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Formal methods provide mathematical theories, techniques, and tools for the specification, construction, analysis, and verification of computing systems (including hardware, software, and networks). As safety-critical systems are more widely applied to key fields related to national economics and defense, the trustworthiness problem of complex systems becomes prominent and challenging. Formal methods have become a key technology for developing dependable safety-critical systems and solving China’s problem of deficient microchips and operating systems. They are also the frontiers of international academics. This paper reviews the current status of formal methods, analyzes the gap between China and other countries in this regard, and proposes some suggestions on ways of strengthening the basic research on formal methods in China.

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形式化方法包括计算系统(软硬件和网络)的规约、构造、分析与验证的数学基础、技术和工具。随着安全攸关系统在国民经济和国防等关键领域的应用越来越多,复杂系统可信性问题日益凸显。形式化方法已经成为开发安全可靠的安全攸关系统的关键技术之一,也是解决中国“缺芯少魂”的核心技术之一,同时也是国际学术前沿。文章回顾国内外形式化方法研究现状,分析国内外研究差距,并提出加强中国这方面基础研发的若干建议。

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詹乃军,中国科学院特聘研究员,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。中国科学院软件研究所计算机科学国家重点实验室执行主任。中国计算机学会形式化方法专业委员会副主任。主要研究领域为计算软件与理论。电子信箱:

王戟,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。中国计算机学会形式化方法专业委员会主任。主要研究领域为高可信软件。电子信箱:

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詹乃军,中国科学院特聘研究员,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。中国科学院软件研究所计算机科学国家重点实验室执行主任。中国计算机学会形式化方法专业委员会副主任。主要研究领域为计算软件与理论。电子信箱:

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王戟,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。中国计算机学会形式化方法专业委员会主任。主要研究领域为高可信软件。电子信箱:

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However, the refinement relation between individual sequential threads cannot be preserved in general with the presence of parallel compositions, due to instruction reordering and the different granularities of atomic operations at the source and the target. On the other hand, the refinement relation defined based on fully abstract semantics of concurrent programs assumes arbitrary parallel environments, which is too strong and cannot be satisfied by many well-known transformations. In this paper, we propose a Rely-Guarantee-based Simulation (RGSim) to verify concurrent program transformations. The relation is parametrized with constraints of the environments that the source and the target programs may compose with. It considers the interference between threads and their environments, thus is less permissive than relations over sequential programs. It is compositional w.r.t. parallel compositions as long as the constraints are satisfied. Also, RGSim does not require semantics preservation under all environments, and can incorporate the assumptions about environments made by specific program transformations in the form of rely/guarantee conditions. We use RGSim to reason about optimizations and prove atomicity of concurrent objects. We also propose a general garbage collector verification framework based on RGSim, and verify the Boehm et al. concurrent mark-sweep GC.), Reference(id=1241719239875294140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719222133388009, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=59, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=Xu F, Fu M, Feng X, journalName=Chaudhuri S, Farzan A. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV 2016. Berlin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu F, Fu M, Feng X, et al. 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These assignments are then used as starting point of local search which tries to find improved assignments with fewer unsatisfied clauses. Third, these improved assignments are imported back to the CDCL loop where they are used to determine the value assigned to decision variables. Finally, the conflict frequency of variables in local search can be exploited during variable selection in branching heuristics of CDCL. We implemented these techniques to improve three representative CDCL solvers (Glucose, MapleLcm DistChronoBT, and Kissat). Experiments on benchmarks from the main tracks of the last three SAT Competitions from 2019 to 2021 and an additional benchmark set from spectrum allocation show that the techniques bring significant improvements, particularly and not surprisingly, on satisfiable real-world application instances. 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Challenges and Trends for Specification, Analysis, and Verification of Complex Systems
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Naijun ZHAN 1, 2 , Ji WANG 3, 4,
Science and Technology Foresight | Review and Commentary 2023,2(1): 7-22
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Science and Technology Foresight | Review and Commentary 2023, 2(1): 7-22
Challenges and Trends for Specification, Analysis, and Verification of Complex Systems
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Naijun ZHAN1, 2 , Ji WANG3, 4,
Authors
  • 1. Science & Technology on Integrated Information System Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3. College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

Corresponding author:

Challenges and Trends for Specification, Analysis, and Verification of Complex Systems
Naijun ZHAN1, 2 , Ji WANG3, 4,
Affiliations
  • 1. Science & Technology on Integrated Information System Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3. College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
Published: 2023-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.01.001
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Formal methods provide mathematical theories, techniques, and tools for the specification, construction, analysis, and verification of computing systems (including hardware, software, and networks). As safety-critical systems are more widely applied to key fields related to national economics and defense, the trustworthiness problem of complex systems becomes prominent and challenging. Formal methods have become a key technology for developing dependable safety-critical systems and solving China’s problem of deficient microchips and operating systems. They are also the frontiers of international academics. This paper reviews the current status of formal methods, analyzes the gap between China and other countries in this regard, and proposes some suggestions on ways of strengthening the basic research on formal methods in China.

formal methods  /  safety-critical systems  /  formal specification  /  formal analysis and verification

Formal methods provide mathematical theories, techniques, and tools for the specification, construction, analysis, and verification of computing systems (including hardware, software, and networks). As safety-critical systems are more widely applied to key fields related to national economics and defense, the trustworthiness problem of complex systems becomes prominent and challenging. Formal methods have become a key technology for developing dependable safety-critical systems and solving China’s problem of deficient microchips and operating systems. They are also the frontiers of international academics. This paper reviews the current status of formal methods, analyzes the gap between China and other countries in this regard, and proposes some suggestions on ways of strengthening the basic research on formal methods in China.

formal methods  /  safety-critical systems  /  formal specification  /  formal analysis and verification
詹乃军, 王戟. 复杂系统规约、分析与验证发展现状与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (1) : 5 -143 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.01.001
Naijun ZHAN, Ji WANG. Challenges and Trends for Specification, Analysis, and Verification of Complex Systems[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (1) : 5 -143 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.01.001
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.01.001
  • Received:2022-12-31
  • Published:2023-03-20
  • Release:2023-03-24
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-31
  • 修回日期:2023-01-20
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFA1005101)
国家自然科学基金(62192732)
国家自然科学基金(62032024)
国家自然科学基金(61732001)
中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR-040)
Authors
    1. Science & Technology on Integrated Information System Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
    2. State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
    3. College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
    4. State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

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詹乃军, 王戟. 复杂系统规约、分析与验证发展现状与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (1) : 5 -143 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.01.001
Naijun ZHAN, Ji WANG. Challenges and Trends for Specification, Analysis, and Verification of Complex Systems[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (1) : 5 -143 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.01.001
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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