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This paper studies advanced solid rocket motors both in China and abroad and expounds on solid rocket motors, solid rocket ramjets, paste propellant-based rocket motors, and rotating detonation engines. In addition, the paper summarizes and analyzes the technical characteristics and level of solid rocket motors both in China and abroad and points out the technology development directions of solid rocket motors, as well as their key technical problems. Furthermore, the paper discusses the main approaches to solving these problems.
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通过对国内外先进固体火箭发动机进行研究，从固体火箭发动机、固体火箭冲压发动机、膏体推进剂火箭发动机及旋转爆震发动机4个方面着手，总结与分析了国内外固体火箭发动机的技术特点及技术水平，提出了固体火箭发动机的技术发展方向及关键技术问题，探讨了解决关键技术问题的主要途径。
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陈雄，教授，博士研究生导师。南京理工大学研究生院常务副院长。主要研究方向为航空宇航推进技术、先进固体动力技术。作为项目/课题负责人，承担国防基础、总装型号、国家自然科学基金等项目60余项。获省部级科技奖励7项。出版专著2部、教材5部，发表论文80余篇，获授权发明专利40余项。电子信箱：chenxiong@njust.edu.cn。 |
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陈雄，教授，博士研究生导师。南京理工大学研究生院常务副院长。主要研究方向为航空宇航推进技术、先进固体动力技术。作为项目/课题负责人，承担国防基础、总装型号、国家自然科学基金等项目60余项。获省部级科技奖励7项。出版专著2部、教材5部，发表论文80余篇，获授权发明专利40余项。电子信箱：chenxiong@njust.edu.cn。
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陈雄，教授，博士研究生导师。南京理工大学研究生院常务副院长。主要研究方向为航空宇航推进技术、先进固体动力技术。作为项目/课题负责人，承担国防基础、总装型号、国家自然科学基金等项目60余项。获省部级科技奖励7项。出版专著2部、教材5部，发表论文80余篇，获授权发明专利40余项。电子信箱：chenxiong@njust.edu.cn。
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固体推进剂的发展历程 KClO4：高氯酸钾；CMDB：复合改性双基；XLDB：交联改性双基；CTPB：端羧基聚丁二烯；HTPB：端羟基聚丁二烯；NEPE：硝酸酯增塑聚醚。
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采用高强度合金钢壳体的远火产品齐射现场, figureFileSmall=EsXu2tG1a/3XjyyKBVI0kA==, figureFileBig=N/jefWErdzWd2ht+A7HbUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056051524168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UgOuNPUpFFnOfvbMR+f0tQ==, figureFileBig=7xjNFhEvXXM2+zecqMWJPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056127021641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
用碳纤维缠绕的固体火箭发动机壳体, figureFileSmall=UgOuNPUpFFnOfvbMR+f0tQ==, figureFileBig=7xjNFhEvXXM2+zecqMWJPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056189936202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yvre7zWNEnn4UKfkKgjmrw==, figureFileBig=SWW9czOMOnspeF64GOtvVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056269627979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
采用双脉冲发动机的反坦克导弹示意图, figureFileSmall=yvre7zWNEnn4UKfkKgjmrw==, figureFileBig=SWW9czOMOnspeF64GOtvVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056328348236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iSbrdtWIGtGK+VvDPqTmZA==, figureFileBig=QmLo1xfz4r+WX/gI9IYjRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056399651405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
陶瓷隔板结构组件示意图, figureFileSmall=iSbrdtWIGtGK+VvDPqTmZA==, figureFileBig=QmLo1xfz4r+WX/gI9IYjRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056458371662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TNwNZxQZ8yPX/MbTFH4uCA==, figureFileBig=XPh/Oo5NmDBUXktkFMyhDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056529674831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
“十字形”金属膜片结构, figureFileSmall=TNwNZxQZ8yPX/MbTFH4uCA==, figureFileBig=XPh/Oo5NmDBUXktkFMyhDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056596783696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vKHVFOf163R+VtaYjp4KSw==, figureFileBig=2gON7C5DY3imV7t3Pfe0NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056655503953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
喷射棒式隔板组件, figureFileSmall=vKHVFOf163R+VtaYjp4KSw==, figureFileBig=2gON7C5DY3imV7t3Pfe0NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056714224210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Um0tpfcusibbR8KQ2fUoIQ==, figureFileBig=ye6VCK3zJ2DQHEoFKiTf2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056768750163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
标准-3型导弹的第三级火箭固体双脉冲发动机, figureFileSmall=Um0tpfcusibbR8KQ2fUoIQ==, figureFileBig=ye6VCK3zJ2DQHEoFKiTf2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719056823276116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A9TTMDVrsE9+jhoRs+q1Zg==, figureFileBig=jP6Iss7+X3p72lis9guNPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058287088213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
整体式固体火箭冲压发动机工程流程示意图, figureFileSmall=A9TTMDVrsE9+jhoRs+q1Zg==, figureFileBig=jP6Iss7+X3p72lis9guNPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058354197079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DOvQ/BnQkPdKRkTA+vRicg==, figureFileBig=MbF31Qln7+VBxybCHF8qWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058408723032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
“山狗”靶弹, figureFileSmall=DOvQ/BnQkPdKRkTA+vRicg==, figureFileBig=MbF31Qln7+VBxybCHF8qWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058467443289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GaJr0ktdxApQO/m6MSoxkw==, figureFileBig=+z8Tqi15HqIJInQXtBU/HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058526163546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
“流星”空空导弹, figureFileSmall=GaJr0ktdxApQO/m6MSoxkw==, figureFileBig=+z8Tqi15HqIJInQXtBU/HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058580689499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7DBaZorwbYF3Y1ud7bMt4w==, figureFileBig=Alv4OdPKLeVdl6vgAxhOBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058651992668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
瑞典40 mm固体冲压增程防空炮弹, figureFileSmall=7DBaZorwbYF3Y1ud7bMt4w==, figureFileBig=Alv4OdPKLeVdl6vgAxhOBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058723295837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JVJ1aIwfLMTc1iU/kRAM0g==, figureFileBig=n/qaQtruvfB1nPXL6ZqPyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058786210398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
瑞典-荷兰155 mm固体冲压增程榴弹, figureFileSmall=JVJ1aIwfLMTc1iU/kRAM0g==, figureFileBig=n/qaQtruvfB1nPXL6ZqPyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719058865902175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hXGUjYc/wgYQfzU7X4hO5Q==, figureFileBig=ybMKHWO1SnjJFo7wIerfuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059008508512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
JCM空地反坦克导弹, figureFileSmall=hXGUjYc/wgYQfzU7X4hO5Q==, figureFileBig=ybMKHWO1SnjJFo7wIerfuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059109171809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EXuVTYnbAI5oOClF1BRtew==, figureFileBig=JeAGH7FHFMI0SLx3fGtEnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059251778146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图15, caption=
F/A-18E/F战机挂载JCM, figureFileSmall=EXuVTYnbAI5oOClF1BRtew==, figureFileBig=JeAGH7FHFMI0SLx3fGtEnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059314692707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zJZNg8CX2iznzIu+rIs9Dg==, figureFileBig=AF+7vNfNlhhILTBALe5nkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059377607268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图16, caption=
南京理工大学膏体推进剂火箭发动机地面试车试验, figureFileSmall=zJZNg8CX2iznzIu+rIs9Dg==, figureFileBig=AF+7vNfNlhhILTBALe5nkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059474076261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Zc121fxdR7b/qO6RZzB88A==, figureFileBig=hBmQx45Q+eFGTmfgNp/6zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059553768038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图17, caption=
旋转爆震冲压发动机, figureFileSmall=Zc121fxdR7b/qO6RZzB88A==, figureFileBig=hBmQx45Q+eFGTmfgNp/6zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059625071207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=j9fMbAw2Eiqk+n4ptDRX5A==, figureFileBig=WRZ0h1HuQjlbTYT+fO7bmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059687985768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=图18, caption=
旋转爆震涡轮发动机, figureFileSmall=j9fMbAw2Eiqk+n4ptDRX5A==, figureFileBig=WRZ0h1HuQjlbTYT+fO7bmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241719059750900329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 氧化剂 | 氧含量/% | 密度/（g·cm-3） | 产生气体量/[mol·（100 g）-1] | 生成热/（J·g-1） |
| 高氯酸胺 | 54.4 | 1.95 | 3.58 | -2518.2 |
| ADN | 51.6 | 1.80 | 4.03 | -1246.8 |
| HNF | 52.5 | 1.87 | 3.60 | -393.3 |
| AN | 59.5 | 1.73 | — | -4560.6 |
| FDNEN | 54.1 | 1.93 | 3.35 | -1485.3 |
| HN | 50.5 | 1.65 | 4.49 | -2221.7 |
| HP2 | 55.1 | 2.21 | 3.40 | -1238.4 |
| HAP | 59.7 | 2.12 | 3.55 | -2079.4 |
| 八硝基立方烷 | 55.2 | ~2.00 | — | 730·0~1300.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241719059822203498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
氧化剂性能参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 氧化剂 | 氧含量/% | 密度/（g·cm-3） | 产生气体量/[mol·（100 g）-1] | 生成热/（J·g-1） |
| 高氯酸胺 | 54.4 | 1.95 | 3.58 | -2518.2 |
| ADN | 51.6 | 1.80 | 4.03 | -1246.8 |
| HNF | 52.5 | 1.87 | 3.60 | -393.3 |
| AN | 59.5 | 1.73 | — | -4560.6 |
| FDNEN | 54.1 | 1.93 | 3.35 | -1485.3 |
| HN | 50.5 | 1.65 | 4.49 | -2221.7 |
| HP2 | 55.1 | 2.21 | 3.40 | -1238.4 |
| HAP | 59.7 | 2.12 | 3.55 | -2079.4 |
| 八硝基立方烷 | 55.2 | ~2.00 | — | 730·0~1300.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241719059897700971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 分类 | 代表物质 | 特点 |
无铅双基系列
推进剂 | 铋化合物、钡化合物、锡化合物、钍化合物及稀土化合物等与炭黑、铜盐等复合 | 提高燃速，降低压力指数，低毒性 |
| TPE | 环氧乙烷/四氢呋喃共聚醚-异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯-1,4-丁二醇（P(E-CO-T)-IPDI-BDO）预聚物的复合改性双基推进剂、聚叠氮缩水甘油醚（GAP）基含能热塑性聚氨酯弹性体 | 高能，低特征信号，热塑性好，可回收循环利用 |
| 绿色复合推进剂 | 含HCl清除剂的端羟基聚丁二烯（Hydroyl-Terminated Polybutadiene, HTPB）推进剂 | 在AP推进剂中添加硝酸钠（NaNO3）、含能硝铵 | 通过化学反应清除氧化剂AP产生的HCl，有效降低HCl含量 |
| 低HCl排放的HTPB推进剂 | HTPB/AP/Al/HMX、HTPB/RDX、GAP/AN/
1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯（1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate, 1,2,4-BTTN）、GAP/AN/三羟甲基乙烷三硝酸酯（Trimethylolethane trinitrate, TMETN） | 显著降低燃烧产物HCl含量，提高推进剂比冲 |
| 无HCl生成的HTPB推进剂 | 硝酸铵、二硝酰胺铵、硝仿肼替代氧化剂AP的推进剂 | AN吸湿、点火能力不良，ADN成本高、稳定性差，HNF高能、不含Cl、产物无烟、几乎无污染性、具高比冲 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241719059969004140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
常见绿色固体推进剂分类、代表物质及其特点
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 分类 | 代表物质 | 特点 |
无铅双基系列
推进剂 | 铋化合物、钡化合物、锡化合物、钍化合物及稀土化合物等与炭黑、铜盐等复合 | 提高燃速，降低压力指数，低毒性 |
| TPE | 环氧乙烷/四氢呋喃共聚醚-异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯-1,4-丁二醇（P(E-CO-T)-IPDI-BDO）预聚物的复合改性双基推进剂、聚叠氮缩水甘油醚（GAP）基含能热塑性聚氨酯弹性体 | 高能，低特征信号，热塑性好，可回收循环利用 |
| 绿色复合推进剂 | 含HCl清除剂的端羟基聚丁二烯（Hydroyl-Terminated Polybutadiene, HTPB）推进剂 | 在AP推进剂中添加硝酸钠（NaNO3）、含能硝铵 | 通过化学反应清除氧化剂AP产生的HCl，有效降低HCl含量 |
| 低HCl排放的HTPB推进剂 | HTPB/AP/Al/HMX、HTPB/RDX、GAP/AN/
1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯（1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate, 1,2,4-BTTN）、GAP/AN/三羟甲基乙烷三硝酸酯（Trimethylolethane trinitrate, TMETN） | 显著降低燃烧产物HCl含量，提高推进剂比冲 |
| 无HCl生成的HTPB推进剂 | 硝酸铵、二硝酰胺铵、硝仿肼替代氧化剂AP的推进剂 | AN吸湿、点火能力不良，ADN成本高、稳定性差，HNF高能、不含Cl、产物无烟、几乎无污染性、具高比冲 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241719060040307309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 纤维填料 | 份数 | 线烧蚀率/（mm·s-1） | 拉伸强度/MPa | 拉断伸长率/% | 密度/（g·cm-3） |
| 无 | 0 | 0.36 | 10.70 | 783 | 1.093 |
| 芳砜纶纤维 | 10 | 0.17 | ~7.7 | ~780 | 1.120 |
| 酚醛纤维 | 10 | 0.16 | 9.51 | 751 | 1.099 |
| 25 | 0.04 | 8.12 | 794 | 1.114 |
| 芳纶纤维 | 6 | 0.05 | 10 | 450 | 1.230 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241719060103221870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
4种丁腈橡胶绝热材料的性能对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 纤维填料 | 份数 | 线烧蚀率/（mm·s-1） | 拉伸强度/MPa | 拉断伸长率/% | 密度/（g·cm-3） |
| 无 | 0 | 0.36 | 10.70 | 783 | 1.093 |
| 芳砜纶纤维 | 10 | 0.17 | ~7.7 | ~780 | 1.120 |
| 酚醛纤维 | 10 | 0.16 | 9.51 | 751 | 1.099 |
| 25 | 0.04 | 8.12 | 794 | 1.114 |
| 芳纶纤维 | 6 | 0.05 | 10 | 450 | 1.230 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241719060170330735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 阻燃剂 | 添加量/份 | 绝热层线烧蚀率/（mm·s-1） |
| 无 | — | 0.138 |
| Sb2O3+PLC | 15 | 0.057 |
| PLC | 15 | 0.065 |
| Al(OH)3 | 15 | 0.075 |
| CR | 15 | 0.042 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241719060237439601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718993405399488, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
不同阻燃剂对绝热层材料烧蚀性能的影响
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 阻燃剂 | 添加量/份 | 绝热层线烧蚀率/（mm·s-1） |
| 无 | — | 0.138 |
| Sb2O3+PLC | 15 | 0.057 |
| PLC | 15 | 0.065 |
| Al(OH)3 | 15 | 0.075 |
| CR | 15 | 0.042 |
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