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Conducting risk assessments for hydrogen energy systems and facilities is essential for preventing hydrogen accidents and ensuring the safe use of hydrogen energy. With the advancement of commercial applications of hydrogen energy, diversified hydrogen energy application scenarios have put higher demands on risk assessment technologies. This paper summarized the fundamental theories and methods of both qualitative and quantitative risk assessments and reviewed the current development status and main application scenarios of existing risk assessment technologies in the hydrogen energy industry. Emerging risk assessment technologies, such as dynamic Bayesian networks and artificial neural networks, were introduced as well. On this basis, this paper highlighted current challenges in hydrogen safety data, dynamic quantitative risk assessment, risk assessment procedures and acceptable standards, and simulation and assessment tools. Finally, four recommendations were proposed for the future development of hydrogen risk assessment technologies.

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面向氢能系统和设施的风险评价对预防氢事故、确保氢能安全应用至关重要。随着氢能商业化应用和推广，氢能应用场景的多样化对风险评价技术提出了更高的要求。文章总结了定性及定量风险评价的基础理论及方法，综述了氢能行业现有风险评价技术的发展现状和主要应用场景，并介绍了动态贝叶斯网络和人工神经网络等新兴的风险评价技术。在此基础上，指出目前在氢安全数据、动态化定量风险评价、风险评价流程和可接受标准、仿真与评价工具等方面所面临的挑战，并提出了未来氢安全风险评价技术发展的4点建议。

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张嘉欣，博士研究生。主要从事氢安全风险评价、低温氢射流理论模型研究。电子信箱：202134242@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

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张嘉欣，博士研究生。主要从事氢安全风险评价、低温氢射流理论模型研究。电子信箱：202134242@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

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李雪芳，副教授，博士研究生导师。中国动力工程学会青年工作委员会委员，中国汽车工程学会汽车火灾安全技术分会委员，国际氢能协会（IAHE）会员，中国可再生能源学会会员（氢能专业委员会），中国消防协会会员。主要从事氢能与氢安全研究。电子信箱：lixf@email.sdu.edu.cn。

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李雪芳，副教授，博士研究生导师。中国动力工程学会青年工作委员会委员，中国汽车工程学会汽车火灾安全技术分会委员，国际氢能协会（IAHE）会员，中国可再生能源学会会员（氢能专业委员会），中国消防协会会员。主要从事氢能与氢安全研究。电子信箱：lixf@email.sdu.edu.cn。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114039380250685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114039388639294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, companyId=1242114039380250685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Institute of Thermal Science and Technology (Institute for Advanced Technology), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114039401222207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, companyId=1242114039380250685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东大学热科学与工程研究中心（高等技术研究院），济南 250061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114039548022851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114039552217156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, companyId=1242114039548022851, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114039560605765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, companyId=1242114039548022851, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.山东大学高效储能及氢能利用山东省工程研究中心，济南 250061)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242114042538561638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=hydrogen energy), Keyword(id=1242114042588893287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=hydrogen safety), Keyword(id=1242114042668585064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=risk assessment), Keyword(id=1242114042718916713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=氢能), Keyword(id=1242114042773442666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=氢安全), Keyword(id=1242114042827968619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=风险评价)], refs=[Reference(id=1242114044438581375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.03.003, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=76, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=凌文, 刘玮, 李育磊, journalName=中国工程科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=凌文, 刘玮, 李育磊, 等. 中国氢能基础设施产业发展战略研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2019, 21(3): 76-83., articleTitle=中国氢能基础设施产业发展战略研究, refAbstract=氢能是构建以清洁能源为主的综合能源供给系统的重要载体，开发利用氢能已成为中国能源技术发展的重要战略方向，中国的氢能基础设施发展滞后是制约氢能大规模应用推广的重要因素。本文分析了中国氢能基础设施（以加氢站为主）的发展现况与趋势，剖析了氢能基础设施产业（以加氢站为主）发展方面存在的困难与挑战，结合国外部分发达国家的先进经验，提出了我国氢能基础设施产业发展的总体目标及发展路径，针对体制保障与政策提出相关建议，本文的研究结果可为我国推进氢能产业发展指导政策的制定提供参考。), Reference(id=1242114044505690240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.03.003, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=76, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Ling W, Liu W, Li Y L, journalName=Strategic Study of CAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ling W, Liu W, Li Y L, et al. Development strategy of hydrogen infrastructure industry in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2019, 21(3): 76-83. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Development strategy of hydrogen infrastructure industry in China, refAbstract=

Hydrogen energy is recognized as an important fundamental element to construct an integrated energy supply system dominated by clean energies. Hydrogen development and utilization have become a significant energy development direction for China. However, the inadequate development of hydrogen infrastructures is one of the main reasons hampering the large-scale application and promotion of hydrogen energy in China. This study deeply analyzed the current situation and trend of China’s hydrogen infrastructures (focusing on hydrogen refueling stations), and discussed about the difficulties and challenges in developing the hydrogen infrastructure industry in China. Referring to the advanced experiences of several developed countries, we proposed an overall development goal and route for China's hydrogen infrastructures, and put forward some reasonable suggestions on system safeguard and related policies. The study results would provide a useful reference for the formulation of China’s guidance policies on hydrogen development.

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Technologies for the safe use of hydrogen and construction of the safety standards system[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2020, 22(5): 144-151. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Technologies for the safe use of hydrogen and construction of the safety standards system, refAbstract=

The industry of hydrogen energy for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is in a rapid start-up stage in China. Understanding of the danger of hydrogen and safe use of the hydrogen energy are the basis for the healthy development of the FCEV industry. In this study, we analyze the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and the compatibility issues for hydrogen and materials and then propose three basic principles for the safe use of hydrogen. Subsequently, the research outputs and technical measures for the safe use of high-pressure hydrogen energy in Japan are thoroughly introduced and some suggestions are presented for the safe use of hydrogen in accordance with the Chinese situation. First, China should conduct overall planning and design, increase investment in science and technology, and form a research system that takes the National Hydrogen Safety Laboratory as the main body and has active participation from social science and technology forces. Moreover, it should perfect its hydrogen safety standards system for vehicles and build a 70 MPa hydrogen-related equipment manufacturing system.

), Reference(id=1242114052684583121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=82, authorNames=中国工业气体工业协会, journalName=加氢站风险评估指南: T/CCGA 40013—2022, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国工业气体工业协会. 加氢站风险评估指南: T/CCGA 40013—2022[S]. 北京: 中国工业气体工业协会, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114052747497682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=83, authorNames=China Industrial Gas Industry Association, journalName=Guidelines for risk assessment of hydrogen fuelling stations: T/CCGA 40013-2022, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Industrial Gas Industry Association. Guidelines for risk assessment of hydrogen fuelling stations: T/CCGA 40013-2022[S]. Beijing: China Industrial Gas Industry Association, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114044270809214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, awardId=2023YFB4004501, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFB4004501), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114039380250685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114039388639294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, companyId=1242114039380250685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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上边界线为不可容忍线，下边界线为可忽略线。

, figureFileSmall=0OkK5caeqTwz49Xqb+1Nkw==, figureFileBig=pcStTz0m6Hkvs0CXymPsFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114043956236410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Application of neural network and machine learning in risk assessment system, figureFileSmall=s7J0RepGUGf9c6TMnLrn0g==, figureFileBig=1zIR9M3nAiD9kMiR03jGDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114044014956667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=CN, label=图8, caption=神经网络和机器学习在安全风险评价体系中的应用, figureFileSmall=s7J0RepGUGf9c6TMnLrn0g==, figureFileBig=1zIR9M3nAiD9kMiR03jGDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114044073676924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hydrogen accident database

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

数据库名称	国家/地区	记录的事故数量	数据管理方
高压气体事故数据库[32]	日本	未专门统计氢能事故	高压气体安全研究所（日本）
H2 Tools[33]	美国	221	太平洋西北国家实验室（美国）
氢事件和事故数据库（HIAD）[34]	全球范围	755	欧盟联合研究中心（荷兰）

), ArticleFig(id=1242114044144980093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944752210775, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氢事故数据库

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

数据库名称	国家/地区	记录的事故数量	数据管理方
高压气体事故数据库[32]	日本	未专门统计氢能事故	高压气体安全研究所（日本）
H2 Tools[33]	美国	221	太平洋西北国家实验室（美国）
氢事件和事故数据库（HIAD）[34]	全球范围	755	欧盟联合研究中心（荷兰）

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