-I-0002-0002)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212289
  • 接收时间:2022-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-11
基金
National Science and Technology Major Project(2017-I-0002-0002)
国家科技重大专项(2017-I-0002-0002)
作者信息
    1.东南大学能源热转换及过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096
    2.华能南京燃机发电有限公司,江苏 南京 210046

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向文国(1964),男,教授,博士生导师,
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