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The South China Sea (SCS) has been the international deep-sea research highlight for nearly a decade. Most prominently, the major research program, “Deep Sea Processes and Evolution of the SCS (2011-2018)” supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, has made remarkable scientific breakthroughs with the efforts of Chinese scientists. These scientific achievements are closely related to the introduction of “three deep technologies” for deep-sea exploration, namely, deep-sea drilling ships, long-term seafloor observation systems, and submersible vehicles. Since the research activities up to now mainly focus on the northern part of the SCS, China can motivate new large-scale programs to cover the southern SCS basin, the efforts of which are expected to make the SCS a natural laboratory for the global ocean science.

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近10年来南海成为世界深海研究的热点。最为突出的是国家自然科学基金委员会支持的“南海深海过程演变（2011—2018年）”重大研究计划,我国科学家从中作出了突破性的贡献。这些科学成就的取得,很大程度是依靠引入“三深”技术探索深海,包括深潜、深钻和深网。迄今为止,我国深海探索的重心局限于南海北部,有待发起新的大型计划探索南部海盆,进而使南海成为全球海洋科学的天然实验室。

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汪品先,教授,中国科学院院士。主要研究气候演变和南海地质。1999年主持中国海首次大洋钻探,2011—2018年主持国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”。长期致力于推进我国深海科学和地球系统科学的发展,促进海洋的科普活动。电子信箱： pxwang@tongji.edu.cn。

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汪品先,教授,中国科学院院士。主要研究气候演变和南海地质。1999年主持中国海首次大洋钻探,2011—2018年主持国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”。长期致力于推进我国深海科学和地球系统科学的发展,促进海洋的科普活动。电子信箱： pxwang@tongji.edu.cn。

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No claim to original U.S. Government Works.), Reference(id=1241718604132045460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=中国大洋发展计划办公室, 海洋地质国家重点实验室(同济大学), journalName=大洋钻探五十年, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国大洋发展计划办公室, 海洋地质国家重点实验室(同济大学). 大洋钻探五十年[M]. 上海: 同济大学出版社, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604194960021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=63, issue=36, pageStart=3866, pageEnd=3867, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=丁仲礼, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁仲礼. 中国大洋钻探二十年[J]. 科学通报, 2018, 63(36): 3866-3867., articleTitle=中国大洋钻探二十年, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604266263190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz135, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=6, issue=5, pageStart=902, pageEnd=913, url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/6/5/902/5567450, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Wang P X, Huang C Y, Lin J, journalName=National Science Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang P X, Huang C Y, Lin J, et al. 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National Science Review, 2019, 6(5): 902-913., articleTitle=The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic-plate-edge rifting vs intraplate rifting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604337566359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=49, issue=10, pageStart=1590, pageEnd=1606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=汪品先, 翦知湣, journalName=中国科学: 地球科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪品先, 翦知湣. 探索南海深部的回顾与展望[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2019, 49(10): 1590-1606., articleTitle=探索南海深部的回顾与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604396286616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=63, issue=36, pageStart=3868, pageEnd=3876, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=汪品先, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪品先. 大洋钻探五十年: 回顾与前瞻[J]. 科学通报, 2018, 63(36): 3868-3876., articleTitle=大洋钻探五十年: 回顾与前瞻, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604463395481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=48, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Myers G, journalName=Scientific Drilling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Myers G. 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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2011, 75: 361-422., articleTitle=Microbial ecology of the dark ocean above, at, and below the seafloor, refAbstract=The majority of life on Earth--notably, microbial life--occurs in places that do not receive sunlight, with the habitats of the oceans being the largest of these reservoirs. Sunlight penetrates only a few tens to hundreds of meters into the ocean, resulting in large-scale microbial ecosystems that function in the dark. Our knowledge of microbial processes in the dark ocean-the aphotic pelagic ocean, sediments, oceanic crust, hydrothermal vents, etc.-has increased substantially in recent decades. Studies that try to decipher the activity of microorganisms in the dark ocean, where we cannot easily observe them, are yielding paradigm-shifting discoveries that are fundamentally changing our understanding of the role of the dark ocean in the global Earth system and its biogeochemical cycles. New generations of researchers and experimental tools have emerged, in the last decade in particular, owing to dedicated research programs to explore the dark ocean biosphere. This review focuses on our current understanding of microbiology in the dark ocean, outlining salient features of various habitats and discussing known and still unexplored types of microbial metabolism and their consequences in global biogeochemical cycling. 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Germany: European Commission, 2012., articleTitle=The deep sea and sub-seafloor frontier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604694082204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=18, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=汪品先, journalName=人民论坛·学术前沿, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪品先. 深海的机遇与中国的选择[J]. 人民论坛·学术前沿, 2017(18): 6-11., articleTitle=深海的机遇与中国的选择, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241718601242169984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, awardId=91128000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大研究计划(91128000), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241718599233098335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241718599241486944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, companyId=1241718599233098335, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241718599254069857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, companyId=1241718599233098335, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=同济大学海洋与地球科学学院,上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241718600059376238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9Xxl3xYHNzlWv9WBdEtEeA==, figureFileBig=L5GjA8ApoFusFC/1ljgZAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241718600109707887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南海深海潜标观测系统

（来源：田纪伟提供）

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（来源：周怀阳提供）

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（来源：刘志飞提供）

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（来源：http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/maps/iodp_odp_dsdp.jpg)

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（a）为无隔水管的钻探平台（如美国“决心”号）;（b）为无隔水管进行泥浆回收的新型钻探平台;（c）为隔水管钻探平台（如日本“地球”号）。

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