Article(id=1157393074424041661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=4, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1706544000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873612266, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873612265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072504296, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776075110816, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393075183210687, articleId=1157393074424041661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Lunar Topographic Survey and Reconstruction and Its Application in Lava Tube Exploration, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lunar lava tubes have a natural underground pipeline structure, providing excellent shelter in high-risk lunar environments such as strong radiation, large temperature variations, and frequent meteorite impacts. This makes them an inevitable choice for establishing extraterrestrial bases like lunar scientific research stations. With the continuous advancement of lunar topographic survey and reconstruction technology, high-precision topographic survey methods and detailed 3D topographic models can provide strong support for the exploration and application potential evaluation of lunar lava tubes. This article summarizes the main tasks of human lunar exploration at different stages and discusses the relationship between lava tubes and the selection and construction of future lunar bases. It also briefly analyzes the current research status of lava tube exploration in China. Furthermore, by analyzing the common exploration methods for lunar lava tubes, the article discusses the current application status, development requirements, and challenges of lunar topographic survey and reconstruction technology in lava tube exploration. In conclusion, the article outlines the prospects for future lunar lava tube exploration and presents recommendations, with a view to promoting global development in lunar lava tube exploration and related scientific research and contributing to the human community in the space journey.

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月球的熔岩管洞穴具有天然的地下管道结构，能够在强辐射、大温差和频繁陨石撞击等月面高风险环境中提供良好的庇护，成为了建立月球科研站等地外基地的必然选择。而随着月面形貌勘察重建技术的不断进展，高精度的形貌勘察手段和高精细的三维形貌模型可以为月球熔岩管洞穴的探测与应用潜力的评估提供强有力的支撑。文章总结了人类在月球探测的不同阶段的主要任务，以及熔岩管洞穴与未来月球基地选址和建设的关系，并对中国目前熔岩管洞穴探测的研究现状进行了简要分析。同时，借助对月面熔岩管洞穴的常用探测手段的分析，对月面形貌勘察重建技术在熔岩管探测中的应用现状、发展需求和挑战进行了讨论。最后，对未来月球熔岩管的探测进行了展望并提出建议，以期推动月球熔岩管洞穴探测和相关科学研究的全球发展，为人类命运共同体的太空征程而共同努力。

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周昶宇，博士。主要从事探地雷达信号处理、阵列信号处理及其在月球熔岩管探测方面的应用等研究。电子信箱：23310175@tongji.edu.cn。

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周昶宇，博士。主要从事探地雷达信号处理、阵列信号处理及其在月球熔岩管探测方面的应用等研究。电子信箱：23310175@tongji.edu.cn。

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童小华，教授，中国工程院院士。同济大学副校长。同济大学学术委员会委员，上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室主任，国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目“航天测绘遥感与深空探测”负责人。主要从事航天测绘遥感与深空探测方面的研究。发表论文100余篇，相关成果应用于嫦娥探月、测绘卫星、高分卫星以及国土资源调查等。电子信箱：xhtong@tongji.edu.cn。

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童小华，教授，中国工程院院士。同济大学副校长。同济大学学术委员会委员，上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室主任，国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目“航天测绘遥感与深空探测”负责人。主要从事航天测绘遥感与深空探测方面的研究。发表论文100余篇，相关成果应用于嫦娥探月、测绘卫星、高分卫星以及国土资源调查等。电子信箱：xhtong@tongji.edu.cn。

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Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2012, 117(E12), doi:10.1029/2011JE003926., articleTitle=GLD100: The near‐global lunar 100 m raster DTM from LROC WAC stereo image data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415158764293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=853, pageEnd=860, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=52, authorNames=李春来, journalName=测绘学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李春来. 嫦娥一号三线阵CCD数据摄影测量处理及全月球数字地形图[J]. 测绘学报, 2013, 42(6): 853-860, 868., articleTitle=嫦娥一号三线阵CCD数据摄影测量处理及全月球数字地形图, refAbstract=CCD立体相机是搭载在嫦娥一号探测器上的主要载荷之一，用于获取空间分辨率为120m的前视、正视与后视三个不同视角的月表三线阵遥感影像数据。嫦娥一号总共获取了1000多轨图像数据，图像覆盖了全月面。利用三线阵数据，采用摄影测量方法可以解算出月面点的平面位置和高程，从而构建全月球数字高程模型。在嫦娥一号三线阵CCD数据的摄影测量处理中，我们解决了月面纹理匮乏、低反照率、低对比度影像的匹配，三线阵区域网平差，全月球平差，无控制点月面定位等一系列关键技术问题，生产出了空间分辨率500m的DEM数据，DEM数据覆盖了全月球范围，平面位置精度和高程精度分别为192m（1σ）和120m（1σ）。在此基础上，制作了全月球数字地形图，主要包括月球正射影像图（DOM）、月球数字高程模型图（DEM）和月球数字等高线图等,正射影像图的空间分辨率为120m，数据完整，色调一致，图像清晰，层次丰富；数字高程模型图空间分辨率为500m，数字等高线图等高距为500m，地形细节表达层次分明、清晰可辨，能清晰分辨出撞击坑底部、撞击坑或山脉侧壁、月海平面等月面地形特征的详细细节。通过比较，全月球数字地形图数据在数据覆盖和完整性、平面位置精度、高程精度、空间分辨率等方面均明显好于国际现有全月球数字地形数据。), Reference(id=1242113415221678854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=853, pageEnd=860, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Li C L, journalName=Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li C L. 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Science, 2009, 323(5916): 897-900., articleTitle=Lunar global shape and polar topography derived from Kaguya-LALT laser altimetry, refAbstract=A global lunar topographic map with a spatial resolution of finer than 0.5 degree has been derived using data from the laser altimeter (LALT) on board the Japanese lunar explorer Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE or Kaguya). In comparison with the previous Unified Lunar Control Network (ULCN 2005) model, the new map reveals unbiased lunar topography for scales finer than a few hundred kilometers. Spherical harmonic analysis of global topographic data for the Moon, Earth, Mars, and Venus suggests that isostatic compensation is the prevailing lithospheric support mechanism at large scales. However, simple rigid support is suggested to dominate for the Moon, Venus, and Mars for smaller scales, which may indicate a drier lithosphere than on Earth, especially for the Moon and Venus.), Reference(id=1242113415435588361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=294, pageEnd=306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=56, authorNames=李春来, 刘建军, 任鑫, journalName=中国科学: 地球科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李春来, 刘建军, 任鑫, 等. 嫦娥一号图像数据处理与全月球影像制图[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2010, 40(3): 294-306., articleTitle=嫦娥一号图像数据处理与全月球影像制图, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415511085834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=294, pageEnd=306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Li C L, Liu J J, Ren X, journalName=Scientia Sinica (Terrae), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li C L, Liu J J, Ren X, et al. The global image of the Moon by the Chang’e-1: Data processing and lunar cartography[J]. Scientia Sinica (Terrae), 2010, 40(3): 294-306. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The global image of the Moon by the Chang’e-1: Data processing and lunar cartography, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415586583307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=37, issue=18, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, et al. Initial observations from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA)[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(18), doi:10.1029/2010GL043751., articleTitle=Initial observations from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415666275084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=10.1016/j.pss.2013.06.010, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=86, issue=null, pageStart=33, pageEnd=44, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032063313001517, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Martellato E, Foing B H, Benkhoff J, journalName=Planetary and Space Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Martellato E, Foing B H, Benkhoff J. Numerical modelling of impact crater formation associated with isolated lunar skylight candidates on lava tubes[J]. Planetary and Space Science, 2013, 86: 33-44., articleTitle=Numerical modelling of impact crater formation associated with isolated lunar skylight candidates on lava tubes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415733383949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=60, authorNames=于登云, 马继楠, journalName=前瞻科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于登云, 马继楠. 中国深空探测进展与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2022, 1(1): 17-27., articleTitle=中国深空探测进展与展望, refAbstract=在简要分析世界主要航天国家和新兴航天国家深空探测进展的基础上,系统梳理了中国深空探测所取得的主要技术和科学进展,对未来的深空探测任务和需要重点突破的主要关键技术提出展望,为后续深空探测发展提供参考。), Reference(id=1242113415800492814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Yu D Y, Ma J N, journalName=Science and Technology Foresight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu D Y, Ma J N. Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022, 1(1): 17-27. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China, refAbstract=

After analyzing the progress in deep space exploration of major aerospace countries and emerging ones in the world, this paper systematically summarizes the main scientific and technological achievements regarding deep space exploration in China. Moreover, it provides an outlook on future deep space exploration and main key technologies. This review can serve as reference for the follow-up development of deep space exploration in China.

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Comparison of lunar lava tube detection methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

探测方法	分辨率/m	最大探测深度/km	搭载平台	是否实现对熔岩管的探测
重力探测	3×104	60.00	轨道器	已实现
雷达探测	100	5.00	轨道器	已实现
探地雷达	1~5	0.05	着陆器或巡视器	尚未实现

), ArticleFig(id=1242113409790055117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

熔岩管探测方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

探测方法	分辨率/m	最大探测深度/km	搭载平台	是否实现对熔岩管的探测
重力探测	3×104	60.00	轨道器	已实现
雷达探测	100	5.00	轨道器	已实现
探地雷达	1~5	0.05	着陆器或巡视器	尚未实现

), ArticleFig(id=1242113409861358286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main lunar orbiters and their remote sensing image data in China and abroad

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轨道器名称	国家	发射年份	光学传感器	空间分辨率/m
克莱门汀（Clementine）	美国	1994	可见光相机 高分辨率相机	200 7~20
月亮女神（SELENE/Kaguya）	日本	2007	地形相机	10
嫦娥一号（CE-1）	中国	2007	立体相机	120
月船一号（Chandrayaan-1）	印度	2008	地形测绘相机	5
月球勘测轨道器（LRO）	美国	2009	窄角相机 宽角相机	0.5~2.0 100
嫦娥二号（CE-2）	中国	2010	立体相机	1.5~7
月船二号（Chandrayaan-2）	印度	2019	高分辨率相机	0.32
嫦娥七号（CE-7）	中国	计划	立体相机	0.5

), ArticleFig(id=1242113409924272847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外主要月球轨道器及其搭载的遥感影像数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

轨道器名称	国家	发射年份	光学传感器	空间分辨率/m
克莱门汀（Clementine）	美国	1994	可见光相机 高分辨率相机	200 7~20
月亮女神（SELENE/Kaguya）	日本	2007	地形相机	10
嫦娥一号（CE-1）	中国	2007	立体相机	120
月船一号（Chandrayaan-1）	印度	2008	地形测绘相机	5
月球勘测轨道器（LRO）	美国	2009	窄角相机 宽角相机	0.5~2.0 100
嫦娥二号（CE-2）	中国	2010	立体相机	1.5~7
月船二号（Chandrayaan-2）	印度	2019	高分辨率相机	0.32
嫦娥七号（CE-7）	中国	计划	立体相机	0.5

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