Article(id=1241718777285497764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1655308800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-16, revisedDate=1661443200000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1667491200000, onlineDateStr=2022-11-04, pubDate=1663603200000, pubDateStr=2022-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1667491200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2022-11-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978426520, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978426520, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241718213453607496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='3', pageStart='10', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1663603200000', pubDateStr='2022-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773978292094, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1776075247554, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250513482186179119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1250513482186179120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=集成电路科学与工程专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=61, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241718783593731000, articleId=1241718777285497764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Current Situation and Development Trend of Core Process Equipment Technologies for Integrated Circuit, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Integrated circuit (IC) equipment is essential in the industrial chain of IC, the industry of which features high technical thresholds. This paper analyzes its industry development status both at home and abroad, the development trends of its core process equipment technologies, and the challenges faced by technologies of its key matching parts. On this basis, the problems and pain points of China’s IC equipment industry are explored to predict the development trends of the industry and its technologies. Finally, measures and suggestions are proposed for the development of China’s IC equipment industry under this background.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jinrong ZHAO, Gang WEI, Jue HOU, Yongyou CAO, Jinwei DONG, Xisheng LU, Wei SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241718783455318966, articleId=1241718777285497764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=集成电路核心工艺装备技术的现状与展望, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

集成电路装备产业是集成电路产业链的重要组成部分,拥有极高的技术门槛。文章从分析国内外集成电路装备产业的发展现状、核心工艺装备技术的发展趋势及配套关键部件技术面临的挑战等方面入手,剖析中国集成电路装备产业的问题与痛点,探求产业和技术的发展趋势,进而对中国集成电路装备产业在此背景下的发展提出对策与建议。

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赵晋荣,教授级高级工程师。现任北方华创科技集团股份有限公司/北京北方华创微电子装备有限公司董事长、CEO。长期致力于高端集成电路设备开发及产业化应用。作为项目负责人多次主持国家科技重大专项02专项和国家“863”计划,从无到有,从有到优,自主研制多代刻蚀、PVD、CVD等装备。入选“国家百千万人才工程”“北京学者计划”等。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖等。电子信箱:

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赵晋荣,教授级高级工程师。现任北方华创科技集团股份有限公司/北京北方华创微电子装备有限公司董事长、CEO。长期致力于高端集成电路设备开发及产业化应用。作为项目负责人多次主持国家科技重大专项02专项和国家“863”计划,从无到有,从有到优,自主研制多代刻蚀、PVD、CVD等装备。入选“国家百千万人才工程”“北京学者计划”等。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖等。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=NA+TgIBneO5btX0gaOZqhg==, bioContent=

赵晋荣,教授级高级工程师。现任北方华创科技集团股份有限公司/北京北方华创微电子装备有限公司董事长、CEO。长期致力于高端集成电路设备开发及产业化应用。作为项目负责人多次主持国家科技重大专项02专项和国家“863”计划,从无到有,从有到优,自主研制多代刻蚀、PVD、CVD等装备。入选“国家百千万人才工程”“北京学者计划”等。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖等。电子信箱:

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ZEISS:蔡司;MKS:万机仪器;Edwards:爱德华;AE:优仪半导体;Horiba:堀场;VAT:微拓半导体;Ichor:艾科尔;UCT:超科林;ASML:阿斯麦;EBARA:荏原机械。

, figureFileSmall=eJYcCQChz99KeD91jU3U5g==, figureFileBig=MGDlogoGDeg1vmMD1k+6Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241718798454149131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718777285497764, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总排名 装备厂商
1 应用材料(AMAT)
2 阿斯麦(ASML)
3 东电电子(TEL)
4 泛林半导体(LAM)
5 科磊半导体(KLA)
6 细美事(SEMES)
7 迪恩士(DNS)
8 科意半导体(KE)
9 先晶半导体(ASM)
10 村田机械(Murata)
), ArticleFig(id=1241718798512869388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718777285497764, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2021年全球前10集成电路装备厂商营业收入排名

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总排名 装备厂商
1 应用材料(AMAT)
2 阿斯麦(ASML)
3 东电电子(TEL)
4 泛林半导体(LAM)
5 科磊半导体(KLA)
6 细美事(SEMES)
7 迪恩士(DNS)
8 科意半导体(KE)
9 先晶半导体(ASM)
10 村田机械(Murata)
), ArticleFig(id=1241718798680641549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718777285497764, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厂商 主营品类
大和集团 精密金属、陶瓷、石英、硅
沈阳富创 精密金属
肯发高精 精密金属
昆山新莱 精密金属、阀门管件
靖江先锋 精密金属
苏州珂玛 陶瓷
沈阳贺利氏 石英
七星流量计 质量流量计
托伦斯 精密金属
沈阳新松 半导体设备前端模块、机械手
), ArticleFig(id=1241718798768721934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718777285497764, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国大陆主要关键零部件厂商及其主营品类

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厂商 主营品类
大和集团 精密金属、陶瓷、石英、硅
沈阳富创 精密金属
肯发高精 精密金属
昆山新莱 精密金属、阀门管件
靖江先锋 精密金属
苏州珂玛 陶瓷
沈阳贺利氏 石英
七星流量计 质量流量计
托伦斯 精密金属
沈阳新松 半导体设备前端模块、机械手
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集成电路核心工艺装备技术的现状与展望
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赵晋荣 , 韦刚 , 侯珏 , 曹永友 , 董金卫 , 卢夕生 , 孙伟
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022,1(3): 61-72
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022, 1(3): 61-72
集成电路核心工艺装备技术的现状与展望
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赵晋荣 , 韦刚, 侯珏, 曹永友, 董金卫, 卢夕生, 孙伟
作者信息
  • 北京北方华创微电子装备有限公司,北京 100176
  • 赵晋荣,教授级高级工程师。现任北方华创科技集团股份有限公司/北京北方华创微电子装备有限公司董事长、CEO。长期致力于高端集成电路设备开发及产业化应用。作为项目负责人多次主持国家科技重大专项02专项和国家“863”计划,从无到有,从有到优,自主研制多代刻蚀、PVD、CVD等装备。入选“国家百千万人才工程”“北京学者计划”等。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖等。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Current Situation and Development Trend of Core Process Equipment Technologies for Integrated Circuit
Jinrong ZHAO , Gang WEI, Jue HOU, Yongyou CAO, Jinwei DONG, Xisheng LU, Wei SUN
Affiliations
  • Beijing NAURA Microelectronics Equipment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
出版时间: 2022-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.005
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集成电路装备产业是集成电路产业链的重要组成部分,拥有极高的技术门槛。文章从分析国内外集成电路装备产业的发展现状、核心工艺装备技术的发展趋势及配套关键部件技术面临的挑战等方面入手,剖析中国集成电路装备产业的问题与痛点,探求产业和技术的发展趋势,进而对中国集成电路装备产业在此背景下的发展提出对策与建议。

集成电路  /  装备制造业  /  核心工艺装备

Integrated circuit (IC) equipment is essential in the industrial chain of IC, the industry of which features high technical thresholds. This paper analyzes its industry development status both at home and abroad, the development trends of its core process equipment technologies, and the challenges faced by technologies of its key matching parts. On this basis, the problems and pain points of China’s IC equipment industry are explored to predict the development trends of the industry and its technologies. Finally, measures and suggestions are proposed for the development of China’s IC equipment industry under this background.

integrated circuit  /  equipment fabrication industry  /  core process equipment
赵晋荣, 韦刚, 侯珏, 曹永友, 董金卫, 卢夕生, 孙伟. 集成电路核心工艺装备技术的现状与展望. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (3) : 61 -72 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.005
Jinrong ZHAO, Gang WEI, Jue HOU, Yongyou CAO, Jinwei DONG, Xisheng LU, Wei SUN. Current Situation and Development Trend of Core Process Equipment Technologies for Integrated Circuit[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (3) : 61 -72 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.005
集成电路产业是推动现代工业繁荣发展的基础性和先导性产业。作为集成电路产业的发动机,集成电路装备是集成电路技术不断迭代升级的基石,是发展集成电路产业的重要支撑,对本行业乃至整个现代电子信息产业的发展有先导性作用。
后疫情时代,集成电路产业的市场及政策红利不断涌现。随着“宅经济”、物联网、可穿戴设备、5G等下游产业的进一步兴起,集成电路产业已迎来快速发展阶段。中国正在成为世界集成电路制造业的重要区域,同时也将成为集成电路装备制造商争胜的焦点。但是中国的集成电路装备产业,无论是产业规模和研发水平,还是投资强度和人才集聚,都尚未形成支撑自身可持续发展的产业生态。为此,文章从全球集成电路装备技术的发展趋势、中国集成电路装备产业的发展现状以及建设中国集成电路装备产业生态等方面入手,作出相应的探讨与建议。
一代技术,一代工艺,一代设备。随着集成电路芯片性能不断提高,功耗不断降低,特征尺寸不断缩小,新材料不断应用,新结构、新技术层出不穷,芯片的加工工艺复杂度成倍增长,芯片制造的工艺技术需求也进一步牵引集成电路装备技术提升,从而对集成电路核心工艺装备技术提出了愈来愈高的要求。
集成电路装备,即在芯片制造和封测流程中应用到的设备,广义上也包括生产半导体原材料所需的机器设备。整个芯片制造和封测过程包含上千道加工工序,涉及的设备种类大体有8大类,细分又可以划出上百种不同的机台,其中关键产品主要包括光刻设备、刻蚀设备、薄膜沉积设备、热处理设备、湿法设备、化学机械研磨设备、离子注入设备、量测设备等。
集成电路装备集成了基础理论、基础材料、器件物理、计算机、自动控制、光学、化学、真空技术、精密机械、统计分析、计量学、环境超洁净控制等科技领域的最新成就,是基础研究和应用研发共同发展的产物,许多技术已经在挑战物理极限,集成电路装备产业已成为高精尖装备产业的典型代表。
全球数字化发展趋势加速,特别是新冠疫情的影响也进一步加速推动了对半导体芯片的需求,进而刺激了半导体设备市场的强劲增长。根据国际半导体产业协会(SEMI)2022年4月公布的全球半导体设备市场统计(WWSEMS)报告,全球设备制造商的半导体设备销售总额在2020年达到712亿美元,2021年达到1026亿美元,而预计2022年将增长到1140亿美元,呈现连续3年正增长(图1)。2021年全球半导体设备市场实现快速增长,增速达44%。其中,中国大陆已连续2年成为全球半导体设备采购额最大的区域市场,2021年实现了58%的增幅,全球占比达28.86%[1]图2)。
全球半导体设备市场被国际少数几家企业长期垄断,其主要来自欧洲、美国、日本等国家和地区。根据高德纳咨询公司(Gartner)发布的2021年全球集成电路装备厂商营业收入排名(表1[2]来看,其合计营业收入达769亿美元,合计市场份额占比高达83%。而中国大陆参与统计的主要半导体设备厂商在2021年的半导体设备营业收入仅100亿元左右(约16亿美元),合计市场份额不足全球2%。
近10余年以来,中国集成电路制造关键装备实现从无到有、从低端到高端的突破。国内装备企业如北方华创、中微半导体、盛美半导体、上海微电子等迅速发展,攻克了一系列关键技术,在国家半导体产业发展进程中起到关键作用,但是与国外企业相比仍存在差距。尤其是国外的集成电路装备企业大都起步较早,跟随技术迭代一步一步发展已相对成熟,形成高度垄断的态势,与相关零部件、客户等上下游形成长期绑定的合作关系;而国内装备企业多起步于21世纪初,虽取得了一些发展,陆续有一些产品进入量产,但是在技术节点、规模、体量、管理成熟度、供应链上仍有较大差距。
半导体装备的零部件性能、质量和精度直接决定着设备的可靠性和稳定性,是中国在半导体制造能力上向高端化跃升的关键基础要素。零部件产业通常具有高技术密集、学科交叉融合、市场规模占比小且分散,但在价值链上却举足轻重等特点。一般而言,设备零部件的支出占设备价值的50%~80%,而其中关键零部件的支出占比很高。以刻蚀机为例,10种主要关键零部件占设备总零部件支出的85%左右。可见,核心零部件技术是半导体装备产业赖以生存和发展的关键支撑,其水平直接决定中国在半导体装备产业创新方面的基础能级[3]
根据半导体行业研究机构(VLSI Research)统计,在半导体需求持续推动下2021年全球半导体零部件(关键子系统及组件)市场规模接近200亿美元,同比增长33%,其中集成电路领域占比90%。2020—2021年全球前10关键零部件厂商营业收入对比如图3[4]所示,营业收入总计超100亿美元,全球占比51%,而针对中国大陆市场规模来看,其占全球市场的20%左右。
与日益增长的市场需求相比,中国大陆半导体装备零部件产业总体水平相对偏低,主要关键零部件厂商大和集团、沈阳富创、肯发高精、昆山新莱、靖江先锋、苏州珂玛、沈阳贺利氏、七星流量计、托伦斯、沈阳新松等,其营业收入总计约10亿美元,占全球市场份额不足5%。表2列出了中国大陆主要关键零部件厂商及其主营品类。
尤其是关键子系统(高端部件),如射频电源(RF Power)、真空阀门(Vacuum Valve)、真空泵(Vacuum Pump)、机械手(Robot)、静电卡盘(ESC)、真空规(Vacuum Gauge)、质量流量计(MFC)等品类,全球市场需求旺盛,但产品要求符合行业标准高,精度高,且要符合可靠性、可用性、可维护性和安全性(RAMS)要求,本土供应能力受限,2021年上述关键零部件本土化率仅为9%[4,5]
根据国际半导体产业协会和美国西部半导体展览会(Semicon West)演讲资料显示,在全球半导体产业链生态圈布局中核心零部件和材料是重要环节之一,但目前在此生态图中尚无一家中国零部件和基础材料企业出现,这也从侧面反映了当前中国在集成电路产业生态建设中的薄弱之处。随着半导体工艺制程节点不断缩微,对关键零部件的尺寸、可靠性、一致性的要求都将越来越高,装备技术的迭代更新也将更依赖于零部件技术的创新发展,需要上下游产业链协同创新共促半导体装备产业健康发展。
聚焦4大类核心工艺装备技术的发展现状,具体剖析集成电路装备及其关键部件的主要技术发展和挑战。重点讨论包括刻蚀设备、薄膜沉积设备、热处理设备、湿法设备在内的半导体产业链核心工艺设备。
刻蚀设备是集成电路装备中最重要的核心设备之一,根据Gartner统计数据,2021年刻蚀设备全球市场规模近210亿美元[6],在全球集成电路装备市场的规模占比约23%。全球刻蚀设备呈现泛林半导体、东电电子和应用材料3家寡头垄断格局,3家合计占据了超过90%的市场份额。中国大陆主要刻蚀设备厂商包括北方华创、中微半导体、屹唐半导体等,整体规模不足全球3%[7]。刻蚀设备按等离子体产生的方式可分为:电感耦合等离子体(Inductively Coupled Plasma, ICP)刻蚀、电容耦合等离子体(Capacitively Coupled Plasma, CCP)刻蚀、电子回旋共振(Electron Cyclotron Resonance, ECR)等离子体刻蚀、无等离子体(Dryclean)刻蚀4大类[8];按刻蚀工艺又可分为:硅刻蚀、金属刻蚀、介质刻蚀、去胶、干法去除等。
随着集成电路技术节点的不断缩小,先进的等离子体刻蚀工艺面临越来越多的挑战。
一是线宽尺寸的不断缩小。传统的193i光刻机最小显影极限对应的线宽尺寸为38 nm左右,极紫外(Extreme Ultra-Violet, EUV)显影对应的线宽/曝光分辨率约在13 nm[9],如果需要更小的尺寸,则需要双重或多重图形曝光技术。刻蚀的片内刻蚀均匀性和工艺负载控制能力成为重要的工艺指标。
二是逻辑、存储、功率等领域的刻蚀深宽比显著增加,甚至在最先进的动态随机存取存储器(DRAM)工艺中出现了60∶1的刻蚀深宽比,3D NAND闪存的刻蚀深宽比70∶1。在一片晶圆上需要同时加工上百亿个具有高深宽比的图形结构,如此复杂结构的刻蚀能力也对刻蚀设备性能提出了更高的要求。
三是三维堆叠技术的不断应用。三维集成被誉为“超越摩尔”的关键技术,其核心工艺是在晶圆上实现硅通孔(Through Silicon Via, TSV),从而实现晶圆与晶圆之间的三维互连。TSV刻蚀工艺基于博世(Bosch)工艺实现,其孔径从几十微米级到亚微米级,深宽比从10∶1到高达100∶1。与传统的刻蚀工艺关注更小的线宽尺寸不同,该工艺对刻蚀形貌、粗糙度、深宽比和准直度等有近乎苛刻的要求,因此对刻蚀设备提出了更高的挑战[10]
四是新材料和新器件结构仍在不断被引入。集成电路领域任何新材料和新结构能否成功应用,基本上取决于设备刻蚀能力。以3D NAND中的深孔刻蚀为例,一步刻蚀还是多步刻蚀,对芯片良率有重要影响[11]。又如磁性随机存取存储器(MRAM),钴铁硼薄膜等不易挥发磁性材料的刻蚀,就需要进一步引入新的刻蚀技术[12]
五是更精细的芯片结构要求刻蚀技术实现原子级控制。随着芯片关键尺寸(Critical Dimension, CD)的不断缩小,许多功能层膜厚已经小于2~3 nm。这为原子层刻蚀(Atomic Layer Etch, ALE)技术在半导体制造工艺中的应用提供了前所未有的机会。因此,如何进一步减少刻蚀过程中造成的表面损伤,提高刻蚀选择性,是其能否在集成电路制造中大规模使用面临的最大挑战[13]
六是去胶技术的要求不断提高。一方面,硬掩膜(Hard Mask, HM)、底部抗反射涂层(Bottom Anti-Reflection Coating, BARC)在内的图形化薄膜材料不断发展和更新;另一方面,芯片结构日益复杂。此外,对减少底层材料损伤的要求越来越高,已经达到原子级。这些需求体现在图形化薄膜去除的完整性、超高选择比的材料去除、相应的底层材料表面保护、晶圆颗粒污染控制等技术方面,对去胶设备及去胶技术不断提出新挑战。
刻蚀设备的水平主要取决于关键零部件的技术性能。随着线宽节点的不断变小,对刻蚀技术的均匀性、负载控制能力、高深宽比刻蚀能力、颗粒控制能力等方面的要求也推动了关键零部件的技术演进。
刻蚀机通常的关键技术主要包括静电卡盘技术、射频电源及其匹配器技术、终点检测技术和腔室内壁涂层技术。例如,先进制程对静电卡盘的温度控制要求更高,因而需要设置超过100个区域来精确控制局部温度的补偿调整;需要射频电源具备功率输出的高稳定性和高可靠性,具备脉冲调制和脉冲管理功能,并能够实现多层级功率控制;需要更精确的终点检测(如光学发射光谱仪(OES))识别精细刻蚀工艺过程中信号强度变化;需要新型的腔室内壁涂层材料(如氟氧化钇(YOF)、钇铝石榴石(YAG)等)来满足越来越苛刻的颗粒控制要求。可以说,更高性能的刻蚀机依赖于更高性能的零部件,装备技术的创新依赖于零部件技术的创新和发展。
与此同时,考虑每类先进逻辑、存储制程的核心刻蚀工艺步骤均超过60~70步,再加上不同技术代的工艺要求和核心技术的不同,在细分制程敷设层上有500余种的刻蚀应用场景,需要应用不同的机台型号和配置,对应独立的核心技术验证标准,需要刻蚀设备技术逐一攻克。总体来说,刻蚀技术的创新发展是基于核心零部件技术创新和工艺制程验证突破的多维系统工程。
薄膜沉积是芯片制造的核心工艺环节,约占设备投资额的18%。随着薄膜沉积工艺的不断发展,根据不同应用演化出了物理气相沉积(Physical Vapor Deposition, PVD)和化学气相沉积(Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD,含外延(EPI)、原子层沉积(Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD)等)等不同工艺设备用于晶圆制造的不同工艺制程。据Gartner数据统计,2021年全球半导体薄膜沉积设备市场规模约167亿美元。薄膜沉积设备目前基本由应用材料、泛林半导体、东电电子、先晶半导体等国际巨头垄断。中国主要薄膜沉积设备厂商包括北方华创、拓荆科技等,其整体规模不足全球2%。
薄膜沉积设备根据薄膜材料的不同,可以分为金属薄膜(Al/Cu/W/Ti)、介质薄膜(SiO2/Si3N4)以及半导体材料薄膜(单晶Si、多晶Si);按照设备工艺原理不同,可以大致分为PVD和CVD两大类,其中CVD设备又根据具体反应机理不同分为EPI、金属化学气相沉积(Metal Chemical Vapor Deposition, MCVD)、介质沉积、ALD等设备。
薄膜沉积设备主要采用沉积方式来构成集成电路微观结构的“骨架”。薄膜可以起到导电或绝缘、阻挡污染物和杂质渗透、提高吸光率、临时阻挡刻蚀等重要作用。随着集成电路工艺的进步及结构复杂化,先进制程下薄膜沉积设备精密化、多样化,对薄膜均匀性、颗粒数量控制、金属污染控制的要求逐步提高。
一是PVD技术发展对台阶覆盖率及填充特性要求逐渐提高。为了得到良好的台阶覆盖率及填充特性,“定向”溅射技术快速发展,如超长程溅射/准直溅射技术、离化金属等离子体(Ionized Metal Plasma, IMP)技术、自离化等离子体(Self Ionization Plasma, SIP)技术等。
二是器件性能的提高要求低损伤、亚原子级沉积速率控制。有些功能层厚度减小到纳米量级或以下,需要控制沉积速率到亚原子级。例如,在接触孔工艺制程中,为了降低接触电阻,需要得到更高的底部覆盖率以更好的形成金属硅化物。这就要求引入射频/直流(RF/DC)溅射来进一步减少沉积过程中造成的表面损伤。
三是高深宽比填充工艺下新材料的引入带来越来越多的ALD沉积需求。例如,逻辑芯片的栅极结构中的高介电常数介质和金属栅极(High-k Metal Gate, HKMG)膜层沉积;DRAM的电容结构中,介电材料ZAZ(ZrO/AlO/ZrO)和电极氮化钛(TiN)沉积;3D NAND中的字线(Wordline)TiN/W及沟道通孔电荷捕获型结构(Channel Hole Charge Trap[14])薄膜沉积;MRAM中的介质材料多层薄膜沉积等。根据膜层厚度、产能和热预算等因素制约,ALD设备各自有不同的应用场景,而两类ALD沉积技术均要求更高纯度、高元素控比能力和精准厚度控制能力。
四是填充尺寸开口直径的不断缩小,促进了高密度等离子化学气相沉积(High Density Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition, HDPCVD)、亚常压化学气相沉积(Subatmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition, SACVD)及流体化学气相沉积(Furnace Chemical Vapor Deposition, FCVD)等技术的发展。在介质材料沉积方面,先进工艺制程引入无定型碳新型等离子体增强化学气相沉积(Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, PECVD)法硬掩模,一定程度解决了更高的刻蚀选择比需求,从而能够对目标材料刻蚀达到更深深度的同时减少硬掩模版厚度以减少关键尺寸/边缘粗糙度(Critical Dimension/Line Edge Roughness, CD/LER)损失保证刻蚀后的图案忠实度;同时为进一步减小铜金属互连的电阻-电容(Resistor-Capacitance, RC)电路出现延迟,需持续开发新的低介电常数(Low-k)材料,超低介电常数(Ultra Low-k, ULK)材料和超低介电常数扩散阻挡层(ULK Barrier)材料相继应用。
不同应用原理的薄膜沉积设备对核心零部件技术的要求也不尽相同,但整体来说控制材料产生的方式(溅射源或气体源)、基座温控技术、薄膜应力控制技术等是薄膜沉积设备的核心技术要点。
一是PVD设备通常的关键技术包括溅射源技术、静电卡盘技术、射频匹配器技术和腔室工艺内衬组件技术等。例如,先进制程对沉积工艺能力、新材料溅射等有多种需求,因而产生了脉冲直流溅射源、射频直流溅射源等多种溅射部件;针对先进PVD技术有甚高频,高功率,高均匀性等新需求,需要静电卡盘具备更好的射频一致性,更强的耐热冲击及冷却性能,以及可旋转功能等;针对高工艺稳定性需求,需要射频匹配技术实现快速、准确、稳定、可靠的射频匹配,以精确控制射频输入的等离子体源的数量;针对更小颗粒控制要求,需要腔室靶材、工艺套件高精度同心定位,保持各自的有效间距,以有效地降低或抑制打火现象的产生来降低颗粒产生的概率。
二是CVD设备的主要关键技术包括反应源传输系统的温控和时控技术,反应源匀流分布及快速和均匀排气技术,基座真空吸附和温控技术,快速射频启辉,射频馈入及匹配技术等。其中,随着薄膜均匀性和填充特性的要求越来越高,ALD沉积腔室内喷淋设计非常关键,为进一步提升产能和控制颗粒,喷淋头(Showerhead)上会增加吹扫(Purge)功能。在400 ℃以上的高温沉积中,陶瓷成为基座材料的最佳选择。除真空吸附外,还需要边缘清除和双区控温来保证晶圆边缘无沉积以及弥补气体分布的不均匀性。相关的陶瓷烧结技术、加热丝分布及加工,表面和边缘清除气道分布[15]和加工、新型粘接等技术因而尤为关键。而等离子增强原子层沉积(Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition, PEALD)在低温条件下的高品质沉积,则要求射频电源具备扫频功能,对腔室阻抗达到快速匹配,以及在热系统中加入需要防射频干扰的过滤装置等。
三是外延工艺作为CVD技术的另一种应用方向,其要求设备对热场与流场有很好的控制能力。主要技术包括广域测温仪技术、耐腐蚀压力计技术和超纯石英石墨加工技术。
为了保证外延工艺中前驱体按设定流速和浓度通过基底表面,确保薄膜生长的稳定性,腔室反应温度需要精准控制,因此需要测试精度与反应频率极高的广域测温仪,以及具备高稳定性和灵敏度的耐腐蚀压力计作为关键压力控制装置。此外,高精度腔室零部件涉及的高纯石英、石墨、碳化硅、铝等材料的提纯与加工工艺,金属及颗粒污染控制,是提供洁净安全的外延反应空间的关键。
随着先进逻辑、存储制程的发展,导线互连复杂度提升,由几层发展到十几层,新的薄膜材料不断引入,器件新功能的需求以及先进工艺需要不同沉积系统的优化,演化出不同应用场景的薄膜沉积要求和设备配置,需要薄膜沉积设备技术逐一攻克。在先进制程中薄膜沉积步骤有几百道,涉及各类材料超过几十类,是整个芯片“大楼”搭建的骨架支撑,其基于关键技术创新、核心零部件创新和工艺制程能力,直接决定我们在芯片“高速公路”中驰骋的速度。
根据Gartner数据,2021年全球半导体热处理设备市场规模约为50亿美元。在全球热处理工艺设备市场,科意半导体、应用材料、东电电子三巨头占据70%的市场份额,中国主要热处理设备厂商包括北方华创、屹唐半导体等,整体规模已占据全球市场的3%。热处理工艺主要分为氧化、扩散、退火3大类,所使用的半导体设备有炉管式(Furnace)、单片式快速热处理(Rapid Thermal Processing, RTP)等设备。其中,立式炉按工艺应用可以分为氧化退火设备、薄膜沉积设备。单片快速热处理工艺包括浸入式退火(Soak Anneal)、尖峰退火(Spike Anneal)、毫秒级退火(Millisecond Anneal)、原位氧化等种类。
随着集成电路特征尺寸的不断缩小,芯片性能对热预算、对温度的敏感度要求越来越高,对热处理工艺不断提出新的挑战。
一是芯片性能对热预算、对温度的敏感度越来越高。随着半导体芯片尺寸的缩小,退火工艺对较低的热预算要求越来越高,传统炉管设备已不能满足对低热预算的要求,需要更低的工艺温度及更快的升降温速率的立式炉设备,同时RTP尖峰退火和毫秒级退火工艺应用需求逐渐增多。一般的尖峰退火多采用正面加热晶圆的方式,但随着制程发展到28 nm及以下先进制程,正面加热的方式无法克服晶圆正面图形疏密差异所引起的单颗芯片内加热均匀性问题,继而出现了采用背面加热的RTP设备。
二是先进的工艺需求需要更先进的温度场控制技术。基于模型的温度控制技术将取代传统基于比例、积分、微分(Proportion Integration Differentiation, PID)进行闭环自动控制的温控技术,采用先进的基于模型的温度控制技术不仅可以解决温度控制灵活性和稳定性方面的不足,而且在稳定热场的快速建立和快速恢复方面具有极佳的特性。同时,为获得更好的片内均匀性并提升大尺寸晶圆的良品率,RTP设备对单片晶圆采用多点测温的方式,通过实时、动态调节各个区域加热功率,从而保障良好的片内温度均匀性。
三是在更高温下,对零部件选材及金属离子污染控制提出了更高的要求。随着晶圆尺寸的增大和缺陷控制要求的提高,导致热处理特别是超过1000 ℃的高温工艺更易产生或放大晶体内部缺陷。因此,高温处理过程中减少或避免产生滑移缺陷从而提升芯片性能、提高产品良率变得愈加重要。此外,高温工艺下对金属离子污染提出了更高的要求。腔室内部部件材料的纯度、表面处理以及热稳定性要求更高,特别是直接接受加热的晶圆承载部件。
四是炉管式化学气相沉积薄膜工艺向原子层沉积薄膜工艺发展。原子层沉积薄膜工艺更适用于超薄/致密薄膜制备、高深宽比结构薄膜制备、低温薄膜制备等工艺技术领域。此外,在先进集成电路工艺中,复杂的三维架构、超大深宽比电荷捕获型结构以及较低热预算的结合,对于特定关键薄膜沉积设备的应用提出很高的挑战,因此,采用具有良好台阶覆盖性能,并且借助多腔室形式提升批处理能力的多腔室小批量ALD设备也成为单片ALD设备的一种补充解决方案。
热处理设备的核心零部件及技术包括高精度的温控算法技术、加热器部件、高温计部件、晶圆载具、高纯碳化硅、高纯石英等。例如,低温沉积工艺需要高精度温度控制算法及对应的硬件系统,针对RTP的工艺设备甚至需要具备100 Hz以上的温度调控频率;需要开发截面温度均匀性更好的加热器,多温区细化调节智能匹配,优化保温层的结构设计及均匀度,优化温度控制单元的硬件系统来实现更加精确和稳定的目标温度控制;实时高温测试技术,需要高精度低噪声测温探测器,并具备宽幅测试区间;在温度升降过程中,容易产生热缺陷与应力,高温缺陷控制需要深入研究不同材料的扩散特性及载具的制备及精密加工技术,例如,高纯的碳化硅材料无法通过传统的烧结陶瓷的方式来实现(多采用化学气相沉积方法制备),坯料生长难度大。另外,碳化硅材料自身硬度极高,仅次于金刚石,加工难度大、成品率低。为应对更低金属污染的控制要求,需要更高纯度的石英部件及其原材制备技术。
热处理工艺通常需要根据每种材料和工艺应用场景衍生出不同的温度控制和工艺设计下的设备类型,而且很多热处理工艺通常用于实现晶圆掺杂、金属薄膜沉积后硅化、晶圆表面改性(氧化/氮化)等工艺,工艺过程较难监控,且对芯片电学性能影响较大,是核心工艺设备中验证周期长、工艺匹配要求高的一类设备,在逻辑和存储工艺中涉及30余种工艺类型,百余道工序制程。对设备的工艺验证能力、量产技术能力和核心零部件技术的持续突破是热处理设备发展的重中之重。
湿法清洗是贯穿集成电路制造的重要工艺环节,也是影响半导体芯片良率的最重要的因素之一。清洗工艺步骤是先进工艺步骤中占比最大的工序,在逻辑电路工艺中占比大于30%,在3D NAND和DRAM工艺中占比近40%。伴随半导体制造技术节点的进步,清洗工序的数量和重要性将继续提高。根据Gartner统计数据,2021年湿法设备全球市场规模约为50.8亿美元,全球湿法设备呈现迪恩士、东电电子、细美事和泛林半导体4家寡头垄断格局,4家合计占据了超过90%的市场份额。国内湿法设备厂商北方华创、盛美半导体、沈阳芯源、至纯科技整体规模不足全球5%[1]
湿法设备主要包括槽式清洗设备、单片清洗设备和批式旋转喷淋清洗设备等。湿法清洗是针对不同的工艺需求,采用特定的化学药液和去离子水,对晶圆表面进行湿法刻蚀,清洗或表面处理,达到去除多余膜层以及可能产生不良影响的颗粒、有机物、金属污染等。
随着集成电路特征尺寸不断缩小,集成电路制造过程中湿法工艺步骤大幅度增加,同时对晶圆表面污染物的控制要求越来越高,因此对湿法设备提出更高的要求[16]。为了获得更高的芯片可靠性及电学性能,湿法设备呈现出具有更高表面污染物控制能力的单片清洗逐渐取代槽式清洗的发展趋势,同时先进工艺中高深宽比的图型使得单片清洗中干燥工艺的发展尤为关键[17]
一是线宽尺寸的不断缩小。随着特征线宽的减小,清洗过程所能容忍的材料损失也要求越来越少,颗粒对芯片良率尤为关键,导致清洗后晶圆表面可接受的颗粒尺寸也不断减小[18]。传统的槽式清洗设备由于交叉污染且控制精度低,已无法满足40 nm及以下的工艺要求。单片清洗设备对工艺的灵活控制、污染风险低、清洗能力强,逐渐成为主流湿法设备[19,20]
二是高密度、高深宽比三维器件结构的清洗。对逻辑领域(鳍式场效应晶体管(Fin Field-Effect Transistor, FinFET)、环栅场效应晶体管(Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor, GAAFET)的深沟槽隔离工艺、存储领域(3D NAND、DRAM)的高深宽比(大于或等于高深宽)图形阵列等三维器件结构来说,如何完成从这种非常微细的纳米级的立体几何图形中去除刻蚀残留物,并确保图形完整性和芯片结构无损伤是湿法工艺所要面临的挑战,这些都需要湿法工艺做出创新性变革[21,22]。以单片清洗设备的干燥技术为例,从旋转干燥(Spin Dry)发展为异丙醇(IPA)干燥,再到应用于3 nm及以下技术节点的超临界干燥技术,通过不断降低晶圆表面液体的表面张力,以避免干燥过程中对微结构造成拉力破坏。
三是新材料不断被引入。随着锗硅、磷硅等半导体材料以及铪、钴等多种过渡金属的应用,对应的湿法工艺也需要做出相应的改变,如化学药液的选择、金属电化学腐蚀的控制以及刻蚀选择比的调整等。例如,针对化学药液的选择,在锗硅工艺的湿法刻蚀,需要升级设备,精确控制刻蚀液四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)中的氧含量,以达到单片晶圆内硅刻蚀均一性的要求。
湿法设备的工艺能力主要取决于其搭载的核心零部件及技术。随着技术节点的延伸,对晶圆表面的清洗及腐蚀均匀性、纳米级颗粒控制能力等提出更高的要求。湿法设备涉及的核心零部件包括精密化学传输装置、二流体清洗喷嘴和晶圆卡盘等。
精密化学传输装置是湿法设备的核心之一。先进制程对各种化学药液的输送提出更高的要求,例如为了实现动态化学药液浓度切换,需要化学药液高精度在线混配,又如高温硫酸工艺,要求传输管路具备实时药液温度补偿功能,同时整套传输装置对超高纯树脂材料的要求也极为苛刻;由于芯片结构线宽尺寸的进一步减小,要求设备实现对纳米级颗粒尺寸的控制,二流体清洗喷嘴是先进制程中实现纳米级颗粒去除的关键部件,喷嘴内部结构含有两相(液相、气相)通道,经喷嘴向晶圆表面喷射两相流体形成雾状微粒,使晶圆表面的颗粒克服黏附力——范德华力(van der Waals Force),从而达到去除纳米级颗粒的目的[23-25];晶圆卡盘结构是单片湿法设备承载晶圆的载体,其材质及加工工艺直接影响晶圆的清洗效果及设备运行稳定性,面对不同的湿法清洗工艺要求,晶圆卡盘也要相应改变,例如静电去除卡盘、新型伯努利(Bernoulli)气浮卡盘、晶圆表面分区加热卡盘等应运而生。湿法设备工艺能力的进一步提升,一方面依赖更高性能的零部件,另一方面依赖各类超高纯材料,这两者的持续创新和发展推动湿法设备的持续更新变革。
随着技术节点的不断发展,湿法清洗工艺步骤在先进逻辑、存储制程领域相对其他工艺占比最大,其工序超过200道。此外,考虑每类先进逻辑、存储制程的前道湿法工艺及后道湿法工艺的差别,再加上不同技术代的工艺要求和核心技术的不同,针对不同的湿法工艺应用场景,需要因地制宜采用不同的机台型号和配置,而由此带来的差异性技术需求,则需要湿法设备技术相应地做出改进。
1)鼓励并支持产业内开展广泛的国际合作
为有效缩短国内集成装备制造业的学习曲线,尽快提高国内装备技术水平,提升企业的国际竞争力,应不断深化集成电路产业的全球合作。一方面,应积极为国际企业投资发展营造良好环境,在产业规划、财政税收、投融资、用地审批、人才、科研开发等多方面提供支持政策,吸引国际企业投资建设生产制造及研发中心。另一方面,应鼓励国内高校和科研院所加强与海外高水平大学和研究机构的合作,加强国内行业协会与国际行业组织的沟通交流,支持国内企业在境内外与国际企业开展合作,深度参与国际市场分工协作和国际标准制定。
2)吸引成熟产业与国际人才进入产业
国内半导体行业面临诸多挑战,其中人才短缺是最大短板。集成电路装备制造业正处于快速发展阶段,急需大量专业的机械、电气、软件、材料等多种技术人才与高层次管理人才,除了引导和鼓励国内大专院校、科研机构加大培养力度之外,国家有必要制定有利于集成电路产业的人才政策,增加如个税减免、落户、购房补贴等专项优惠政策,吸引来自国内其他成熟行业和国际的高端科技与管理人才,以解决行业发展的燃眉之急。
3)充分发挥大学、科研机构在基础科学和前沿技术研究方面的作用
中国集成电路装备产业近几年规模增长迅速,但在基础科学和高精尖等前沿领域仍旧与发达国家存在较大差距,建议在高水平研究型大学和科研院所布局建设若干基础科学及前沿科学中心,加强高精尖创新中心、实验室等重大科研平台建设,利用多学科交叉研究优势,实现前瞻性基础研究、引领性原创成果的重大突破。同时,鼓励科研院所、高校和企业联合,设立科研机构、高校与企业联合开发的基金,加快产学研联盟的构建,提升集成电路装备产业的科研成果转换率。
4)大力提升关键部件和基础材料的本地化配套能力
目前,中国集成设备制造关键零部件和基础材料等上游企业以民营企业居多,相对分散且规模不大。由于缺乏高端技术人才队伍和研发资金投入,这些企业的技术研发实力相对较弱,难以满足装备企业技术不断更新迭代的创新需求。
为了提升集成装备产业关键零部件和基础材料的本地化配套能力,中国应大力吸引国际先进的零部件企业来华投资,建立国际先进零部件加工基地;同时,可以通过设立集成电路上游关键零部件及材料专项基金,加大对国内中小零部件企业的投资;或通过集成电路装备龙头企业前向一体化等方式,加快推动国内集成电路装备产业链的技术创新生态系统建设,促进产业的可持续发展。
5)大力支持集成电路装备龙头企业做大做强
集成电路装备行业垄断程度高、技术壁垒高,为抓住机遇,成为国内外市场真正的领先者,应加大对集成电路装备产业龙头企业的扶持,促使其做大做强。从政策层面上看,可以从投融资政策、进出口政策、所得税政策、劳动法政策、期权激励政策、上市政策等方面给予龙头企业支持。同时,在条件成熟的情况下,鼓励系统集成电路装备龙头企业对行业内中小型企业进一步进行整合,以形成产业协同效应和规模效应。
随着5G、大数据、人工智能、物联网等新兴应用领域的不断涌现,半导体市场潜力进一步提升,从而带动集成电路装备迎来新一轮的增长周期,机遇与挑战并存。中国集成电路装备企业正在与国内外上下游制造及零部件企业携手合作,不断实现技术创新与原理突破,共同打造健康向上、活力迸发的中国集成电路装备产业。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.005
  • 接收时间:2022-06-16
  • 出版时间:2022-09-20
  • 发布时间:2022-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-16
  • 修回日期:2022-08-26
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    北京北方华创微电子装备有限公司,北京 100176

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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