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Hydrogen storage and transportation technologies are key components in the hydrogen energy industry chain and have the potential to become an industry with benefits of more than ten billion in the future. Currently, mainstream technologies include high-pressure gas hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, and low-pressure solid hydrogen storage, while organic liquid hydrogen storage is still in the application demonstration phase. This paper reviewed recent research, development, and application advancements in these hydrogen storage and transportation technologies, analyzed the associated challenges, and predicted future research and development directions. Overall, hydrogen storage and transportation technologies show substantial development potential, but continued breakthroughs in cost reduction, efficiency enhancement, safety assurance, and localization improvements are necessary to drive the rapid growth of the hydrogen energy industry.
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†
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氢储运技术是氢能产业链中的一个至关重要的环节，可能成为未来新的百亿级产业。目前主流技术包括高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢和低压固态储氢，另外有机液态储氢也在应用示范阶段。文章总结了近年来氢储运技术的研发及应用进展，分析了面临的困难与挑战，展望了未来的研发方向。总体而言，氢储运技术发展前景广阔，但仍需在降低成本、提高效率、确保安全性和提高国产化率等方面不断突破，以推动氢能产业快速发展。
, correspAuthors=吴朝玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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 |
吴朝玲，教授，博士研究生导师。四川大学材料科学与工程学院新能源材料与器件教研中心副主任。中国可再生能源学会氢能专业委员会委员，中国能源研究会氢能专业委员会委员，四川省动力工程学会第五届理事会氢能专业委员会主任委员。主要从事储氢材料及氢能技术、燃料电池连接板等研究。主持国家、省部及其他项目32项。作为主研人员参与产业化项目2项，负责建成两条年产百吨级储氢合金生产线。获2022年高等教育（本科）国家级教学成果奖一等奖。出版专著2部，发表论文180余篇，授权发明专利18件。电子信箱：wuchaoling@scu.edu.cn。 |
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吴朝玲，教授，博士研究生导师。四川大学材料科学与工程学院新能源材料与器件教研中心副主任。中国可再生能源学会氢能专业委员会委员，中国能源研究会氢能专业委员会委员，四川省动力工程学会第五届理事会氢能专业委员会主任委员。主要从事储氢材料及氢能技术、燃料电池连接板等研究。主持国家、省部及其他项目32项。作为主研人员参与产业化项目2项，负责建成两条年产百吨级储氢合金生产线。获2022年高等教育（本科）国家级教学成果奖一等奖。出版专著2部，发表论文180余篇，授权发明专利18件。电子信箱：wuchaoling@scu.edu.cn。
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吴朝玲，教授，博士研究生导师。四川大学材料科学与工程学院新能源材料与器件教研中心副主任。中国可再生能源学会氢能专业委员会委员，中国能源研究会氢能专业委员会委员，四川省动力工程学会第五届理事会氢能专业委员会主任委员。主要从事储氢材料及氢能技术、燃料电池连接板等研究。主持国家、省部及其他项目32项。作为主研人员参与产业化项目2项，负责建成两条年产百吨级储氢合金生产线。获2022年高等教育（本科）国家级教学成果奖一等奖。出版专著2部，发表论文180余篇，授权发明专利18件。电子信箱：wuchaoling@scu.edu.cn。
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Energy Storage Science and Technology,
2024,
13(2): 643-651. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress and application scenarios of organic liquid hydrogen-carrying storage and transportation technology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242113926431838884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, awardId=2022YFB3803700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3803700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113926498947749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, awardId=2024YFNH0020, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省重点研发计划(2024YFNH0020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113926553473702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, awardId=2022YFG0116, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省重点研发计划(2022YFG0116), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113922963149418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113922971538027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, companyId=1242113922963149418, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113922979926636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, companyId=1242113922963149418, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学材料科学与工程学院，成都 610064)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242113925035135634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Structure of reciprocating hydrogen compressor, figureFileSmall=NWh9v+URyrf5QrT1Eklb7Q==, figureFileBig=hnlyKijXCbSZ49UtNYSPnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925098050195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
往复式氢气压缩机结构示意图, figureFileSmall=NWh9v+URyrf5QrT1Eklb7Q==, figureFileBig=hnlyKijXCbSZ49UtNYSPnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925274210964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Structure of diaphragm hydrogen compressor, figureFileSmall=hWbiRIO41cUNdPMTiPH0Gg==, figureFileBig=gX0k4JTFDdSNyQfY+nBNFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925345514133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
隔膜式氢气压缩机结构示意图, figureFileSmall=hWbiRIO41cUNdPMTiPH0Gg==, figureFileBig=gX0k4JTFDdSNyQfY+nBNFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925412622998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Structure of hydrogen storage cylinder with metal liner and circumferential fiber winding, figureFileSmall=eeXWLsLu9chequf7+3noGw==, figureFileBig=CYqyoS4P4MxKWJCSegeRsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925483926167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
金属内衬纤维环向缠绕储氢气瓶结构示意图, figureFileSmall=eeXWLsLu9chequf7+3noGw==, figureFileBig=CYqyoS4P4MxKWJCSegeRsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925559423640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Structure of hydrogen storage cylinder with metal liner and full fiber wrapping, figureFileSmall=ZrSoQxveZa9l09Og9FP5MQ==, figureFileBig=Ijz5WIKMkAq3jmkX5vfWQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925622338201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
金属内衬纤维全缠绕储氢气瓶结构示意图, figureFileSmall=ZrSoQxveZa9l09Og9FP5MQ==, figureFileBig=Ijz5WIKMkAq3jmkX5vfWQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113925681058458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of different hydrogen compressors
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 压缩机种类 | 排出压力/MPa | 流量/
（Nm3·h-1） | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 往复式压缩机 | 100 | 300 | 技术成熟，适用范围广，操作方便，可频繁启停 | 结构复杂，运行时噪声较大，低功率下热损失高 |
| 隔膜式压缩机 | 45~70 | 50~280 | 技术成熟，密封性好，散热良好，氢气纯度高 | 结构复杂，不适用于频繁启停，对隔膜的耐腐蚀性和使用寿命要求高 |
| 离子液体压缩机 | 100 | 376~753 | 构造简单，维护方便，能耗较低 | 制造标准与国内不同，引进复杂，价格高 |
| 金属氢化物压缩机 | 70~80 | 670~950 | 设备简单，便于维护，无噪声，无振动 | 仍处于开发阶段，成本较高，采购和运行成本高 |
| 电化学压缩机 | 35~70 | 0.93~1 | 设备简单，占地面积小，热损失小，效率高，可同时压缩和净化气态氢 | 单位时间内压缩氢气流量较小，仍处于开发阶段 |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113925743973019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同氢气压缩机对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 压缩机种类 | 排出压力/MPa | 流量/
（Nm3·h-1） | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 往复式压缩机 | 100 | 300 | 技术成熟，适用范围广，操作方便，可频繁启停 | 结构复杂，运行时噪声较大，低功率下热损失高 |
| 隔膜式压缩机 | 45~70 | 50~280 | 技术成熟，密封性好，散热良好，氢气纯度高 | 结构复杂，不适用于频繁启停，对隔膜的耐腐蚀性和使用寿命要求高 |
| 离子液体压缩机 | 100 | 376~753 | 构造简单，维护方便，能耗较低 | 制造标准与国内不同，引进复杂，价格高 |
| 金属氢化物压缩机 | 70~80 | 670~950 | 设备简单，便于维护，无噪声，无振动 | 仍处于开发阶段，成本较高，采购和运行成本高 |
| 电化学压缩机 | 35~70 | 0.93~1 | 设备简单，占地面积小，热损失小，效率高，可同时压缩和净化气态氢 | 单位时间内压缩氢气流量较小，仍处于开发阶段 |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113925823664796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of different hydrogen storage bottles
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 材质 | 工作压力/MPa | 质量储氢密度/% | 体积储氢密度/（g·L-1） | 使用寿命/a | 成本 |
| Ⅰ型 | 纯钢质金属瓶 | 17.5~20.0 | ≈1.0 | ≈16 | 15 | 低 |
| Ⅱ型 | 钢质内胆纤维缠绕瓶 | 26.3~30.0 | ≈1.5 | ≈16 | 15 | 中等 |
| Ⅲ型 | 铝内胆纤维缠绕瓶 | 30.0~70.0 | ≈2.5~4.0 | ≈40 | 15~20 | 最高 |
| Ⅳ型 | 塑料内胆纤维缠绕瓶 | >70.0 | ≈2.5~6.0 | ≈40 | 15~20 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113925890773661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同储氢瓶对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 材质 | 工作压力/MPa | 质量储氢密度/% | 体积储氢密度/（g·L-1） | 使用寿命/a | 成本 |
| Ⅰ型 | 纯钢质金属瓶 | 17.5~20.0 | ≈1.0 | ≈16 | 15 | 低 |
| Ⅱ型 | 钢质内胆纤维缠绕瓶 | 26.3~30.0 | ≈1.5 | ≈16 | 15 | 中等 |
| Ⅲ型 | 铝内胆纤维缠绕瓶 | 30.0~70.0 | ≈2.5~4.0 | ≈40 | 15~20 | 最高 |
| Ⅳ型 | 塑料内胆纤维缠绕瓶 | >70.0 | ≈2.5~6.0 | ≈40 | 15~20 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113925966271134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of commonly used materials for liquid hydrogen tanks
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料（示例） | 强度/MPa | 导热系数/
（W⸱m-1⸱K-1） | 密度/
（g⸱cm-3） | 优势 | 挑战和研究重点 | 应用 |
| 奥氏体不锈钢（316L） | 490 | 15 | 7.9 | 抗氢脆性好、低温性能较好、焊接性和耐腐蚀性较好 | 特定条件低温力学性能有待提升 | 液氢储运、特别是陆地运输 |
| 钛合金（T4） | 895 | 8 | 4.5 | 强度高、重量轻、低温性能好 | 较难焊接、加工成本高 | 液体火箭发动机领域 |
铝合金
（AL2014） | 410 | 164 | 2.7 | 重量轻、易加工成型、焊接性和耐腐蚀性较好 | 优化焊接性能及焊接后的低温力学性能、提高耐腐蚀性 | 航天领域 |
| 碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP） | 1 200 | 1 | 1.6 | 强度高、重量轻、导热系数低 | 氢气渗透 | 航天领域 |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113926029185695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
液氢罐常用材料对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料（示例） | 强度/MPa | 导热系数/
（W⸱m-1⸱K-1） | 密度/
（g⸱cm-3） | 优势 | 挑战和研究重点 | 应用 |
| 奥氏体不锈钢（316L） | 490 | 15 | 7.9 | 抗氢脆性好、低温性能较好、焊接性和耐腐蚀性较好 | 特定条件低温力学性能有待提升 | 液氢储运、特别是陆地运输 |
| 钛合金（T4） | 895 | 8 | 4.5 | 强度高、重量轻、低温性能好 | 较难焊接、加工成本高 | 液体火箭发动机领域 |
铝合金
（AL2014） | 410 | 164 | 2.7 | 重量轻、易加工成型、焊接性和耐腐蚀性较好 | 优化焊接性能及焊接后的低温力学性能、提高耐腐蚀性 | 航天领域 |
| 碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP） | 1 200 | 1 | 1.6 | 强度高、重量轻、导热系数低 | 氢气渗透 | 航天领域 |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113926100488864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Principle and performance of common adiabatic technologies
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 绝热方式 | 原理 | 性能/(W·m-1·K-1) |
| 常规外绝热 | 将导热率小的材料填充在绝热对象表面达到绝热效果，绝热层的厚度根据其外表面不会冷凝水的条件来设计 | 纤维类：0.035~0.050
粉末类：0.019~0.064
泡沫类：0.028~0.064 |
| 高真空绝热 | 绝热夹层空间抽高真空，减少气体对流换热与气体导热 | ~10-2 |
| 真空粉末绝热 | 将导热率小的材料填充在真空度相对较低的真空夹层以减少空气的对流传热 | ~10-3 |
| 真空多层绝热 | 采用多层反射屏，在高真空绝热的基础上，减少辐射传热，实现高效绝热 | 10-6~10-4 |
| 低温冷屏绝热 | 在真空夹层中设置冷屏，冷屏用液氮或容器中低温液体蒸发的冷蒸汽冷却 | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113926171792033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
常见绝热技术原理及性能
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 绝热方式 | 原理 | 性能/(W·m-1·K-1) |
| 常规外绝热 | 将导热率小的材料填充在绝热对象表面达到绝热效果，绝热层的厚度根据其外表面不会冷凝水的条件来设计 | 纤维类：0.035~0.050
粉末类：0.019~0.064
泡沫类：0.028~0.064 |
| 高真空绝热 | 绝热夹层空间抽高真空，减少气体对流换热与气体导热 | ~10-2 |
| 真空粉末绝热 | 将导热率小的材料填充在真空度相对较低的真空夹层以减少空气的对流传热 | ~10-3 |
| 真空多层绝热 | 采用多层反射屏，在高真空绝热的基础上，减少辐射传热，实现高效绝热 | 10-6~10-4 |
| 低温冷屏绝热 | 在真空夹层中设置冷屏，冷屏用液氮或容器中低温液体蒸发的冷蒸汽冷却 | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113926243095202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison of typical hydrogen storage alloys
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 代表 | 理论储氢的质量分数/% | 优点 | 缺点 | 改进方法 | 应用 |
| 稀土系 | LaNi5 | 1.4 | 吸放氢快、易活化、不易中毒 | 易粉化、容量下降快、成本较高、高倍率放电性能差 | 合金化、掺杂、表面处理 | Ni/MH电池负极、氘氚储存、氢化物热泵、加/脱氢催化剂、氢压缩机 |
| Ti系 | TiFe | 1.9 | 循环寿命长、成本低、制备简单 | 难活化、易毒化 | 合金化、机械处理表面改性 | 固定式储氢、加/脱氢催化剂、移动设备、热交换材料 |
| TiMn2 | 1.8 | 易活化、成本低 | 平台压较高 | 合金化、熔体快淬、退火、表面处理 | Ni/MH电池负极、质子交换膜燃料电池氢源储存、氢压缩机 |
| V系 | V-Ti-Cr-Fe | 3.8 | 容量高、平台适中、吸放氢快 | 成本高、循环寿命差、易毒化 | 合金化、新工艺、表面处理 | 大型储能设备和移动设备氢源储存 |
| Mg系 | MgH2 | 7.6 | 质量轻、储氢容量高、能量密度高 | 吸放氢难、动力学慢 | 合金化、纳米化、添加催化剂 | 氢提纯与分离、热泵、固态储运氢 |
), ArticleFig(id=1242113926314398371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002944328586068, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
典型的储氢合金对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 代表 | 理论储氢的质量分数/% | 优点 | 缺点 | 改进方法 | 应用 |
| 稀土系 | LaNi5 | 1.4 | 吸放氢快、易活化、不易中毒 | 易粉化、容量下降快、成本较高、高倍率放电性能差 | 合金化、掺杂、表面处理 | Ni/MH电池负极、氘氚储存、氢化物热泵、加/脱氢催化剂、氢压缩机 |
| Ti系 | TiFe | 1.9 | 循环寿命长、成本低、制备简单 | 难活化、易毒化 | 合金化、机械处理表面改性 | 固定式储氢、加/脱氢催化剂、移动设备、热交换材料 |
| TiMn2 | 1.8 | 易活化、成本低 | 平台压较高 | 合金化、熔体快淬、退火、表面处理 | Ni/MH电池负极、质子交换膜燃料电池氢源储存、氢压缩机 |
| V系 | V-Ti-Cr-Fe | 3.8 | 容量高、平台适中、吸放氢快 | 成本高、循环寿命差、易毒化 | 合金化、新工艺、表面处理 | 大型储能设备和移动设备氢源储存 |
| Mg系 | MgH2 | 7.6 | 质量轻、储氢容量高、能量密度高 | 吸放氢难、动力学慢 | 合金化、纳米化、添加催化剂 | 氢提纯与分离、热泵、固态储运氢 |
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