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Oceans at a depth ranging from ~100 m to ~1000 m (defined as the intermediate water here), though poorly understood up till now, is a critical layer of the Earth system where many important oceanographic processes take place. Advances in ocean observation and computer technology have allowed ocean science to enter the era of big data (to be precise, big data for the surface layer, small data for the bottom layer, while the intermediate layer sits in between), and greatly promoted our understanding of near-surface ocean phenomena. During the past few decades, however, the intermediate ocean is also undergoing profound changes as a result of global warming, the research and prediction of which are of intensive concern. Due to the lack of three-dimensional ocean theories, how to ‘remotely sense’ the intermediate ocean from space becomes a very attractive but challenging scientific issue. With the rapid development of the next generation of information technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has built a new bridge from data science to marine science (called Deep Blue AI, abbreviated as DBAI), which acts as a powerful weapon to extend the paradigm of modern oceanography in the era of Metaverse. This review first introduces the basic prior knowledges of water movement in the ~100 m ocean and vertical stratification within the ~1000 m depths, as well as the data resources provided by satellite remote sensing, field observation and model reanalysis for DBAI. Then, three universal DBAI methodologies, namely the correlation statistical, physically informed and mathematically driven neural networks, are elucidated in the context of intermediate ocean remote sensing. Finally, the unique advantages and potentials of DBAI in data mining and knowledge discovery are demonstrated in a top-down way of “surface-to-interior” via several typical examples in physical and biological oceanography.

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从百米到千米尺度的中层海洋是地球系统中极为关键而又缺乏认知的部分,许多重要的海洋过程都发生于此。在传统海洋学理论和现场观测相对缺乏的背景下,如何“由表及里”地从太空“遥感”中层海洋是一个极具挑战性的科学问题。人工智能搭建了数据科学与海洋科学的新桥梁（称之为“深蓝AI”),是推动元宇宙时代海洋科学范式变革的有力武器。文章首先阐述了百米海洋的水体运动与千米海洋的垂直层化等基础先验知识,以及卫星遥感、现场观测等技术手段为深蓝AI提供的数据资源;然后从关联统计、物理牵引和数学驱动3个神经网络层面着重论述了为实现中层海洋遥感而构建的深蓝AI普适方法论;最后围绕典型海洋动力过程,阐述了深蓝AI技术在挖掘海洋数据空间共性规律,进而实现“由表及里”的知识发现等方面所具有的独特优势和应用潜力。

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陈戈,教授,博士研究生导师。现任中国海洋大学海洋信息技术教育部工程研究中心主任。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,教育部“长江学者”特聘教授,青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室“新一代海洋科学卫星”首席科学家。主要研究方向为非线性海洋涡旋的形态学、运动学和动力学遥感研究;新一代海洋科学卫星的设计与研制;基于广义AI技术的大数据海洋学与孪生海洋研究。电子信箱： 。

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2. Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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陈戈,教授,博士研究生导师。现任中国海洋大学海洋信息技术教育部工程研究中心主任。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,教育部“长江学者”特聘教授,青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室“新一代海洋科学卫星”首席科学家。主要研究方向为非线性海洋涡旋的形态学、运动学和动力学遥感研究;新一代海洋科学卫星的设计与研制;基于广义AI技术的大数据海洋学与孪生海洋研究。电子信箱： 。

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陈戈,教授,博士研究生导师。现任中国海洋大学海洋信息技术教育部工程研究中心主任。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,教育部“长江学者”特聘教授,青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室“新一代海洋科学卫星”首席科学家。主要研究方向为非线性海洋涡旋的形态学、运动学和动力学遥感研究;新一代海洋科学卫星的设计与研制;基于广义AI技术的大数据海洋学与孪生海洋研究。电子信箱： 。

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Here, we present a review of the lidar technique, its applications in marine systems, a perspective on what can be accomplished in the near future with an ocean- and atmosphere-optimized satellite lidar, and a vision for a multiplatform virtual constellation of observational assets that would enable a three-dimensional reconstruction of global ocean ecosystems.), Reference(id=1241716995268342335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241716756931203943, doi=10.1117/1.OE.53.5.051405, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Churnside J H, journalName=Optical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Churnside J H. Review of profiling oceanographic lidar[J]. 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PACE objectives also encompass management of fisheries, large freshwater bodies, and air and water quality and reducing uncertainties in climate and radiative forcing models of the Earth system. PACE observations will provide information on radiative properties of land surfaces and characterization of the vegetation and soils that dominate their reflectance. The primary PACE instrument is a spectrometer that spans the ultraviolet to shortwave-infrared wavelengths, with a ground sample distance of 1 km at nadir. This payload is complemented by two multiangle polarimeters with spectral ranges that span the visible to near-infrared region. Scheduled for launch in late 2022 to early 2023, the PACE observatory will enable significant advances in the study of Earth's biogeochemistry, carbon cycle, clouds, hydrosols, and aerosols in the ocean-atmosphere-land system. 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（来源：https://argo.ucsd.edu/）

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输入数据（如海洋环境参数海洋高度异常、海表面温度等）通过卷积核进行卷积计算得到数据的特征图,特征图引入偏置值（b）,并进行激活函数（ReLU）线性运算,得到最终结果。

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图中主要反映循环神经网络的数据流过程。其中,ht-1为第t-1时刻的隐藏层状态,ct-1为第t-1时刻记忆单元状态,xt为第t时刻的输入。

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依次通过基于数据的观察牵引、神经网络的归纳牵引和偏微分方程与损失函数的学习牵引,并进行反复迭代训练,最终实现物理牵引。

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网络类型 网络结构 相关研究
关联统计神经网络 CNNs 厄尔尼诺预测[1],涡流热通量预测[21],北极海冰季节性预测[22],海洋内波振幅反演[2],全球中尺度涡旋识别[23]
RNNs 海表温度预测[24],海平面预报[25],次表层温度场预测[26]
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部分关联统计神经网络在中层海洋遥感上的应用

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网络类型 网络结构 相关研究
关联统计神经网络 CNNs 厄尔尼诺预测[1],涡流热通量预测[21],北极海冰季节性预测[22],海洋内波振幅反演[2],全球中尺度涡旋识别[23]
RNNs 海表温度预测[24],海平面预报[25],次表层温度场预测[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1241716994588865079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241716756931203943, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络类型 牵引方式 相关研究
物理牵引神经网络 观察牵引 海洋次表层温度预测[29],海洋湍流预测[30]
归纳牵引 海洋湍流预测[30],北极海冰季节性预测[22],全球异常中尺度涡旋识别[31],全球中尺度涡旋识别[32]
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部分物理牵引神经网络在海洋科学上的应用

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网络类型 牵引方式 相关研究
物理牵引神经网络 观察牵引 海洋次表层温度预测[29],海洋湍流预测[30]
归纳牵引 海洋湍流预测[30],北极海冰季节性预测[22],全球异常中尺度涡旋识别[31],全球中尺度涡旋识别[32]
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Artificial Intelligence-aided Remote Sensing of the Intermediate Ocean
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Ge CHEN 1, 2, 3 , Jie YANG 1, 3 , Lixin WU 2, 4
Science and Technology Foresight | Review and Commentary 2022,1(2): 103-120
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Science and Technology Foresight | Review and Commentary 2022, 1(2): 103-120
Artificial Intelligence-aided Remote Sensing of the Intermediate Ocean
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Ge CHEN1, 2, 3 , Jie YANG1, 3, Lixin WU2, 4
Authors
  • 1. School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3. Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4. Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China

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Artificial Intelligence-aided Remote Sensing of the Intermediate Ocean
Ge CHEN1, 2, 3 , Jie YANG1, 3, Lixin WU2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3. Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4. Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
Published: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.008
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Oceans at a depth ranging from ~100 m to ~1000 m (defined as the intermediate water here), though poorly understood up till now, is a critical layer of the Earth system where many important oceanographic processes take place. Advances in ocean observation and computer technology have allowed ocean science to enter the era of big data (to be precise, big data for the surface layer, small data for the bottom layer, while the intermediate layer sits in between), and greatly promoted our understanding of near-surface ocean phenomena. During the past few decades, however, the intermediate ocean is also undergoing profound changes as a result of global warming, the research and prediction of which are of intensive concern. Due to the lack of three-dimensional ocean theories, how to ‘remotely sense’ the intermediate ocean from space becomes a very attractive but challenging scientific issue. With the rapid development of the next generation of information technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has built a new bridge from data science to marine science (called Deep Blue AI, abbreviated as DBAI), which acts as a powerful weapon to extend the paradigm of modern oceanography in the era of Metaverse. This review first introduces the basic prior knowledges of water movement in the ~100 m ocean and vertical stratification within the ~1000 m depths, as well as the data resources provided by satellite remote sensing, field observation and model reanalysis for DBAI. Then, three universal DBAI methodologies, namely the correlation statistical, physically informed and mathematically driven neural networks, are elucidated in the context of intermediate ocean remote sensing. Finally, the unique advantages and potentials of DBAI in data mining and knowledge discovery are demonstrated in a top-down way of “surface-to-interior” via several typical examples in physical and biological oceanography.

remote sensing of the intermediate ocean  /  deep blue artificial intelligence  /  marine big data  /  physically informed neural network  /  mathematically driven neural network

Oceans at a depth ranging from ~100 m to ~1000 m (defined as the intermediate water here), though poorly understood up till now, is a critical layer of the Earth system where many important oceanographic processes take place. Advances in ocean observation and computer technology have allowed ocean science to enter the era of big data (to be precise, big data for the surface layer, small data for the bottom layer, while the intermediate layer sits in between), and greatly promoted our understanding of near-surface ocean phenomena. During the past few decades, however, the intermediate ocean is also undergoing profound changes as a result of global warming, the research and prediction of which are of intensive concern. Due to the lack of three-dimensional ocean theories, how to ‘remotely sense’ the intermediate ocean from space becomes a very attractive but challenging scientific issue. With the rapid development of the next generation of information technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has built a new bridge from data science to marine science (called Deep Blue AI, abbreviated as DBAI), which acts as a powerful weapon to extend the paradigm of modern oceanography in the era of Metaverse. This review first introduces the basic prior knowledges of water movement in the ~100 m ocean and vertical stratification within the ~1000 m depths, as well as the data resources provided by satellite remote sensing, field observation and model reanalysis for DBAI. Then, three universal DBAI methodologies, namely the correlation statistical, physically informed and mathematically driven neural networks, are elucidated in the context of intermediate ocean remote sensing. Finally, the unique advantages and potentials of DBAI in data mining and knowledge discovery are demonstrated in a top-down way of “surface-to-interior” via several typical examples in physical and biological oceanography.

remote sensing of the intermediate ocean  /  deep blue artificial intelligence  /  marine big data  /  physically informed neural network  /  mathematically driven neural network
陈戈, 杨杰, 吴立新. 人工智能支持下的中层海洋遥感技术[J]. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (2) : 103 -214 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.008
Ge CHEN, Jie YANG, Lixin WU. Artificial Intelligence-aided Remote Sensing of the Intermediate Ocean[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (2) : 103 -214 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.008
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.008
  • Received：2022-05-20
  • Published：2022-06-20
  • Release：2022-08-18
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  • 收稿日期：2022-05-20
  • 修回日期：2022-06-02
基金
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室“十四五”重大项目(2022QNLM050301)
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室“问海计划”专项(2021WHZZB1500/1600/1700)
Authors
    1. School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    2. Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    3. Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
    4. Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China

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陈戈, 杨杰, 吴立新. 人工智能支持下的中层海洋遥感技术[J]. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (2) : 103 -214 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.008
Ge CHEN, Jie YANG, Lixin WU. Artificial Intelligence-aided Remote Sensing of the Intermediate Ocean[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (2) : 103 -214 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.008
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
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Percentage of
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Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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