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Green hydrogen has become an important technological option for building a diversified green energy structure and plays a key role in achieving carbon neutrality goals. This article aims to review the research and development progress of green hydrogen production technology. Based on the current development status and policy background of China’s hydrogen energy industry, this article defined green hydrogen according to the Chinese and international research and development status and focused on hydrogen production from renewable energy water splitting and biomass. The technical characteristics, advantages, and challenges of these technologies were analyzed. Additionally, technologies such as hydrogen production by nuclear energy, methane pyrolysis, green ammonia, and aqua hydrogen, which do not belong to traditional green hydrogen but may play an important role in carbon emission reduction, were explored. Finally, the article summarized the issues existing in green hydrogen production and provided suggestions for the development of green hydrogen in China from aspects such as policy incentives, technological innovation, and market application.

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绿氢已经成为构建多元绿色能源结构的重要技术选项,在实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标进程中具有关键作用。文章旨在综述绿氢生产技术的研发进展和发展趋势。根据中国氢能产业的发展现状和政策背景,界定了适合于国内外研发现状的绿氢定义,重点介绍了可再生能源分解水制氢、生物质制氢技术,分析了各自的技术特点、优势和挑战。此外,还探讨了核能制氢、甲烷热解制氢、绿氨制氢和水氢等虽不属于传统的绿氢,但有可能对碳减排起到重要作用的技术。最后,对绿氢生产中存在的问题进行了总结,从政策激励、技术创新、市场应用等方面对中国绿氢发展给出了建议。

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党成雄,副教授。主要从事生物质热化学制氢、CO2捕获与催化转化、钙基化学链的构建与应用等领域的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金等项目5项。获2020年中国颗粒学会优秀博士论文奖等。发表论文29篇。电子信箱:

余皓,教授,博士研究生导师。华南理工大学化学与化工学院副院长。中国颗粒学会理事,广东省化工学会副秘书长,科普与学术工作委员会主任委员。主要从事纳米碳材料、多相催化等研究。获教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金、广东省“千百十”省级培养对象、广州市珠江科技新星、全国石油化工青年教学名师。广东省线上线下混合本科一流课程《化学反应工程》课程负责人。获教育部自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,中国石油和化学工业联合会科技进步奖一等奖。发表论文200余篇。电子信箱:

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党成雄,副教授。主要从事生物质热化学制氢、CO2捕获与催化转化、钙基化学链的构建与应用等领域的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金等项目5项。获2020年中国颗粒学会优秀博士论文奖等。发表论文29篇。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=X2mqKxOTQ65Mq9bYZeDSKA==, bioContent=

党成雄,副教授。主要从事生物质热化学制氢、CO2捕获与催化转化、钙基化学链的构建与应用等领域的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金等项目5项。获2020年中国颗粒学会优秀博士论文奖等。发表论文29篇。电子信箱:

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余皓,教授,博士研究生导师。华南理工大学化学与化工学院副院长。中国颗粒学会理事,广东省化工学会副秘书长,科普与学术工作委员会主任委员。主要从事纳米碳材料、多相催化等研究。获教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金、广东省“千百十”省级培养对象、广州市珠江科技新星、全国石油化工青年教学名师。广东省线上线下混合本科一流课程《化学反应工程》课程负责人。获教育部自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,中国石油和化学工业联合会科技进步奖一等奖。发表论文200余篇。电子信箱:

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余皓,教授,博士研究生导师。华南理工大学化学与化工学院副院长。中国颗粒学会理事,广东省化工学会副秘书长,科普与学术工作委员会主任委员。主要从事纳米碳材料、多相催化等研究。获教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金、广东省“千百十”省级培养对象、广州市珠江科技新星、全国石油化工青年教学名师。广东省线上线下混合本科一流课程《化学反应工程》课程负责人。获教育部自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,中国石油和化学工业联合会科技进步奖一等奖。发表论文200余篇。电子信箱:

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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(66): 25660-25682., articleTitle=Literature review of the catalytic pyrolysis of methane for hydrogen and carbon production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114003929994238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1126/science.aao5023, pmid=29146810, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=358, issue=6365, pageStart=917, pageEnd=921, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Upham D C, Agarwal V, Khechfe A, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Upham D C, Agarwal V, Khechfe A, et al. Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon[J]. Science, 2017, 358(6365): 917-921., articleTitle=Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon, refAbstract=Metals that are active catalysts for methane (Ni, Pt, Pd), when dissolved in inactive low-melting temperature metals (In, Ga, Sn, Pb), produce stable molten metal alloy catalysts for pyrolysis of methane into hydrogen and carbon. All solid catalysts previously used for this reaction have been deactivated by carbon deposition. In the molten alloy system, the insoluble carbon floats to the surface where it can be skimmed off. A 27% Ni-73% Bi alloy achieved 95% methane conversion at 1065°C in a 1.1-meter bubble column and produced pure hydrogen without CO or other by-products. Calculations show that the active metals in the molten alloys are atomically dispersed and negatively charged. There is a correlation between the amount of charge on the atoms and their catalytic activity.Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.), Reference(id=1242114003988714495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=9, pageStart=6225, pageEnd=6238, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Parkinson B, Patzschke C F, Nikolis D, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Parkinson B, Patzschke C F, Nikolis D, et al. Methane pyrolysis in monovalent alkali halide salts: Kinetics and pyrolytic carbon properties[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(9): 6225-6238., articleTitle=Methane pyrolysis in monovalent alkali halide salts: Kinetics and pyrolytic carbon properties, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114004043240448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=17, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Park D K, Park S N, Kim H J, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park D K, Park S N, Kim H J, et al. Research on the production of turquoise hydrogen from methane (CH4) through plasma reaction[J]. Energies, 2024, 17(2), doi: 10.3390/en17020484., articleTitle=Research on the production of turquoise hydrogen from methane (CH4) through plasma reaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114004106153984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1126/science.adh8872, pmid=37616342, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=381, issue=6660, pageStart=857, pageEnd=861, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Chen L N, Song Z G, Zhang S C, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen L N, Song Z G, Zhang S C, et al. Ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst for efficient hydrogen production from methane pyrolysis[J]. Science, 2023, 381(6660): 857-861., articleTitle=Ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst for efficient hydrogen production from methane pyrolysis, refAbstract=Methane pyrolysis (MP) is a potential technology for CO-free hydrogen production that generates only solid carbon by-products. However, developing a highly efficient catalyst for stable methane pyrolysis at a moderate temperature has been challenging. We present a new and highly efficient catalyst created by modifying a Ni-Bi liquid alloy with the addition of Mo to produce a ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst (LAC). This catalyst exhibited a considerably low activation energy of 81.2 kilojoules per mole, which enabled MP at temperatures between 450 and 800 Celsius and a hydrogen generation efficiency of 4.05 ml per gram of nickel per minute. At 800 Celsius, the catalyst exhibited 100% H selectivity and 120 hours of stability.), Reference(id=1242114004173262849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1726, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=2544, pageEnd=2553, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=陈科宇, 徐金鑫, 吴桂波, journalName=化工进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈科宇, 徐金鑫, 吴桂波, . 绿氨产业现状及发展展望[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(5): 2544-2553., articleTitle=绿氨产业现状及发展展望, refAbstract=氨工业为人类粮食安全和经济社会发展做出了突出贡献,同时生产过程中也造成了大量二氧化碳排放。利用可再生能源生产的绿氨具有“零碳”特点,全生命周期减碳效果明显,在全球范围内已成为低碳产业发展热点之一。本文通过对绿氨产业政策、绿氨产业发展现状及进展的介绍,以及对绿氨在车船燃料、储氢载体、燃料发电、化工原料等四个下游应用市场竞争力分析,表明全球主要船舶发动机技术商与船舶制造商都在开发氨燃料发动机与氨动力船舶并陆续开展运行测试,国内车用氨燃料发动机已实现相关技术的突破,绿氨在远洋航运领域最先取得突破,当绿电价格随新能源技术进步降至0.20CNY/kWh左右时,全球绿氨车船燃料将迎来大发展,绿氨在重型卡车和远洋船舶行业将越来越具有成本竞争力。同时,氨作为储氢载体发展潜力大,液氨合成与脱氢环节成本占比85%以上,对运距不敏感,未来将成为全球大宗氢气远洋运输的主要形式之一。最后指出绿氨行业可持续发展需要技术创新、产业政策和标准制定的支持。), Reference(id=1242114005683212290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1726, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=2544, pageEnd=2553, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Chen K Y, Xu J X, Wu G B, journalName=Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen K Y, Xu J X, Wu G B, et al. Current situation and development prospect of green ammonia industry[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(5): 2544-2553. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Current situation and development prospect of green ammonia industry, refAbstract=

The ammonia industry has made outstanding contributions to human food security and economic and social development, while also causing a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the production process. Green ammonia produced using renewable energy has the characteristic of “zero carbon” and significant carbon reduction effects throughout its lifecycle. It has become one of the hotspots for low-carbon industry development worldwide. this paper introduces the policies of the green ammonia industry, the current development status and progress of the green ammonia industry, and analyzes the market competitiveness of green ammonia in four downstream applications such as vehicle and ship fuel, hydrogen storage carriers, fuel power generation, and chemical raw materials. It is considered that the major global ship engine technology companies and ship manufacturers are developing ammonia fuel engines and ammonia powered ships which are gradually conducting operational tests. And the ammonia fuel engines for vehicles have achieved breakthroughs in related technologies in China. It is believed that ocean shipping is the first breakthrough area for green ammonia, and when the price of green electricity drops to around 0.20CNY/kWh with the advancement of new energy technology, global green ammonia vehicle and ship fuel will usher in significant development. Green ammonia will become increasingly cost competitive in the heavy-duty truck and ocean shipping industries. At the same time, ammonia has great potential for development as a hydrogen storage carrier. The cost of liquid ammonia synthesis and dehydrogenation accounts for over 85% of the total cost, and it is not sensitive to transportation distance. In the future, it will become one of the main forms of global long-distance transportation of bulk hydrogen. The sustainable development of the green ammonia industry requires support from technological innovation, industrial policies, and standard formulation.

), Reference(id=1242114005876150275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Ojelade O A, Zaman S F, Ni B J, journalName=Journal of Environmental Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ojelade O A, Zaman S F, Ni B J. Green ammonia production technologies: A review of practical progress[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 342, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118348., articleTitle=Green ammonia production technologies: A review of practical progress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114005939064836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=5, pageStart=2535, pageEnd=2548, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Wang M, Khan M A, Mohsin I, journalName=Energy & Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang M, Khan M A, Mohsin I, et al. Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, 14(5): 2535-2548., articleTitle=Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006006173701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Andriani D, Bicer Y, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Andriani D, Bicer Y. A review of hydrogen production from onboard ammonia decomposition: Maritime applications of concentrated solar energy and boil-off gas recovery[J]. Fuel, 2023, 352, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128900., articleTitle=A review of hydrogen production from onboard ammonia decomposition: Maritime applications of concentrated solar energy and boil-off gas recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006069088262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=204, issue=null, pageStart=696, pageEnd=707, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Deng Z H, Hu T, Tian J M, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng Z H, Hu T, Tian J M, et al. Performance of a novel single-tubular ammonia-based reactor driven by concentrated solar power[J]. Solar Energy, 2020, 204: 696-707., articleTitle=Performance of a novel single-tubular ammonia-based reactor driven by concentrated solar power, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006140391431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1016/j.jechem.2021.01.011, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=60, issue=null, pageStart=384, pageEnd=402, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Zhou B, Zhang N N, Wu Y J, journalName=Journal of Energy Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou B, Zhang N N, Wu Y J, et al. An option for green and sustainable future: Electrochemical conversion of ammonia into nitrogen[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 60: 384-402., articleTitle=An option for green and sustainable future: Electrochemical conversion of ammonia into nitrogen, refAbstract=Green and sustainable options are needed to ease the current energy and environmental crisis, and alleviate the greenhouse effect and energy shortage. As an alternative carbon-neutral synthetic fuel, ammonia shows great potential due to its high energy density, non-toxic by-products, and mature related infrastructures. However, related practical applications have been severely hampered on ammonia-oxidation due to the high cost of catalysts and immature energy utilization systems. Here, we comprehensively summarized the efforts which have been made in recent years with the aim of providing a deep sight into the development and deficiencies in this territory and trying to establish a simple framework of basic knowledge for researchers. The exploration of mechanism is discussed first and then the relevant catalysts studied in recent years are summarized. Besides, the progress of direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs) is also presented and the challenges as well as perspectives on future developments of electrocatalysts for ammonia electro-oxidation and its practical application are provided at the end.), Reference(id=1242114006211694600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=41, pageStart=21261, pageEnd=21273, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Yu M L, Wang K, Vredenburg H, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu M L, Wang K, Vredenburg H. Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(41): 21261-21273., articleTitle=Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006278803465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=7, pageStart=166, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=44, authorNames=郭天超, journalName=现代工业经济和信息化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭天超. 我国发展核能制氢的重要性及其发展路径研究[J]. 现代工业经济和信息化, 2023, 13(7): 166-168., articleTitle=我国发展核能制氢的重要性及其发展路径研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006345912330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=7, pageStart=166, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Guo T C, journalName=Modern Industrial Economy and Informationization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo T C. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=A study on the importance of developing nuclear energy to produce hydrogen in China and its development path, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006408826891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=9, pageStart=21, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=46, authorNames=李智勇, 于倩, 胡江, journalName=无机盐工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李智勇, 于倩, 胡江, . 基于热化学循环的核能制氢技术经济分析与研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2022, 54(9): 21-27., articleTitle=基于热化学循环的核能制氢技术经济分析与研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006467547148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=9, pageStart=21, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Li Z Y, Yu Q, Hu J, journalName=Inorganic Chemicals Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Z Y, Yu Q, Hu J, et al. Economic analysis and research on nuclear hydrogen production technology based on thermochemical cycle[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2022, 54(9): 21-27. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Economic analysis and research on nuclear hydrogen production technology based on thermochemical cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006538850317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=193, pageEnd=203, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=48, authorNames=张平, 于波, 徐景明, journalName=核化学与放射化学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张平, 于波, 徐景明. 核能制氢技术的发展[J]. 核化学与放射化学, 2011, 33(4): 193-203., articleTitle=核能制氢技术的发展, refAbstract=氢是清洁能源,有非常好的应用前景。但氢是二次能源,需要利用一次能源来生产。以可持续的方式(原料来源丰富、无温室气体排放)实现氢的大规模生产是实现氢广泛利用的前提。核能是清洁的一次能源,核电已经成为世界电力生产的主要方式之一。正在研发的第四代核能系统除了要使核电生产更经济和更安全之外,还要为实现核能在发电之外的领域的应用开辟途径。核能制氢就是以来源丰富的水为原料,利用核能实现氢的大规模生产。热化学循环工艺和高温蒸汽电解都是有望与核能耦合的先进制氢工艺,世界上许多国家,如美国、日本、法国、加拿大和中国,都在大力开展核能制氢技术的研发工作。中国正在积极发展核电,在大力开展核电站建设的同时,也非常重视核氢技术的发展。可以提供高温工艺热、最适合用于制氢的高温气冷堆示范电站的建设已经列入国家重大专项;在进行示范电站建设的同时,正在开展制氢工艺的研发工作。在2009年,清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院成功进行了对硫碘热化学循环和高温蒸汽电解的实验室规模工艺验证。), Reference(id=1242114006610153486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=193, pageEnd=203, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Zhang P, Yu B, Xu J M, journalName=Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang P, Yu B, Xu J M. Development of nuclear hydrogen production technology[J]. Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry, 2011, 33(4): 193-203., articleTitle=Development of nuclear hydrogen production technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006668873743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=25, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Arcos J M M, Santos D M F, journalName=Gases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arcos J M M, Santos D M F. The hydrogen color spectrum: Techno-economic analysis of the available technologies for hydrogen production[J]. Gases, 2023, 3(1): 25-46., articleTitle=The hydrogen color spectrum: Techno-economic analysis of the available technologies for hydrogen production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006723399696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=20, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=51, authorNames=伍浩松, 戴定, journalName=国外核新闻, refType=null, unstructuredReference=伍浩松, 戴定. 美国积极推进核能制氢技术的商业示范[J]. 国外核新闻, 2020(12): 20-21., articleTitle=美国积极推进核能制氢技术的商业示范, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006786314257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=20, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Wu H S, Dai D, journalName=Foreign Nuclear News, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu H S, Dai D. The United States actively promotes the commercial demonstration of nuclear energy hydrogen production technology[J]. Foreign Nuclear News, 2020(12): 20-21. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The United States actively promotes the commercial demonstration of nuclear energy hydrogen production technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006849228818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=20, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=53, authorNames=张平, 徐景明, 石磊, journalName=中国工程科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张平, 徐景明, 石磊, . 中国高温气冷堆制氢发展战略研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2019, 21(1): 20-28., articleTitle=中国高温气冷堆制氢发展战略研究, refAbstract=核能制氢是一种有应用前景的高效、大规模、无排放的制氢技术,有望在氢气大规模集中供应的场景中起到重要作用。高温气冷堆是最适于核能制氢的堆型,在我国已有几十年的研发基础,目前正在国家科技重大专项支持下建造高温气冷堆示范电站。本文介绍了核能制氢技术的特点和主流的核能制氢工艺包括热化学碘硫循环、混合硫循环和高温蒸汽电解的原理,对国际上核能制氢技术发展现状进行了简要综述,并概述了清华大学在该领域的研发现状。此外对核能制氢的安全性、技术经济评价等问题进行了讨论,在此基础上对与高温气冷堆耦合的制氢技术进行了评价,并以氢气直接还原炼铁为例探讨了高温气冷堆制氢在工业领域的应用前景。最后对我国高温气冷堆制氢技术的发展路线进行了探讨。), Reference(id=1242114006916337683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=20, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Zhang P, Xu J M, Shi L, journalName=Strategic Study of CAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang P, Xu J M, Shi L, et al. Nuclear hydrogen production based on high temperature gas cooled reactor in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2019, 21(1): 20-28. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Nuclear hydrogen production based on high temperature gas cooled reactor in China, refAbstract=

Nuclear hydrogen production is one of the most prospective approaches for efficient, massive and CO2-free hydrogen production, while the high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) which has been intensively developed in China is considered as the most suitable reactor type for nuclear hydrogen production. Currently, the HTGR demonstration plant, HTR-PM, is under construction under the framework of the National Science and Technology Major Project. The principles and main routes for nuclear hydrogen production, including the iodine-sulfur thermochemical water-splitting process, the hybrid sulfur process, as well as the high temperature steam electrolysis, are introduced. The progress of the nuclear hydrogen production technologies both in the world and China are shortly presented and reviewed, and its safety analysis and techno-economic assessment are discussed. In addition, the potential technologies for coupling to the reactor are discussed, and the industrial application of the nuclear hydrogen production based on HTGR is prospected, taking steelmaking by hydrogen as an example. Finally, the development strategy and prospects of nuclear hydrogen production technology in China are proposed.

), Reference(id=1242114006987640853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Park J, Kang S, Kim S, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park J, Kang S, Kim S, et al. Enhancing the economic viability and reliability of renewables based electricity supply through power-to-gas-to-power with green hydrogen[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2024, 310, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118485., articleTitle=Enhancing the economic viability and reliability of renewables based electricity supply through power-to-gas-to-power with green hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007054749718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=62, pageStart=26135, pageEnd=26155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Saeedi Z M, Zamani P M, Sohani A, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Saeedi Z M, Zamani P M, Sohani A, et al. A super-efficient method for hydrogen production from seawater[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(62): 26135-26155., articleTitle=A super-efficient method for hydrogen production from seawater, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007117664279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=54, pageStart=20861, pageEnd=20874, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Bartolucci L, Cordiner S, Mulone V, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bartolucci L, Cordiner S, Mulone V, et al. Multi-hub hydrogen refueling station with on-site and centralized production[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(54): 20861-20874., articleTitle=Multi-hub hydrogen refueling station with on-site and centralized production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007184773144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Li X, Huang K L, Meng X C, journalName=Journal of Alloys and Compounds, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X, Huang K L, Meng X C. Rapid Joule heating fabrication of Ru cluster-loaded WO3 on carbon nanotubes to enhance alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen production activity[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 1004, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175885., articleTitle=Rapid Joule heating fabrication of Ru cluster-loaded WO3 on carbon nanotubes to enhance alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen production activity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007251882009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1021/jacs.4c10851, pmid=39382962, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=146, issue=42, pageStart=28635, pageEnd=28641, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Zhang R Q, Liu X W, Song N N, journalName=Journal of the American Chemical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang R Q, Liu X W, Song N N, et al. Magnetic induction heating-driven rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024, 146(42): 28635-28641., articleTitle=Magnetic induction heating-driven rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production, refAbstract=The advantages of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier have led to proposals for on-site hydrogen production through its decomposition. Rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition is crucial for applications such as ammonia-powered vehicles, but conventional heating methods are challenged by the high decomposition temperature of ammonia. In this study, we successfully achieved the rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition using Co nanoparticle catalysts driven by magnetic induction heating, demonstrating excellent catalytic performance and stability. The magnetic induction heating-driven ammonia decomposition system was integrated with a hydrogen fuel cell, proving its ability to achieve the cold start of ammonia decomposition within 10 s, as demonstrated by comparative experiments using 75% H-25% N from a gas cylinder as the control. This study provides a deeper understanding of hysteresis heating catalysis, promoting the practical use of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier for rapid hydrogen production in the energy industry.), Reference(id=1242114007344156698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=38, issue=21, pageStart=21617, pageEnd=21632, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Hussain A I, Shabanian J, Latifi M, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hussain A I, Shabanian J, Latifi M, et al. Hydrogen production from methane thermal pyrolysis in a microwave heating-assisted fluidized bed reactor[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2024, 38(21): 21617-21632., articleTitle=Hydrogen production from methane thermal pyrolysis in a microwave heating-assisted fluidized bed reactor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007419654171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Wang K P, Bhuiyan S I, Baky M A H, journalName=Chemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang K P, Bhuiyan S I, Baky M A H, et al. Electric fuel conversion with hydrogen production by multiphase plasma at ambient pressure[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 433, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133660., articleTitle=Electric fuel conversion with hydrogen production by multiphase plasma at ambient pressure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007499345948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=62, authorNames=González-Cobos J, Prévot M S, Vernoux P, journalName=Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=González-Cobos J, Prévot M S, Vernoux P. Electrolysis of lignin for production of chemicals and hydrogen[J]. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2023, 39, doi: 10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101255., articleTitle=Electrolysis of lignin for production of chemicals and hydrogen, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114001560212443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, awardId=22078106, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22078106), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114001627321308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, awardId=2024B1515040016, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金(2024B1515040016), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113997680481195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997693064108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997680481195, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997697258413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997680481195, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广州大学化学化工学院,广州 510006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242113997764367278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997768561583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997764367278, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997776950192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997764367278, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华南理工大学化学与化工学院,广州 510641)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242113999580500949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Principles of four typical water electrolysis technologies for hydrogen production, figureFileSmall=jdOGxGNCm1vrdQYU27nUeA==, figureFileBig=L9m5xFCCUzn9ulrLv1H4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113999643415510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=CN, label=图1, caption=4种典型电解水制氢技术原理示意图, figureFileSmall=jdOGxGNCm1vrdQYU27nUeA==, figureFileBig=L9m5xFCCUzn9ulrLv1H4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114001178530775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Chemical-looping hydrogen production from partial oxidation of biomass and complete oxidation of biomass, figureFileSmall=xydu98cE8bbnU74NwBk1oA==, figureFileBig=8kY/6GqGcJSyDEl4i1TdOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114001233056728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=CN, label=图2, caption=生物质部分氧化和生物质完全氧化化学链制氢示意图

CLRB:Chemical Looping Reforming of Biomass,化学循环生物质重整。

, figureFileSmall=xydu98cE8bbnU74NwBk1oA==, figureFileBig=8kY/6GqGcJSyDEl4i1TdOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114001308554201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of technical parameters for hydrogen production through water electrolysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 AWE PEMWE AEMWE SOWE
电解质 氢氧化钾溶液 PFSA膜 阴离子交换膜 钇稳定的氧化锆
阴极材料 镍基材料 铂基材料 镍基材料 Ni/YSZ
阳极材料 镍基材料 钌或铱基材料 镍、铁、钴氧化物 YSZ
操作温度/oC 70~90 50~80 40~60 700~850
操作压力/MPa 小于3 小于7 小于3.5 0.1
运行寿命/kh 60~100 20~60 <小于10
电流密度/
(A·cm-2)
0.2~0.8 1.0~2.0 0.2~2.0 0.3~1.0
效率/% 50~78 50~83 57~59 89
电压/V 1.4~3.0 1.4~2.5 1.4~2.0 1.0~1.5
技术成熟度 成熟工业化 商业化过程中 示范装置 示范装置
优点 已成熟工业化、无贵金属电催化剂、成本相对较低、长期稳定性 商业化技术、高电流密度、气体纯度高、反应器紧凑、响应迅速 无贵金属电催化剂、低浓度(1 mol/L KOH)液体电解质 效率高、效率更高
缺点 电流密度有限、气体交叉(渗透)、高浓度碱电解质 电池组件成本高、贵金属电催化剂、酸性电解质 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中
), ArticleFig(id=1242114001388245978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电解水制氢技术参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 AWE PEMWE AEMWE SOWE
电解质 氢氧化钾溶液 PFSA膜 阴离子交换膜 钇稳定的氧化锆
阴极材料 镍基材料 铂基材料 镍基材料 Ni/YSZ
阳极材料 镍基材料 钌或铱基材料 镍、铁、钴氧化物 YSZ
操作温度/oC 70~90 50~80 40~60 700~850
操作压力/MPa 小于3 小于7 小于3.5 0.1
运行寿命/kh 60~100 20~60 <小于10
电流密度/
(A·cm-2)
0.2~0.8 1.0~2.0 0.2~2.0 0.3~1.0
效率/% 50~78 50~83 57~59 89
电压/V 1.4~3.0 1.4~2.5 1.4~2.0 1.0~1.5
技术成熟度 成熟工业化 商业化过程中 示范装置 示范装置
优点 已成熟工业化、无贵金属电催化剂、成本相对较低、长期稳定性 商业化技术、高电流密度、气体纯度高、反应器紧凑、响应迅速 无贵金属电催化剂、低浓度(1 mol/L KOH)液体电解质 效率高、效率更高
缺点 电流密度有限、气体交叉(渗透)、高浓度碱电解质 电池组件成本高、贵金属电催化剂、酸性电解质 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中
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Research Progress and Trends of Green Hydrogen Production Technology
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Chengxiong DANG 1 , Guangxing YANG 1 , Yu WANG 2 , Haofan WANG 2 , Hao YU 2,
Science and Technology Foresight | Review and Commentary 2024,3(4): 9-21
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Science and Technology Foresight | Review and Commentary 2024, 3(4): 9-21
Research Progress and Trends of Green Hydrogen Production Technology
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Chengxiong DANG1 , Guangxing YANG1, Yu WANG2, Haofan WANG2, Hao YU2,
Authors
  • 1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

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Research Progress and Trends of Green Hydrogen Production Technology
Chengxiong DANG1 , Guangxing YANG1, Yu WANG2, Haofan WANG2, Hao YU2,
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Published: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
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Green hydrogen has become an important technological option for building a diversified green energy structure and plays a key role in achieving carbon neutrality goals. This article aims to review the research and development progress of green hydrogen production technology. Based on the current development status and policy background of China’s hydrogen energy industry, this article defined green hydrogen according to the Chinese and international research and development status and focused on hydrogen production from renewable energy water splitting and biomass. The technical characteristics, advantages, and challenges of these technologies were analyzed. Additionally, technologies such as hydrogen production by nuclear energy, methane pyrolysis, green ammonia, and aqua hydrogen, which do not belong to traditional green hydrogen but may play an important role in carbon emission reduction, were explored. Finally, the article summarized the issues existing in green hydrogen production and provided suggestions for the development of green hydrogen in China from aspects such as policy incentives, technological innovation, and market application.

green hydrogen  /  water electrolysis  /  water splitting  /  biomass  /  carbon emission

Green hydrogen has become an important technological option for building a diversified green energy structure and plays a key role in achieving carbon neutrality goals. This article aims to review the research and development progress of green hydrogen production technology. Based on the current development status and policy background of China’s hydrogen energy industry, this article defined green hydrogen according to the Chinese and international research and development status and focused on hydrogen production from renewable energy water splitting and biomass. The technical characteristics, advantages, and challenges of these technologies were analyzed. Additionally, technologies such as hydrogen production by nuclear energy, methane pyrolysis, green ammonia, and aqua hydrogen, which do not belong to traditional green hydrogen but may play an important role in carbon emission reduction, were explored. Finally, the article summarized the issues existing in green hydrogen production and provided suggestions for the development of green hydrogen in China from aspects such as policy incentives, technological innovation, and market application.

green hydrogen  /  water electrolysis  /  water splitting  /  biomass  /  carbon emission
党成雄, 杨光星, 王宇, 王浩帆, 余皓. 绿氢生产技术研究进展及发展趋势[J]. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (4) : 4 -152 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
Chengxiong DANG, Guangxing YANG, Yu WANG, Haofan WANG, Hao YU. Research Progress and Trends of Green Hydrogen Production Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (4) : 4 -152 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
  • Received:2024-10-15
  • Published:2024-12-20
  • Release:2024-12-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2024-11-01
基金
国家自然科学基金(22078106)
广东省自然科学基金(2024B1515040016)
Authors
    1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
    2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

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党成雄, 杨光星, 王宇, 王浩帆, 余皓. 绿氢生产技术研究进展及发展趋势[J]. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (4) : 4 -152 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
Chengxiong DANG, Guangxing YANG, Yu WANG, Haofan WANG, Hao YU. Research Progress and Trends of Green Hydrogen Production Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (4) : 4 -152 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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