Article(id=1241718638936380083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1660060800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-10, revisedDate=1660924800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1667491200000, onlineDateStr=2022-11-04, pubDate=1663603200000, pubDateStr=2022-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1667491200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2022-11-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978393535, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978393535, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241718213453607496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='3', pageStart='10', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1663603200000', pubDateStr='2022-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773978292094, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1776075247554, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250513482186179119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1250513482186179120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=集成电路科学与工程专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=130, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241718644657410746, articleId=1241718638936380083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Device Technology in Post-Moore Era: Research Progress and Future Trends, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

After over half a century of rapid development, the geometrical scaling of transistors predicted by Moore’s law has approached the quantum physics limits, and the information society is entering the post-Moore era. Cutting-edge research on relevant fields has already been carried out, and new concepts such as beyond-Moore devices, in-sensor computing, and neuromorphic computing have emerged one after another. The number of new materials, devices, and technologies are all growing, and their broad prospects are demonstrated in emerging areas including big data, internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI). This article reviews the development progress of core post-Moore device technologies and the challenges they confront, summarizes the future development trends and application prospects, and put forward some suggestions accordingly.

, authors=null, authorsList=Peijian WANG, Jiachao ZHOU, Jiayang HU, Hanxi LI, Feng TIAN, Zhixiang ZHANG, Jian CHAI, Xinyi XU, Zheng BIAN, Yuda ZHAO, Yang XU, Bin YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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在经过半个多世纪的高速发展后,摩尔定律预测的晶体管尺寸缩微已接近量子物理极限,信息社会正在进入后摩尔时代。相关领域的前沿研究早已展开,超摩尔器件、感存算一体、神经形态计算等新概念纷纷涌现,各种新材料、新器件和新技术层出不穷,并在大数据、物联网、人工智能等新兴领域展现出广阔的前景。文章重点梳理了核心后摩尔器件技术的发展脉络,分析其面临的挑战,总结未来发展趋势和应用前景,并提出相应建议。

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王佩剑,研究员,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心“求是科创学者”,杭州市级领军人才。研究方向为低维材料生长制备、物性表征/调控、集成与器件应用。近3年来在Nature CommunicationsACS NanoNano LettersApplied Physics ReviewsAdvanced MaterialsChemical Science等期刊发表论文17篇,研究团队发表论文40余篇。主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项。受邀为Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic MaterialsNanoscaleJournal of Physical Chemistry C等期刊审稿。获美国物理学会会议“Best Poster Award”奖和UMass专业发展旅行奖等。获授权发明专利3项。电子信箱:

俞滨,教授,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心战略科学家、未来科学研究院院长。美国国家发明家科学院(NAI)院士,电气与电子工程师协会(IEEE)会士,斯坦福大学顾问教授,北京大学客座教授等。研究方向为类脑感知与计算、后摩尔电子学、微纳集成芯片。在硅基/碳基/低维半导体电子学、新型逻辑/存储器件、纳米传感等领域做出多项成果,在Nature ElectronicsNature CommunicationsAdvanced MaterialsACS Nano和IEEE旗舰期刊,IEDM、VLSI Symposium等顶级国际会议发表论文300余篇。受聘于国际半导体技术路线图(ITRS)起草委员会、IEEE EDS和IEEE NTC执行委员会、IEEE Fellow评审委员会、IEEE George Smith奖评审委员会。担任IEEE EDLIEEE T-NANOIEEE T-EDNano-Micro Letters等学术期刊编辑/特邀编辑。获IEEE杰出讲座奖和IBM学者奖。电子信箱:

, authorsList=王佩剑, 周嘉超, 胡加杨, 李涵茜, 田丰, 张致翔, 柴健, 徐心艺, 卞正, 赵昱达, 徐杨, 俞滨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=俞滨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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王佩剑,研究员,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心“求是科创学者”,杭州市级领军人才。研究方向为低维材料生长制备、物性表征/调控、集成与器件应用。近3年来在Nature CommunicationsACS NanoNano LettersApplied Physics ReviewsAdvanced MaterialsChemical Science等期刊发表论文17篇,研究团队发表论文40余篇。主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项。受邀为Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic MaterialsNanoscaleJournal of Physical Chemistry C等期刊审稿。获美国物理学会会议“Best Poster Award”奖和UMass专业发展旅行奖等。获授权发明专利3项。电子信箱:

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王佩剑,研究员,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心“求是科创学者”,杭州市级领军人才。研究方向为低维材料生长制备、物性表征/调控、集成与器件应用。近3年来在Nature CommunicationsACS NanoNano LettersApplied Physics ReviewsAdvanced MaterialsChemical Science等期刊发表论文17篇,研究团队发表论文40余篇。主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项。受邀为Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic MaterialsNanoscaleJournal of Physical Chemistry C等期刊审稿。获美国物理学会会议“Best Poster Award”奖和UMass专业发展旅行奖等。获授权发明专利3项。电子信箱:

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俞滨,教授,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心战略科学家、未来科学研究院院长。美国国家发明家科学院(NAI)院士,电气与电子工程师协会(IEEE)会士,斯坦福大学顾问教授,北京大学客座教授等。研究方向为类脑感知与计算、后摩尔电子学、微纳集成芯片。在硅基/碳基/低维半导体电子学、新型逻辑/存储器件、纳米传感等领域做出多项成果,在Nature ElectronicsNature CommunicationsAdvanced MaterialsACS Nano和IEEE旗舰期刊,IEDM、VLSI Symposium等顶级国际会议发表论文300余篇。受聘于国际半导体技术路线图(ITRS)起草委员会、IEEE EDS和IEEE NTC执行委员会、IEEE Fellow评审委员会、IEEE George Smith奖评审委员会。担任IEEE EDLIEEE T-NANOIEEE T-EDNano-Micro Letters等学术期刊编辑/特邀编辑。获IEEE杰出讲座奖和IBM学者奖。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=8YnQHlLzIYGNepgz1/7daw==, bioContent=

俞滨,教授,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心战略科学家、未来科学研究院院长。美国国家发明家科学院(NAI)院士,电气与电子工程师协会(IEEE)会士,斯坦福大学顾问教授,北京大学客座教授等。研究方向为类脑感知与计算、后摩尔电子学、微纳集成芯片。在硅基/碳基/低维半导体电子学、新型逻辑/存储器件、纳米传感等领域做出多项成果,在Nature ElectronicsNature CommunicationsAdvanced MaterialsACS Nano和IEEE旗舰期刊,IEDM、VLSI Symposium等顶级国际会议发表论文300余篇。受聘于国际半导体技术路线图(ITRS)起草委员会、IEEE EDS和IEEE NTC执行委员会、IEEE Fellow评审委员会、IEEE George Smith奖评审委员会。担任IEEE EDLIEEE T-NANOIEEE T-EDNano-Micro Letters等学术期刊编辑/特邀编辑。获IEEE杰出讲座奖和IBM学者奖。电子信箱:

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Nano Letters, 2012, 12(1): 389-395., articleTitle=A functional hybrid memristor crossbar-array/CMOS system for data storage and neuromorphic applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698017353906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Oconnor P, Welling M, journalName=arXiv e-prints, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Oconnor P, Welling M. Deep spiking networks[J]. arXiv e-prints, 2016, arXiv: 1602.08323., articleTitle=Deep spiking networks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698088657075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16261-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Zhu X, Wang Q, Lu W D, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu X, Wang Q, Lu W D. Memristor networks for real-time neural activity analysis[J]. Nature Communications, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16261-1., articleTitle=Memristor networks for real-time neural activity analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698164154548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07572-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Seo S, Jo S H, Kim S, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Seo S, Jo S H, Kim S, et al. Artificial optic-neural synapse for colored and color-mixed pattern recognition[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07572-5., articleTitle=Artificial optic-neural synapse for colored and color-mixed pattern recognition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698235457717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00697, pmid=25710872, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=3, pageStart=2203, pageEnd=2211, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Kim S, Du C, Sheridan P, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim S, Du C, Sheridan P, et al. Experimental demonstration of a second-order memristor and its ability to biorealistically implement synaptic plasticity[J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15(3): 2203-2211., articleTitle=Experimental demonstration of a second-order memristor and its ability to biorealistically implement synaptic plasticity, refAbstract=Memristors have been extensively studied for data storage and low-power computation applications. In this study, we show that memristors offer more than simple resistance change. Specifically, the dynamic evolutions of internal state variables allow an oxide-based memristor to exhibit Ca(2+)-like dynamics that natively encode timing information and regulate synaptic weights. Such a device can be modeled as a second-order memristor and allow the implementation of critical synaptic functions realistically using simple spike forms based solely on spike activity.), Reference(id=1241718698289983670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1126/science.1254642, pmid=25104385, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=345, issue=6197, pageStart=668, pageEnd=673, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Merolla P A, Arthur J V, Alvarez-Icaza R, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Merolla P A, Arthur J V, Alvarez-Icaza R, et al. A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface[J]. Science, 2014, 345(6197): 668-673., articleTitle=A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface, refAbstract=Inspired by the brain's structure, we have developed an efficient, scalable, and flexible non-von Neumann architecture that leverages contemporary silicon technology. To demonstrate, we built a 5.4-billion-transistor chip with 4096 neurosynaptic cores interconnected via an intrachip network that integrates 1 million programmable spiking neurons and 256 million configurable synapses. Chips can be tiled in two dimensions via an interchip communication interface, seamlessly scaling the architecture to a cortexlike sheet of arbitrary size. The architecture is well suited to many applications that use complex neural networks in real time, for example, multiobject detection and classification. With 400-pixel-by-240-pixel video input at 30 frames per second, the chip consumes 63 milliwatts. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.), Reference(id=1241718698365481144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1002/adom.201800290, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=He C, Zhu L P, Zhao Q Y, journalName=Advanced Optical Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He C, Zhu L P, Zhao Q Y, et al. Competition between free carriers and excitons mediated by defects observed in layered WSe2 crystal with time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2018, doi: 10.1002/adom.201800290., articleTitle=Competition between free carriers and excitons mediated by defects observed in layered WSe2 crystal with time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698449367225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1002/aelm.201901335, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=6, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Hao S, Ji X, Zhong S, journalName=Advanced Electronic Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hao S, Ji X, Zhong S, et al. A monolayer leaky integrate-and-fire neuron for 2D memristive neuromorphic networks[J]. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2020, 6(4), doi: 10.1002/aelm.201901335., articleTitle=A monolayer leaky integrate-and-fire neuron for 2D memristive neuromorphic networks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698524864698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17215-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Duan Q, Jing Z, Zou X, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan Q, Jing Z, Zou X, et al. Spiking neurons with spatiotemporal dynamics and gain modulation for monolithically integrated memristive neural networks[J]. Nature Communications, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17215-3., articleTitle=Spiking neurons with spatiotemporal dynamics and gain modulation for monolithically integrated memristive neural networks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698587779259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=44, pageStart=41482, pageEnd=41489, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Bao L, Zhu J, Yu Z, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao L, Zhu J, Yu Z, et al. Dual-gated MoS2 neuristor for neuromorphic computing[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(44): 41482-41489., articleTitle=Dual-gated MoS2 neuristor for neuromorphic computing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698646499516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.21203/rs.3.rs-927008/v1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Cao R, Zhang X, Liu S, journalName=Reprint, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao R, Zhang X, Liu S, et al. Compact artificial neuron based on anti-ferroelectric transistor[J]. Reprint, 2021, doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-927008/v1., articleTitle=Compact artificial neuron based on anti-ferroelectric transistor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698705219773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/nature03010, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=431, issue=7010, pageStart=796, pageEnd=803, url=https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03010, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Abbott L F, Regehr W G, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abbott L F, Regehr W G. Synaptic computation[J]. Nature, 2004, 431(7010): 796-803., articleTitle=Synaptic computation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698768134334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00994, pmid=29668290, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=18, issue=5, pageStart=3229, pageEnd=3234, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Sun L, Zhang Y, Hwang G, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun L, Zhang Y, Hwang G, et al. Synaptic computation enabled by Joule heating of single-layered semiconductors for sound localization[J]. Nano Letters, 2018, 18(5): 3229-3234., articleTitle=Synaptic computation enabled by Joule heating of single-layered semiconductors for sound localization, refAbstract=Synaptic computation, which is vital for information processing and decision making in neural networks, has remained technically challenging to be demonstrated without using numerous transistors and capacitors, though significant efforts have been made to emulate the biological synaptic transmission such as short-term and long-term plasticity and memory. Here, we report synaptic computation based on Joule heating and versatile doping induced metal-insulator transition in a scalable monolayer-molybdenum disulfide (MoS) device with a biologically comparable energy consumption (∼10 fJ). A circuit with our tunable excitatory and inhibitory synaptic devices demonstrates a key function for realizing the most precise temporal computation in the human brain, sound localization: detecting an interaural time difference by suppressing sound intensity- or frequency-dependent synaptic connectivity. This Letter opens a way to implement synaptic computing in neuromorphic applications, overcoming the limitation of scalability and power consumption in conventional CMOS-based neuromorphic devices.), Reference(id=1241718698843631807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/nnano.2016.70, pmid=27183057, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=11, issue=8, pageStart=693, pageEnd=699, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Tuma T, Pantazi A, Le Gallo M, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tuma T, Pantazi A, Le Gallo M, et al. Stochastic phase-change neurons[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, 11(8): 693-699., articleTitle=Stochastic phase-change neurons, refAbstract=Artificial neuromorphic systems based on populations of spiking neurons are an indispensable tool in understanding the human brain and in constructing neuromimetic computational systems. To reach areal and power efficiencies comparable to those seen in biological systems, electroionics-based and phase-change-based memristive devices have been explored as nanoscale counterparts of synapses. However, progress on scalable realizations of neurons has so far been limited. Here, we show that chalcogenide-based phase-change materials can be used to create an artificial neuron in which the membrane potential is represented by the phase configuration of the nanoscale phase-change device. By exploiting the physics of reversible amorphous-to-crystal phase transitions, we show that the temporal integration of postsynaptic potentials can be achieved on a nanosecond timescale. Moreover, we show that this is inherently stochastic because of the melt-quench-induced reconfiguration of the atomic structure occurring when the neuron is reset. We demonstrate the use of these phase-change neurons, and their populations, in the detection of temporal correlations in parallel data streams and in sub-Nyquist representation of high-bandwidth signals.), Reference(id=1241718698910740672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/s41563-018-0248-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=141, pageEnd=148, url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0248-5, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Zhu X, Li D, Liang X, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu X, Li D, Liang X, et al. Ionic modulation and ionic coupling effects in MoS2 devices for neuromorphic computing[J]. Nature Materials, 2019, 18(2): 141-148., articleTitle=Ionic modulation and ionic coupling effects in MoS2 devices for neuromorphic computing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718698986238145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=44, pageStart=41482, pageEnd=41489, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Bao L, Zhu J, Yu Z, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao L, Zhu J, Yu Z, et al. Dual-gated MoS2neuristor for neuromorphic computing[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(44): 41482-41489., articleTitle=Dual-gated MoS2neuristor for neuromorphic computing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718699057541314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=28, pageStart=25306, pageEnd=25312, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Kim S H, Yi S-G, Park M U, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim S H, Yi S-G, Park M U, et al. Multilevel MoS2 optical memory with photoresponsive top floating gates[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(28): 25306-25312., articleTitle=Multilevel MoS2 optical memory with photoresponsive top floating gates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718699128844483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05140, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=4, pageStart=2411, pageEnd=2417, url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05140, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Xu R, Jang H, Lee M-H, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu R, Jang H, Lee M-H, et al. Vertical MoS2 double-layer memristor with electrochemical metallization as an atomic-scale synapse with switching thresholds ap-proaching 100 mV[J]. Nano Letters, 2019, 19(4): 2411-2417., articleTitle=Vertical MoS2 double-layer memristor with electrochemical metallization as an atomic-scale synapse with switching thresholds ap-proaching 100 mV, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718699204341956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07572-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Seo S, Jo S H, Kim S, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Seo S, Jo S H, Kim S, et al. Artificial optic-neural synapse for colored and color-mixed pattern recognition[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07572-5., articleTitle=Artificial optic-neural synapse for colored and color-mixed pattern recognition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718699267256517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/s41928-020-0412-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=3, issue=7, pageStart=398, pageEnd=408, url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0412-1, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Baek E, Das N R, Cannistraci C V, journalName=Nature Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Baek E, Das N R, Cannistraci C V, et al. Intrinsic plasticity of silicon nanowire neurotransistors for dynamic memory and learning functions[J]. Nature Electronics, 2020, 3(7): 398-408., articleTitle=Intrinsic plasticity of silicon nanowire neurotransistors for dynamic memory and learning functions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718699334365382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1002/adfm.202007232, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Wei H H, Yu H Y, Gong J D, journalName=Advanced Functional Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei H H, Yu H Y, Gong J D, et al. Redox MXene artificial synapse with bidirectional plasticity and hypersensitive responsibility[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, doi: 10.1002/adfm.202007232., articleTitle=Redox MXene artificial synapse with bidirectional plasticity and hypersensitive responsibility, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718699414057159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, doi=10.1038/s41565-020-0722-5, pmid=32601451, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=15, issue=9, pageStart=776, pageEnd=782, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=66, authorNames=Li X Y, Tang J S, Zhang Q T, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X Y, Tang J S, Zhang Q T, et al. Power-efficient neural network with artificial dendrites[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2020, 15(9): 776-782., articleTitle=Power-efficient neural network with artificial dendrites, refAbstract=In the nervous system, dendrites, branches of neurons that transmit signals between synapses and soma, play a critical role in processing functions, such as nonlinear integration of postsynaptic signals. The lack of these critical functions in artificial neural networks compromises their performance, for example in terms of flexibility, energy efficiency and the ability to handle complex tasks. Here, by developing artificial dendrites, we experimentally demonstrate a complete neural network fully integrated with synapses, dendrites and soma, implemented using scalable memristor devices. We perform a digit recognition task and simulate a multilayer network using experimentally derived device characteristics. The power consumption is more than three orders of magnitude lower than that of a central processing unit and 70 times lower than that of a typical application-specific integrated circuit chip. This network, equipped with functional dendrites, shows the potential of substantial overall performance improvement, for example by extracting critical information from a noisy background with significantly reduced power consumption and enhanced accuracy.)], funds=[Fund(id=1241718691700732033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, awardId=51902061, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(51902061), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241718683010134028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241718683018522637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718638936380083, companyId=1241718683010134028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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(来源:Web of Science)
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后摩尔器件发展现状与未来趋势
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王佩剑 1, 2 , 周嘉超 1, 2 , 胡加杨 1, 2 , 李涵茜 1, 2 , 田丰 1, 2 , 张致翔 1, 2 , 柴健 1, 2 , 徐心艺 1, 2 , 卞正 1, 2 , 赵昱达 1, 2 , 徐杨 1, 2 , 俞滨 1, 2,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022,1(3): 130-145
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022, 1(3): 130-145
后摩尔器件发展现状与未来趋势
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王佩剑1, 2 , 周嘉超1, 2, 胡加杨1, 2, 李涵茜1, 2, 田丰1, 2, 张致翔1, 2, 柴健1, 2, 徐心艺1, 2, 卞正1, 2, 赵昱达1, 2, 徐杨1, 2, 俞滨1, 2,
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学微纳电子学院,杭州 311200
  • 2.浙江大学杭州国际科创中心,杭州 311215
  • 王佩剑,研究员,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心“求是科创学者”,杭州市级领军人才。研究方向为低维材料生长制备、物性表征/调控、集成与器件应用。近3年来在Nature CommunicationsACS NanoNano LettersApplied Physics ReviewsAdvanced MaterialsChemical Science等期刊发表论文17篇,研究团队发表论文40余篇。主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项。受邀为Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic MaterialsNanoscaleJournal of Physical Chemistry C等期刊审稿。获美国物理学会会议“Best Poster Award”奖和UMass专业发展旅行奖等。获授权发明专利3项。电子信箱:

    俞滨,教授,博士研究生导师。浙江大学杭州国际科创中心战略科学家、未来科学研究院院长。美国国家发明家科学院(NAI)院士,电气与电子工程师协会(IEEE)会士,斯坦福大学顾问教授,北京大学客座教授等。研究方向为类脑感知与计算、后摩尔电子学、微纳集成芯片。在硅基/碳基/低维半导体电子学、新型逻辑/存储器件、纳米传感等领域做出多项成果,在Nature ElectronicsNature CommunicationsAdvanced MaterialsACS Nano和IEEE旗舰期刊,IEDM、VLSI Symposium等顶级国际会议发表论文300余篇。受聘于国际半导体技术路线图(ITRS)起草委员会、IEEE EDS和IEEE NTC执行委员会、IEEE Fellow评审委员会、IEEE George Smith奖评审委员会。担任IEEE EDLIEEE T-NANOIEEE T-EDNano-Micro Letters等学术期刊编辑/特邀编辑。获IEEE杰出讲座奖和IBM学者奖。电子信箱:

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Device Technology in Post-Moore Era: Research Progress and Future Trends
Peijian WANG1, 2 , Jiachao ZHOU1, 2, Jiayang HU1, 2, Hanxi LI1, 2, Feng TIAN1, 2, Zhixiang ZHANG1, 2, Jian CHAI1, 2, Xinyi XU1, 2, Zheng BIAN1, 2, Yuda ZHAO1, 2, Yang XU1, 2, Bin YU1, 2,
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
  • 2. ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
出版时间: 2022-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.011
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在经过半个多世纪的高速发展后,摩尔定律预测的晶体管尺寸缩微已接近量子物理极限,信息社会正在进入后摩尔时代。相关领域的前沿研究早已展开,超摩尔器件、感存算一体、神经形态计算等新概念纷纷涌现,各种新材料、新器件和新技术层出不穷,并在大数据、物联网、人工智能等新兴领域展现出广阔的前景。文章重点梳理了核心后摩尔器件技术的发展脉络,分析其面临的挑战,总结未来发展趋势和应用前景,并提出相应建议。

后摩尔电子学  /  逻辑器件  /  记忆器件  /  感知器件  /  神经形态器件

After over half a century of rapid development, the geometrical scaling of transistors predicted by Moore’s law has approached the quantum physics limits, and the information society is entering the post-Moore era. Cutting-edge research on relevant fields has already been carried out, and new concepts such as beyond-Moore devices, in-sensor computing, and neuromorphic computing have emerged one after another. The number of new materials, devices, and technologies are all growing, and their broad prospects are demonstrated in emerging areas including big data, internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI). This article reviews the development progress of core post-Moore device technologies and the challenges they confront, summarizes the future development trends and application prospects, and put forward some suggestions accordingly.

post-Moore electronics  /  logic device  /  memristor  /  hyper-perception device  /  neuromorphic device
王佩剑, 周嘉超, 胡加杨, 李涵茜, 田丰, 张致翔, 柴健, 徐心艺, 卞正, 赵昱达, 徐杨, 俞滨. 后摩尔器件发展现状与未来趋势. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (3) : 130 -145 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.011
Peijian WANG, Jiachao ZHOU, Jiayang HU, Hanxi LI, Feng TIAN, Zhixiang ZHANG, Jian CHAI, Xinyi XU, Zheng BIAN, Yuda ZHAO, Yang XU, Bin YU. Device Technology in Post-Moore Era: Research Progress and Future Trends[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (3) : 130 -145 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.011
最近几十年信息技术的蓬勃发展,很大程度上归功于摩尔定律的持续。自1965年以来,集成电路的晶体管密度每2年翻一番,带来算力的指数级增长、生产效率的极大提高以及人类生活形态的根本变化。然而,遵循摩尔定律的芯片技术发展不可持续。当晶体管尺寸逼近几个原子的尺寸时,量子隧穿、界面散射、结构串扰等效应变得更加突出,对缩微器件的性能产生由量到质的影响。此外,在传统集成电路芯片中,数据在分离的存储和运算功能块之间来回传输,带来大量能耗和延迟,即所谓的“存储墙”“发热墙”等问题。这些都需要新的材料、器件以及计算架构提供解决方案。随着二维半导体等新兴功能材料的出现,新一代器件和新计算范式逐渐涌现出来,存算一体、仿生感知、神经形态计算等技术方兴未艾。摩尔定律的不可持续反而使得材料、器件、工艺以及计算形态具有更丰富的可能性。文章针对后摩尔时代核心器件技术,从逻辑、感知、记忆、神经形态4个技术方面阐述进展,分析所面临问题和可能的解决方案,并给出未来发展方向。
在微电子技术领域,摩尔定律主导的主流器件技术是以硅基为代表的微电子器件。在过去60多年的漫长时期内,全球范围的技术创新基本上是围绕器件物理尺寸的缩微化来进行的,其特征关键词为体材料、可缩微性差、低能效、低异质集成能力等。然而,后摩尔时代的核心器件基本是以新材料体系、新器件原理所驱动的新一轮创新,特征关键词为新材料、极限可缩微性、高能效、易于异质集成等。正是由于摩尔定律的终止以及新兴材料的快速崛起,使得基于新器件技术的新一轮芯片革命成为全球的关注聚焦点。后摩尔器件将通过非传统物理尺寸缩微的新技术路径,延续摩尔定律的精神,即性能/算力提升、能耗降低以及成本降低,并将集成电路芯片技术带向新的发展阶段。
后摩尔核心器件按其功能可划分为逻辑器件、感知器件、记忆器件等。逻辑器件是集成电路的基本组成元件,其代表是晶体管,也是构建布尔逻辑运算及进行复杂信息处理的最底层硬件;感知器件是芯片与外在世界的交互界面,能将物理世界的各种信息转换成电子信号,其在物联网、自动驾驶、机器人、可穿戴设备等大量新兴应用场景具有举足轻重的地位;记忆器件则承担信息的存储任务,在以大数据、深度学习/人工智能为代表的后摩尔时代,其重要性与日俱增。与此同时,为突破冯·诺依曼架构的瓶颈,由生物脑启发得来的类脑计算,则需要开发人工神经元、人工突触等新一代仿生电子器件,来进行大规模、并行式、高能效、低延迟的数据信息处理。以下将分别对这4类后摩尔核心器件的发展现状和趋势进行讨论。
为实现单颗芯片内集成更多数目的高性能、低成本晶体管,基于硅、Ⅲ-Ⅴ族化合物半导体、砷化镓(GaAs)和氮化镓(GaN)等材料的逻辑器件,将优化方向聚焦于器件结构,提出超薄绝缘体上硅(Ultra-Thin-Body Silicon-On-Insulator, UTB-SOI)、鳍式场效应晶体管(Fin Field-Effect Transistor, FinFET)等设计,并已发展出成熟工艺,将器件尺寸缩微边界拓展到10 nm栅长以下。在传统技术缩微路线(图1[1])无法继续支撑的情况下,利用新材料、新器件以及异质集成实现“延续摩尔”(More Moore)和“扩展摩尔”(More than Moore)是产业界及学术界共同关注的研究方向。
得益于独特层状结构、原子级平整度和无表面悬挂键界面,二维层状材料在“延续摩尔”和“扩展摩尔”2个方向拥有广阔前景。借助二维半导体能实现具有原子级超薄沟道的晶体管,在亚纳米厚度下,载流子迁移率仍可保持较高水平,使其在5 nm节点以下具有潜力和优势。但二维材料的引入也带来新的挑战,一个核心问题是费米钉扎效应带来的负面影响使肖特基接触电阻增大、电子注入效率降低。学术界提出退火[2]、边缘接触[3]、掺杂[4]、界面插层[5]和转移电极[6]等多种方法以减弱该效应。二维材料中存在着具有“准金属”特性的一类材料,如石墨烯、二硒化铂[7]等,利用这类材料与二维半导体接触,不会产生费米钉扎效应,可大幅降低接触电阻。另一个核心问题是散射对沟道载流子迁移率的影响,杂质散射和声子散射要求具有光滑无悬挂键界面和高介电常数的栅介质材料,HfO2、Al2O3和hBN都无法满足[8],对新型材料的探索因而极具价值。此外,互补金属氧化物半导体(Complementary Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor, CMOS)晶体管作为集成电路基本单元,需要2种不同极性半导体沟道材料,这在硅基工艺中可通过离子注入实现,而离子注入会破坏二维半导体的晶格结构、大大降低载流子迁移率,因此二维半导体沟道晶体管的极性调控主要通过金属功函数[9]、表面化学修饰[10]、静电调控[11]和改变二维材料厚度[12]等方法来实现。二维材料由于其原子级厚度和层间范德华弱力作用,在垂直方向的物理堆叠上具有很大的设计空间,例如将不同极性的二维半导体堆叠并通过同一个栅极控制,可形成互补场效应晶体管(Complementary Field-Effect Transistor, CFET)。近期报道的相关科研成果昭示了二维材料晶体管集成化的坚实脚步[7]
新材料的引入也为逻辑器件带来新机理和新概念。石墨烯由于自身零带隙而存在无法关断的问题,其超快载流子的优势不能为逻辑器件所用。因此依据新机理实现石墨烯逻辑晶体管成为一个重要课题。至今已有研究尝试如基于零带隙的石墨烯量子反射开关晶体管[13]等。此外,为实现超低功耗逻辑晶体管,作为核心参数的亚阈值摆幅对于器件能耗至关重要,亚阈值摆幅减小可以有效降低静态功耗、动态功耗和切换功耗,优化整体系统能效。传统晶体管基于热电子发射的工作机理,使得亚阈值摆幅被限制不低于60 mV/dec。为了突破这一玻尔兹曼物理限制,研究者依赖多种二维材料,展示了隧穿晶体管[14]、冷源晶体管[15]、负电容晶体管[16]和阻变晶体管[17]等新型结构。其中,隧穿晶体管借助带间隧穿,载流子从P型材料的导带隧穿到N型材料的价带,实现玻尔兹曼热拖尾滤波,从而改变基于热电子激发的输运机理;负电容晶体管是在栅介质中引入铁电材料,基于其在外加电场下极性反转的特性,借助翻转区间内出现的负电容特性实现电压放大;冷源晶体管借助狄拉克材料态密度随能量分布线性降低的特性,实现超陡亚阈值摆幅;阻变晶体管依赖于离子动力学实现超陡阻变特性,基于串联分压关系将亚阈值摆幅缩小至近零。依赖于新机理的低功耗器件存在广泛的探索空间,并期待更多创意突破。
二维材料具有层间范德华弱力耦合、不受晶格常数匹配要求所限制的特性,因此不同的二维材料可经由垂直堆垛实现多样化功能设计。例如通过单层石墨烯、六方氮化硼和二硫化钼的异质堆垛结构,可使单一器件既能具备晶体管的逻辑功能,同时也具有存储和整流的特性[18]。多功能器件可大幅减少所需晶体管数量及对物理尺寸微缩的工艺需求。通过模糊功能区域划分的“存算一体”,可大幅提升巨量数据计算的效率,突破传统冯·诺依曼架构中的“存储墙”问题[19]。此外,不同于传统的硅基半导体器件,二维材料为电子器件提供2个平整表面来施加电场、实现沟道调控。利用其中一个栅极进行半导体极性调控,可使半导体沟道呈现不同极性,形成PN结或单极性半导体来实现可编程的逻辑功能器件[20]。通过映射两个栅极电压输入控制源漏电流的过程到逻辑门电路中,基本逻辑门“与”“或”“或非”“与非”“同或”等可由单一双栅晶体管实现,大大提升集成密度。
在后摩尔时代,微纳电子技术将逐渐实现从最初的计算集成芯片向感知集成芯片、认知集成芯片的智能化跃进。核心感知器件将成为未来集成系统的极为重要的部分,在自主驾驶、机器人、智能系统等新兴应用场景具有举足轻重的地位。视觉是人类最重要的感知器官,人眼可感受到的光是波长为380~760 nm的电磁波。可见光仅占电磁波谱的很小一部分,承载的信息有限。超视觉技术利用非可见光电磁波谱来提取更为有价值的信息,与人工智能结合,对人类无法感知的信息做检测及重建,从而催生出跨领域新技术,在工业生产、医疗健康、无人驾驶等领域将产生深远影响[21]。新材料的探究将进一步推进超视觉技术的发展,其中二维材料具有丰富的种类、独特的层状结构以及优异的性质,可极大地拓展人类感知能力。二维材料电导率对外部光学刺激具有敏感响应,使其能够感知极弱光学信息,有望实现超越人类视觉极限的高性能宽光谱传感器。例如,Wan等[22]提出了一种用于高速紫外检测的石墨烯增强型硅基光电探测器,实现了较高的响应度和较快的响应速度(图2[22])。美国加利福尼亚大学研究团队报道了一种基于带隙可调的SexTe1-x薄膜制备的高性能短波红外光电探测器阵列。通过使用由Au/Al2O3组成的光学腔衬底,增强近红外吸收带隙边缘,截止波长达到1.7 μm[23]
硅基CMOS技术在过去几十年一直占据主导地位,将二维材料与硅基CMOS集成具有重要意义。Liu等[24]通过整合电荷耦合器件(Charge Coupled Device, CCD)和CMOS架构优势,将硅与单层石墨烯、体相石墨烯膜等集成为电荷注入型光电器件,实现了深耗尽势阱中电荷的随机无损读出,避免了传统CCD器件中的顺序电荷转移,解决了超宽光谱室温探测的科学难题并突破硅基红外探测极限(图3[24])。Goossens等[25]首次提出将石墨烯与CMOS的单片集成方案,作为数码相机的感光单元,对可见光和短波红外光均具有高灵敏度。该器件中110000个光电导石墨烯通道均单独集成(图4[25])。
近10年来,受生物启发的机器视觉发展迅速,利用深度神经网络(Deep Neural Networks, DNN)等机器学习方法使人工视觉系统不仅可获取图像,还能从中获取人脑可以解析的有价值信息,被广泛应用于人脸识别、目标检测、机器人等智能任务。然而,受限于传统冯·诺依曼架构,图像传感器会引入大量的数据冗余,硬件之间的数据搬运导致信息延迟,并产生高功耗,传输高分辨率图像通常需要占用大量带宽。如果传感器能在处理图像时识别其内容,则可在不依赖云连接的情况下做出初步决定。即使必须将某些信息发送云端进行处理,也减少很多不必要冗余,从而节省时间和计算量。机器视觉借鉴人脑处理信息的方式,以期采用更少硬件与更高能效构建感存算一体化的非冯·诺依曼架构体系。美国莱斯大学研究团队提出一种名为RedEye的卷积图像传感器,通过实现部分卷积神经网络计算来减少数据冗余度[26]。韩国科学技术院(KAIST)研究团队通过在图像传感器硬件端加入数据预处理来降低功耗,从而实现长时在线的人脸识别可穿戴设备[27]。近年来,学术界在将计算融入传感器本身、实现“感算一体”方面取得了一些进展[28]。香港理工大学研究团队利用光控阻变式随机存取存储器(Optoelectronic Resistive Random Access Memory, ORRAM)器件的存储特性,在传感器上直接对图像进行对比度提高和背景噪声去除等预处理[29]。Mennel等[30]引入“亚像素”的概念(图5),利用基尔霍夫电流定律在探测器阵列上进行神经网络乘积累加运算(Multiply Accumulate, MAC)并实现了全连接神经网络的第一层映射。使用引入缺陷态的MoS2晶体管,借助其随时间变化的激活和抑制特性,可实现不同光强下的动态视觉适应性二维半导体材料具有可调谐的电学和光学特性且可异构集成,在实现智能视觉传感器方面具有优势。美国华盛顿大学研究团队通过对黑磷光电晶体管栅极电介质层中存储的电荷进行电学和光学控制,调整电导率和响应度,从而实现传感器内卷积神经网络[31]。华中科技大学和南京大学的团队利用PdSe2和MoTe2二维异质结的栅控和光响应等特性,在器件层面实现了宽光谱图像的卷积操作[32]
自从1990年美国加州理工学院Mead教授首次提出神经形态(Neuromorphic)的概念(即利用大规模集成电路来模拟生物神经系统)[32],神经形态视觉传感器也逐渐得到发展。目前报道的神经形态视觉传感器主要分为2类:①模拟人眼形貌制备仿生传感器,如仿生眼(图6[33]);②基于事件驱动脉冲神经网络的传感系统,如清华大学提出的Tianji Ⅱ 芯片[34]。用二维材料搭建感存算系统仍面临着许多挑战:①实现低成本、高质量、大面积的材料生长;②制备范德华异质结构转移工艺;③新材料器件与硅基电路的连接匹配。
忆阻器的出现给集成电路芯片的信息存储和信息处理技术带来相当大的创新发展空间。1971年美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校蔡绍棠教授基于对称性考虑提出了关联电荷(q)和磁通量(φ)(不同于电阻关联电压V-电流I,电感关联电流I-磁通量φ,电容关联电压V-电荷q)的第4种基本电路元件——忆阻器的存在:dφ=Mq)dq,其中M表示忆阻值,与电阻具有共同的物理量纲[35]M值依赖于曾经流经该器件的电荷总量,是一种具有电荷记忆功能的非线性电阻。理想的M 值仅由qφ)决定。1976年蔡绍棠提出广义忆阻器的概念,对忆阻器的内涵又进行了拓展,M由系统内部状态变量x、输入电流I以及时间t决定,不像电荷控制型理想忆阻器仅由电荷q决定[36]。由于忆阻器纯粹从数学上推导得到,相当长一段时间并未引起重视。2008年惠普实验室(HP Labs)首次在实验上演示基于TiOx的忆阻器,从而激发起研究界的广泛兴趣[37]图7为Web of Science近10年与忆阻器相关的文献数量统计,可见其迅猛发展态势。
目前忆阻器大多为基于类似电容的结构:绝缘体或半导体材料被两端电极包夹。在电极上施加偏压可引发器件阻值的2个状态:低阻态(Low Resistance State, LRS)和高阻态(High Resistance State, HRS)。施加相反方向电场时,电阻值可回到之前状态。理想状态下这种高—低阻态切换可重复很多次。在初始阶段通常需要施加一个较大电压(或电流)的“电形成”(Electroforming)步骤使得器件初次形成导电通道,类似神经突触细胞达到一定阈值后释放神经递质,形成神经通路,输出信号;而未形成神经通路时则不输出信号(图8(a))。
阻变器件的结构和机制大致分为2种类型:一种是导电细丝类型,另一种是界面类型。目前主流结构是基于导电细丝类型的阻变器件,导电细丝阻变切换与金属或者氧空位导电细丝形成有关(图8(b))。
基于金属导电细丝主导的存储称为电化学存储(Electrochemical Memory, ECM),而由氧空位导电细丝主导的存储称为价态变化存储(Valence Change Memory, VCM)。在金属电极之间通过电化学氧化—还原可使金属迁移沉积(如ECM)或者氧空位变化成为氧负离子(如VCM)使导电通路形成或破裂。导电细丝在电极间形成时为低阻态,断裂时为高阻态。界面类型主导的阻变切换一般与功能层/电极界面的物理或化学现象相关。部分材料如GexSbyTez可在电场下发生非晶态与晶态之间的相变,引起阻值变化(图8(c))[38]。另外,界面类型的阻变器件还包括基于铁电材料的存储器,高低阻态切换发生在整个电极区域(图8(d))。在铁电隧穿结中,施加电压下铁电极性翻转使得功能层和电极能带排布发生非对称性变化,功能层与电极之间的界面势垒随铁电方向不同提升或降低,量子隧穿电荷被界面势垒所调控,产生高低阻态。而在基于自旋电子的阻变器件中(图8(e)),固定层和自由层两者磁矩取向一致时为LRS,取向相反时为HRS。此外,还有界面陷阱态的电荷伏获和脱离导致高低阻态的阻变机制等。
学术界和产业界针对忆阻器的探索与实用化做出了很多努力,图9为忆阻器发展的重要里程碑。研究聚焦于提高器件性能和解决规模集成的挑战,包括提高工作速度、提高开关比、提高耐久性和数据保持时间以及减小器件的随机差异。在架构方面,交叉阵列(Crossbar Array)(图10)结构简单,可大规模集成多层阵列,具有可扩展性,是大规模集成忆阻器的较佳结构,但漏电流和接线电阻是最需要解决的问题。目前解决思路包括设计非线性器件、在存储单元中增加选择器、通过系统层面补偿读取电流差异等。
由于其能模拟神经突触的可塑性和神经元的积累—发射等行为,忆阻器天然地具有仿生元件的特征。最简单的人工神经网络是一系列神经元由权重突触连接。每个突触以各自的权重将信号从前神经元传输到后神经元,进一步地,可以有多个隐藏层。交叉阵列形成的神经网络中,每一个节点相当于一个突触,忆阻器的电导起到权重作用,脉冲电压相当于前突触输入的信号,输出的电流相当于后突触的信号。这种天然的存算一体架构消除了数据从存储到计算的搬运,有助于打破“冯·诺依曼瓶颈”,提升系统效率和降低功耗;并且可直接实现向量—矩阵乘法运算,具有很强的并行计算能力。仿生神经网络对数据保持时间和器件耐久性的要求也可以降低。目前,基于脉冲的尖峰神经网络(Spiking Neural Networks, SNN)已经发展起来[39]。由于和生物神经系统的高度相似性,在SNN中使用尖峰脉冲被认为是实现低能耗计算的关键,基于忆阻器有可能发展出全新的“尖峰电子学”,实现高效率、低功耗的数据传输和处理。忆阻器的未来研究有以下3个方向。
1)基于材料工程的高性能忆阻器
二维材料具有原子级厚度,可保证载流子扩散短距离,使快速且低功耗的阻变切换成为可能。研究表明采用基于二维材料的忆阻器所制备的神经突触功耗可达到飞焦/每脉冲的量级。原子级厚度也提供了器件缩微的良好机会[40]。Hus等[41]展示了原子级厚度MoS2单个缺陷尺度上的阻变现象,并称之为Atomristor。基于层间范德华力的堆垛可将不同功能层集成到同一结构体系中[40,42],并构建高密集交叉阵列(图10[43]。二维材料的高比表面积和平面结构也有利于缺陷工程和导电细丝调控,形成空间位置确定的导电通道,减小器件性能的随机性和差异性[44]。由于其超薄厚度和优良的力学特性,基于二维材料的忆阻器在柔性可穿戴设备领域也有发展空间。
2)超低功耗忆阻器
高能效忆阻器是大规模集成的前提条件,其关键性能指标在于降低编程所需的电流和电压、提高器件耐久性、降低漏电流,以及克服器件—器件和循环—循环的统计差异性,在这些方面仍然需要进行深入研究。对于神经网络的训练,关键在于编程和矩阵运算精确性,目前在基于节点相干性的神经网络加速器方面的研究已取得重要进展[45]
3)可扩展的忆阻器硬件系统
要实现实用化,器件需要规模化集成。技术路径有以下几条。①增加忆阻器网络中的节点数量,这方面需要提升器件的制备工艺集成度。②使用三维架构,交叉阵列在这方面提供一个很好的架构,可以通过多层堆叠方式,增加运算维数;具有可堆垛性的二维材料和交叉结构的完美结合是很有潜力的方向。③器件多功能化,使单一器件能实现不同功能,如数据存储、运算操作、动态重构等。④与CMOS技术的融合集成,利用CMOS极高的集成度,在其上实现大规模的集成忆阻器要求高密度的局部互联,这在近期的实验进展中已被证明是可行的[46]
如前所述,忆阻器在仿生器件方面的应用也是一个值得深入研究和发掘的方向。最近的研究成果显示基于尖峰脉冲的学习方式和生物中的感知现象具有惊人的相似性[47]。目前,仿生器件大多是基于后处理的方式来实现仿生功能的呈现[48,49],而未来主要研究方向是通过全硬件或主要通过硬件来模仿人脑的丰富功能[50]。总之,忆阻器在超越冯·诺依曼架构的后摩尔计算系统中已经展现出巨大潜力。未来将会在新的功能材料和阻变机制的发现、超低功耗、高可拓展性、高稳定性、高耐久性等方面不断推进,或许能带来新一轮的产业化革命。
近10年来,中央处理器(CPU)、图形处理器(GPU)、张量处理器(TPU)等处理器在数据处理能力方面有大幅提升,推动各种人工智能应用的发展。但摩尔定律趋于终结及传统冯·诺依曼架构的瓶颈,使得芯片算力和能耗面临重大挑战,实现计算范式创新成为当务之急。神经形态类脑计算芯片将为后摩尔时代芯片通用算力和能效的继续提升提供强大的硬件基础。人脑在许多方面都优于冯·诺依曼计算机,例如能效和容错能力。在生物神经系统中,神经元作为最基本的计算单元,能有效整合信息并以低功耗运行,而连接神经元的突触则是重要的学习组件,突触可塑性代表学习和记忆的重要特征。因此,构建高度仿生的人工神经元(图11)和突触是实现大规模神经形态硬件和网络的核心问题。由于CMOS晶体管不具有内在的生物相似性,基于CMOS的神经形态计算体系需要大量的硬件来模拟突触或神经元。以美国国际商业机器公司(IBM)研发的TrueNorth为例,该芯片集成了54亿个晶体管来模仿100万个神经元和2.56亿个非可塑性突触[51],而可塑性突触的模拟则需要消耗更多的晶体管,这极大地增加了硬件成本且不利于实现低功耗。通过新材料和新器件去构建人工神经元和突触是未来的重点研究方向。
神经元通过刺激阈下求和来发放脉冲,最基本的特性就是泄漏积分发放(Leaky Integrate-and-Fire, LIF)。目前关于人工神经元的研究聚焦在模拟LIF特性,忆阻器由于其导电细丝生长与神经元膜电位积分具有天然相似性,成为人工神经元的首选。新加坡科技设计大学的团队于2018年提出基于Ag/FeOx/Pt忆阻器来模拟基本的LIF特性[52],由于器件具有易失性,因此不需要额外的复位电路和电容、电阻即可模拟神经元的自恢复过程;2019年,该团队进一步提出基于二维材料的易失性忆阻器来实现人工神经元[53],二维材料光滑的界面可形成平面和更加可控的导电细丝,且不受材料厚度的限制。2020年,北京大学研究团队通过使用非易失性忆阻器和电容、电阻的简单串联构建神经元电路,并基于其可拓展性构建简单的硬件人工神经网络阵列,丰富了人工神经元的功能,例如精确重合事件检测和感受多重映射。此外,还演示了人工神经元用于紧凑逻辑运算的能力[54]。一些新材料也被应用于这个领域。2019年,北京大学研究团队提出使用离子胶作为顶栅介质的MoS2双栅晶体管[55],利用离子在电场作用下的迁移和对MoS2沟道的掺杂作用,实现可控的神经元LIF特性。2021年,新加坡科技设计大学研究团队提出反铁电场效应晶体管神经元,这种神经元表现出低功耗、高均匀性和高稳定性等优点[56]
人工突触亦是构建神经网络不可或缺的元素,其功能在于通过调整突触权重来模拟生物体内相应行为,例如突触后电流(Postsynaptic Current, PSC), 配对脉冲促进 (Paired-Pulse Facilitation, PPF)和尖峰时间依赖可塑性(Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity, STDP)等[57-59]。目前人工突触的研究路线包括:①对新材料体系、新物理机理和新器件结构的研究,实现单点器件性能突破;②借鉴模仿生物本身,使突触进一步功能化以进行复杂的学习任务;③面向大规模阵列集成,与人工神经元结合实现神经网络。
目前可用于人工突触的材料体系和器件结构种类繁多,包括二维材料、相变材料、离子胶材料以及基于这些材料的晶体管、忆阻器以及阈值开关器件等[60-63]图12总结了目前人工突触器件的工作机理分类。韩国成均馆大学研究团队于2018首次提出利用O2等离子轰击过的六方氮化硼(h-BN)作为载流子捕获位点,实现了接近线性的权重更新,同时提供大量稳定电导状态的人工光电突触器件[64]。这种线性权重更新的突触可应用于人工神经网络,更快且更准确地实现模式识别。美国密歇根大学研究团队于2019年提出通过用电场控制MoS2中注入Li+的局部迁移以控制MoS2的2H-1T'的可逆相变,实现优异忆阻行为的人工突触[60]。二维材料本身具有高度各向异性的离子传输特性,有利于控制离子传输行为。研究者通过多端输入调控,进一步实现了生物突触中观察到的突触竞争/合作效应,丰富了人工突触的功能。此外,利用溶胶—凝胶膜作为栅电极的CMOS晶体管也可模拟神经元膜的内在可塑性[65]
除了简单地模拟生物突触的基本功能,拓展单个器件使其功能复杂化对于未来阵列微缩、功耗降低也显得尤为重要。生物网络中树突信息的整合可反映来自不同感觉神经元的动作电位输入之间的时空关系,在多输入刺激的单点人工突触中实现树突信息整合是实现硬件人工神经网络的基础。南开大学研究团队利用金属碳化物纳米片制备一种双输入人工突触,实现了树突整合[66]。该团队还用上述器件实现了简单逻辑运算,即在同一器件中同时实现模拟(突触)/数字(逻辑)运算,这种多功能人工突触器件对阵列微缩化具有重要意义。
大规模神经网络是打破摩尔定律失效僵局的主要途径之一。清华大学研究团队于2020年通过实验演示了一个基于忆阻器的将突触、树突和胞体完全集成的完整神经网络[67]。其功耗远低于传统集成电路芯片,可精确执行数字识别任务。奥地利维也纳科技大学研究团队于2020年通过实验证实了利用二维半导体光电二极管阵列来构建一个可同时感应和处理光学图像的人工神经网络[30]。该团队用分裂栅分别调控WSe2沟道的光响应度,并将其作为突触权重,实现了图像分类和识别编码。
目前人工突触、神经元和硬件网络的开发都已取得显著进展,但神经形态计算仍处于起步阶段,在器件和系统层面都存在诸多挑战需要应对。在器件层面,主要障碍是技术不成熟,严重影响阵列的良率、稳定性和均匀性。在已经报道的人工突触中,可用于实现大规模阵列的器件非常有限,大多数演示都集中在使用单个器件进行概念验证,忽略了器件阵列的良率和均匀性。在系统层面,经由未选择单元的潜行电流会导致错误操作并限制阵列集成度,使得具有自校正功能的器件在大规模阵列中具有急迫性。虽然仿生突触和神经元已经展示了良好的发展前景,但还有诸多潜能等待发掘。深入研究开发多功能、高性能、低能耗的神经形态器件,实现基于人工神经网络硬件的神经形态计算是一项具有很高价值的前沿研究工作。
经过近年的飞速发展,后摩尔器件已经呈现一种百花齐放的态势。多种新型的逻辑、存储、感存算、神经形态器件等纷纷出现,使人耳目一新。中国科学家在其中的贡献有目共睹,部分研究工作达到世界领先水平,尤其在忆阻器件、神经形态器件等领域,无论从论文数量还是从论文水平来看,都已经在全球学术界占有一席之地,但是也不可否认在原创性等方面仍然有较大提升空间。下一轮的技术创新进程,将体现在关键器件技术的芯片级应用实现上,并将直接影响人工智能等核心科技领域的发展速度。后摩尔器件的发展空间相当广阔,是未来信息科技的制高点之一。应当利用好现有的技术积累,加速推进材料、器件和架构的创新,注重原创概念的提出,推进计算范式的转换,带动各个环节形成合力使得后摩尔核心器件的科学研究与技术开发达到先进水平。以下将从3个方面给出中国后摩尔器件领域的前瞻发展建议。
1)新材料
后摩尔时代对器件要求超高集成度、超低功耗、高稳定性,其底层的基础是材料的发展。随着尺寸的缩微,低维材料尤其是适合平面加工的二维材料的重要性凸显出来。未来需重点探索的方向是具有优异性能的新材料,特别是与硅基CMOS工艺可融合的新型材料以及异质结(如范德华异质结)的开发,材料的可控、均匀、大规模的制备,后端兼容的新制备工艺(如低温制备工艺)及设备的开发,新材料具有“杀手锏”级应用性质的探索发现,以及新材料在后摩尔器件中应用机理的明晰。这些对于器件的设计、加工与应用都具有重要的意义。
2)新器件
对于感存算一体、器件可重构等发展方向,高性能且稳定的新器件架构至关重要。忆阻器等器件架构可能实现计算/存储融合,代表着不同于晶体管的发展路径。然而忆阻器在重复编程中呈现器件内的性能随机波动和器件间的不一致以及严重的电流泄漏路径等问题,制约了大规模忆阻阵列的性能和适用范围。探索不同于目前的1D1R(1 Diode-1 Resistor)、1T1R(1 Transistor-1 Resistor)、1S1R(1 Selector-1 Resistor)等解决方案或者不同于忆阻器的新型器件架构,对于解决电路复杂度高、器件间兼容性等问题具有重大意义。另外,更多地通过外围计算控制电路以及系统算法优化等方式来实现计算/存储融合以及各单元间的互连实现新的器件架构也是值得探索的内容。
3)新计算范式
突破摩尔定律很大的可能性在于突破传统布尔二进制运算的新的计算范式。神经形态计算模仿人脑的信息处理机制,具有实现大数据、低功耗、高容错等潜在优势。如何利用忆阻器件与电路等硬件的方式实现神经拓扑连接方式并赋予类脑计算的功能,以及如何通过器件间的互连和新的器件架构融合形成高效的神经形态计算路径,亟须进一步探索。
作为人类科技史上最成功的技术创新历程之一,由摩尔定律引导的微电子芯片革命已经接近终止,而随之而来的后摩尔时代将由新材料、新器件、新计算范式等创新力量所驱动,并将以全新的技术路径来继续承载摩尔定律之精神。在新的时代,人们将看到以新一代核心器件驱动的创新所带来的多材料异质集成、多功能异构集成、存储-计算融合、传输-计算融合、类脑计算等发展方向,为信息技术的升级换代提供新动力。摩尔定律的终结不是芯片技术创新的终结,而是一个电子学全新时代的开始。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(51902061)
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2022年第1卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.011
  • 接收时间:2022-08-10
  • 出版时间:2022-09-20
  • 发布时间:2022-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-10
  • 修回日期:2022-08-20
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(51902061)
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    1.浙江大学微纳电子学院,杭州 311200
    2.浙江大学杭州国际科创中心,杭州 311215

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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