Article(id=1241718216150536513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1660924800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-20, revisedDate=1661788800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1667491200000, onlineDateStr=2022-11-04, pubDate=1663603200000, pubDateStr=2022-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1667491200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2022-11-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978292735, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978292735, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241718213453607496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='3', pageStart='10', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1663603200000', pubDateStr='2022-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773978292094, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1776075247554, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250513482186179119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1250513482186179120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718213453607496, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=集成电路科学与工程专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=10, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241718220294517324, articleId=1241718216150536513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Status of Global Research and Development Cooperation in Integrated Circuits and Its Inspiration, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Integrated circuits (ICs) are the basis of the information industry and play an important role in social and economic development. To systematically understand the innovation and development of IC in China and overcome the major challenges of research and development (R & D) and coordinated development in the new era, we collate the development status of global IC and analyze the technology development trends and the global cooperation among major R & D organizations by the bibliometric method. It is found that leading IC enterprises are the main entities of technology innovation in this field, and they form a lateral cooperation mode. Meanwhile, large-scale R & D centers with enterprises or research institutes at the core play a critical role in developing key general-purpose technology, and they present the cooperation and development trends of coexisted globalization and regionalization. Moreover, relevant policy and development suggestions are put forward given the R & D status in China’s IC and the construction status of national strategic science and technology forces.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wenwu WANG, Jun LUO, Xiaolei WANG, Hao XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241718220172882507, articleId=1241718216150536513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=全球集成电路技术合作研发的发展现状及其经验启示, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

集成电路是信息产业的基础,在社会经济发展等方面发挥了重要的作用。为系统了解中国集成电路技术创新发展情况,并应对新时期技术研发与协同发展的重大挑战,文章通过文献计量等方法,对全球集成电路技术发展现状进行初步梳理,分析了技术发展趋势和主要研发力量分工合作现状。研究结果表明,在集成电路领域,领军企业是技术创新的主体,构建了以横向水平联合为主的分工模式;以企业或科研机构等为核心组成的大型研发中心承担了重要的关键共性技术研发功能,同时呈现出全球化和区域化并存的合作发展态势。最后还结合中国集成电路领域技术研发和国家战略科技力量建设需求,提出了相关的政策和发展建议。

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王文武,研究员,博士研究生导师。现任中国科学院微电子研究所副所长。长期致力于集成电路先导工艺与器件技术研究,带领团队参与了22、14、5 nm工艺的集成电路先导技术研发。主持多项国家科技重大专项项目(课题)等国家级科研任务。获中国科学院杰出科技成就奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖、中国电子信息科技创新团队奖、国务院政府特殊津贴等科技奖励和荣誉。在集成电路领域国际权威期刊/会议上发表论文200余篇,获授权发明专利93项。电子信箱:

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王文武,研究员,博士研究生导师。现任中国科学院微电子研究所副所长。长期致力于集成电路先导工艺与器件技术研究,带领团队参与了22、14、5 nm工艺的集成电路先导技术研发。主持多项国家科技重大专项项目(课题)等国家级科研任务。获中国科学院杰出科技成就奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖、中国电子信息科技创新团队奖、国务院政府特殊津贴等科技奖励和荣誉。在集成电路领域国际权威期刊/会议上发表论文200余篇,获授权发明专利93项。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=8ebgvDJo++cCZCsoaME2kQ==, bioContent=

王文武,研究员,博士研究生导师。现任中国科学院微电子研究所副所长。长期致力于集成电路先导工艺与器件技术研究,带领团队参与了22、14、5 nm工艺的集成电路先导技术研发。主持多项国家科技重大专项项目(课题)等国家级科研任务。获中国科学院杰出科技成就奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖、中国电子信息科技创新团队奖、国务院政府特殊津贴等科技奖励和荣誉。在集成电路领域国际权威期刊/会议上发表论文200余篇,获授权发明专利93项。电子信箱:

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图中仅列出发表文章数量最多的6个国家(地区)。

, figureFileSmall=A6lBYERQA5+/esIeARNW4Q==, figureFileBig=JG9GetzEDOOa9vmayiSwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241718240532034184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216150536513, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XtD6AZaHE3dK7RRQhdkBTA==, figureFileBig=dycJEbIqRpGGnQBuQEnTPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241718240599143049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216150536513, language=CN, label=图3, caption=主要国家(地区)的3类机构发文占比

国家(地区)

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序号 机构名称 机构性质 所在国家(地区) 年均增加量/(篇 • a-1
1 三星电子 领军企业 韩国 5.8
2 英特尔 领军企业 美国 3.8
3 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 2.5
4 中国科学院微电子研究所 科研机构 中国大陆 2.5
5 韩国科学技术院 研究型大学 韩国 2.2
6 东京大学 研究型大学 日本 1.7
7 新加坡国立大学 研究型大学 新加坡 1.2
8 铠侠 领军企业 日本 1.1
……
51 赛灵思 领军企业 美国 -1.1
52 得克萨斯大学 研究型大学 美国 -1.2
53 香港科技大学 研究型大学 中国香港 -1.2
54 格罗方德 领军企业 美国 -2.4
55 密歇根大学 研究型大学 美国 -2.7
56 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 -2.9
57 IBM 领军企业 美国 -4.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241718241005990543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216150536513, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

第一完成机构按年均增加量排序情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 机构名称 机构性质 所在国家(地区) 年均增加量/(篇 • a-1
1 三星电子 领军企业 韩国 5.8
2 英特尔 领军企业 美国 3.8
3 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 2.5
4 中国科学院微电子研究所 科研机构 中国大陆 2.5
5 韩国科学技术院 研究型大学 韩国 2.2
6 东京大学 研究型大学 日本 1.7
7 新加坡国立大学 研究型大学 新加坡 1.2
8 铠侠 领军企业 日本 1.1
……
51 赛灵思 领军企业 美国 -1.1
52 得克萨斯大学 研究型大学 美国 -1.2
53 香港科技大学 研究型大学 中国香港 -1.2
54 格罗方德 领军企业 美国 -2.4
55 密歇根大学 研究型大学 美国 -2.7
56 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 -2.9
57 IBM 领军企业 美国 -4.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241718242469802640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216150536513, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类别 序号 机构名称 机构性质 所在国家(地区) 文章占比/%
先进逻辑及新型计算技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 15.6
2 IBM 领军企业 美国 9.0
3 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 5.7
存储技术 1 三星 领军企业 韩国 9.9
2 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 8.2
3 台积电 领军企业 中国台湾 6.3
工艺及先进集成和封装技术 1 英特尔 领军企业 美国 11.4
2 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 10.0
3 台积电 领军企业 中国台湾 9.0
机器学习技术 1 IBM 领军企业 美国 8.4
2 清华大学 研究型大学 中国大陆 8.4
3 韩国科学技术院 研究型大学 韩国 5.8
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先进逻辑及新型计算技术等领域的代表性机构

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技术类别 序号 机构名称 机构性质 所在国家(地区) 文章占比/%
先进逻辑及新型计算技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 15.6
2 IBM 领军企业 美国 9.0
3 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 5.7
存储技术 1 三星 领军企业 韩国 9.9
2 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 8.2
3 台积电 领军企业 中国台湾 6.3
工艺及先进集成和封装技术 1 英特尔 领军企业 美国 11.4
2 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 10.0
3 台积电 领军企业 中国台湾 9.0
机器学习技术 1 IBM 领军企业 美国 8.4
2 清华大学 研究型大学 中国大陆 8.4
3 韩国科学技术院 研究型大学 韩国 5.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241718242612408978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216150536513, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类别 序号 机构名称 机构性质 所在国家(地区) 文章占比/%
FinFET技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 18.2
2 三星 领军企业 韩国 13.6
3 IBM 领军企业 美国 9.1
GAA器件技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 25.0
2 IBM 领军企业 美国 13.5
3 台湾大学 研究型大学 中国台湾 17.3
高迁移率沟道技术 1 IBM 领军企业 美国 16.7
2 麻省理工学院 研究型大学 美国 14.3
3 东京大学 研究型大学 日本 13.1
二维材料技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 13.5
2 台积电 领军企业 中国台湾 13.5
低功耗器件技术 1 IBM 领军企业 美国 10.7
2 台湾阳明交通大学 研究型大学 中国台湾 8.9
3 台湾半导体研究中心 科研机构 中国台湾 8.9
CFET器件技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 38.5
2 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 30.8
量子器件技术 1 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 17.5
2 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 11.1
3 代尔夫特理工大学 研究型大学 荷兰 11.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241718242696295059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216150536513, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FinFET技术等领域的代表性机构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类别 序号 机构名称 机构性质 所在国家(地区) 文章占比/%
FinFET技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 18.2
2 三星 领军企业 韩国 13.6
3 IBM 领军企业 美国 9.1
GAA器件技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 25.0
2 IBM 领军企业 美国 13.5
3 台湾大学 研究型大学 中国台湾 17.3
高迁移率沟道技术 1 IBM 领军企业 美国 16.7
2 麻省理工学院 研究型大学 美国 14.3
3 东京大学 研究型大学 日本 13.1
二维材料技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 13.5
2 台积电 领军企业 中国台湾 13.5
低功耗器件技术 1 IBM 领军企业 美国 10.7
2 台湾阳明交通大学 研究型大学 中国台湾 8.9
3 台湾半导体研究中心 科研机构 中国台湾 8.9
CFET器件技术 1 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 38.5
2 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 30.8
量子器件技术 1 CEA-Leti 科研机构 法国 17.5
2 IMEC 科研机构 比利时 11.1
3 代尔夫特理工大学 研究型大学 荷兰 11.1
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022, 1(3): 10-19
全球集成电路技术合作研发的发展现状及其经验启示
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王文武 , 罗军, 王晓磊, 徐昊
作者信息
  • 中国科学院微电子研究所,北京 100029
  • 王文武,研究员,博士研究生导师。现任中国科学院微电子研究所副所长。长期致力于集成电路先导工艺与器件技术研究,带领团队参与了22、14、5 nm工艺的集成电路先导技术研发。主持多项国家科技重大专项项目(课题)等国家级科研任务。获中国科学院杰出科技成就奖、北京市科学技术奖一等奖、中国电子信息科技创新团队奖、国务院政府特殊津贴等科技奖励和荣誉。在集成电路领域国际权威期刊/会议上发表论文200余篇,获授权发明专利93项。电子信箱:

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Status of Global Research and Development Cooperation in Integrated Circuits and Its Inspiration
Wenwu WANG , Jun LUO, Xiaolei WANG, Hao XU
Affiliations
  • Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2022-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.001
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集成电路是信息产业的基础,在社会经济发展等方面发挥了重要的作用。为系统了解中国集成电路技术创新发展情况,并应对新时期技术研发与协同发展的重大挑战,文章通过文献计量等方法,对全球集成电路技术发展现状进行初步梳理,分析了技术发展趋势和主要研发力量分工合作现状。研究结果表明,在集成电路领域,领军企业是技术创新的主体,构建了以横向水平联合为主的分工模式;以企业或科研机构等为核心组成的大型研发中心承担了重要的关键共性技术研发功能,同时呈现出全球化和区域化并存的合作发展态势。最后还结合中国集成电路领域技术研发和国家战略科技力量建设需求,提出了相关的政策和发展建议。

集成电路  /  国家战略科技力量  /  合作模式

Integrated circuits (ICs) are the basis of the information industry and play an important role in social and economic development. To systematically understand the innovation and development of IC in China and overcome the major challenges of research and development (R & D) and coordinated development in the new era, we collate the development status of global IC and analyze the technology development trends and the global cooperation among major R & D organizations by the bibliometric method. It is found that leading IC enterprises are the main entities of technology innovation in this field, and they form a lateral cooperation mode. Meanwhile, large-scale R & D centers with enterprises or research institutes at the core play a critical role in developing key general-purpose technology, and they present the cooperation and development trends of coexisted globalization and regionalization. Moreover, relevant policy and development suggestions are put forward given the R & D status in China’s IC and the construction status of national strategic science and technology forces.

integrated circuit  /  national strategic science and technology forces  /  cooperation mode
王文武, 罗军, 王晓磊, 徐昊. 全球集成电路技术合作研发的发展现状及其经验启示. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (3) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.001
Wenwu WANG, Jun LUO, Xiaolei WANG, Hao XU. Status of Global Research and Development Cooperation in Integrated Circuits and Its Inspiration[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (3) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.001
集成电路是20世纪最伟大的发明之一,自20世纪50年代诞生以来,已发展成为信息产业的核心,在社会经济发展、国家安全、人民日常生活等方方面面发挥了重要的支撑和保障作用。近年来,在国际贸易争端频发和全球新冠疫情大流行的复杂国际形势下,集成电路行业主流的横向水平分工模式,即不同国家(地区)依据各自技术优势在产业链和供应链中发挥不同作用的模式,面临着严峻挑战,世界各主要经济体纷纷开始尝试构建自给自足的芯片供应链。科技创新不仅仅是发展问题,更成为了生存问题。为了提升中国科技创新的国际竞争力,《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》中提出,中国创新发展的首要任务是强化国家战略科技力量,健全社会主义市场经济条件下的新型举国体制。据此,为了支撑中国集成电路领域创新驱动发展,应对新时期技术研发和合作发展的重大挑战,研究通过文献计量等方法对全球集成电路技术发展现状进行了梳理,分析了技术发展趋势和主要研发力量分工合作情况,并为中国集成电路领域战略科技力量建设提出建议。
60多年来,集成电路按照摩尔定律发展,以器件微缩的方式实现晶体管集成数量每两年(后修正为每18个月)翻一番(图1[1]。2011年,美国英特尔在其22 nm技术节点中引入了革命性的三栅极晶体管(Tri-Gate Transistor)[2],实现了器件综合性能的巨大提升,标志着集成电路技术从传统的平面结构器件进入了以鳍式场效应晶体管(Fin Field-Effect Transistor, FinFET)为代表的三维结构器件时代。同时,集成电路技术研发和产业模式发生了巨大变化,从过去自下而上(指由基本器件性能决定系统产品设计)的发展理念,向着以应用需求为导向的自上而下的理念转变;从摩尔定律要求的集成度、性能、功耗、成本等持续优化的发展路线,向着以三维器件微缩和提升能效比为新特征的技术发展路线转变[3]。集成电路技术已进入“后摩尔时代”,技术路线向三维器件微缩、多功能异构集成等方向发展[4]
逻辑工艺和器件技术将进一步推动技术节点向着更小尺寸发展,当前最先进的量产技术已达5 nm[5],极紫外(Extreme Ultra-Violet, EUV)光刻[6]、高迁移率沟道材料[5]等创新技术将为FinFET技术延续生命力。随着FinFET结构在栅控和微缩上面临越来越严峻的挑战,集成电路将向着环栅器件和三维集成方向发展[7]。纳米环栅(Gate-All-Around, GAA)器件[8]、互补场效应晶体管(Complementary Field-Effect Transistor,CFET,指将N型器件和P型器件在垂直方向上堆叠集成的三维结构器件)[8]、二维沟道材料[9-11]等将成为下一代主流技术,可提供更好的静电控制能力,改善器件开关性能,更高效地提高集成度。设计工艺协同优化(Design Technology Co-Optimization, DTCO)和系统工艺协同优化(System Technology Co-Optimization, STCO)技术对系统性能提升的贡献,预计将在3 nm以后超过尺寸微缩[12,13],成为重要的技术驱动力。
在存储技术方面,主流的动态随机存取存储器(DRAM)、非易失性存储器(主要指三维闪存器件)将通过器件微缩、垂直堆叠层数增加等技术方案,进一步提高存储容量[14]。同时,为了避免物理尺寸减小引起的电荷随机起伏,基于非电荷控制的新兴存储技术也得到快速发展[15]。铁电随机存取存储器(FeRAM)具有高读写速度、低功耗、高可靠性等优点,有望在低功耗、人工智能等领域得到应用。磁性随机存取存储器(MRAM)发展出新工作机制,有望取代传统嵌入式闪存和逻辑电路三级静态缓存等结构。相变随机存取存储器(PCRAM)、阻变式随机存取存储器(RRAM)因具有结构简单等优点,在XPoint等新架构中将得到更好的应用。此外,面向高性能计算、人工智能等应用领域的需求,新型存储技术结合三维集成方案,发展出了存算一体/近存计算等非冯·诺依曼的新型计算架构[16]
三维集成是当前集成电路发展的创新路径之一。除晶体管的三维堆叠外,采用序列集成工艺发展的单片三维集成电路(3D IC)或单片三维异质集成(Heterogeneous Integration)电路等技术方案,将逻辑—逻辑、逻辑—存储、逻辑—模拟等不同功能进行集成,以实现更低的系统功耗和复杂电路功能,进而实现器件、设计与系统的三维集成融合,最终实现三维超大规模集成电路(3D VLSI)[3]
模拟技术、功率器件、传感器、硅基光电子等功能电子技术的创新空间正在不断扩大,以机器学习为代表的人工智能得到快速发展[17,18]。面向运动、压力、环境气氛、医疗和健康的智能感知系统,需进一步提高传感器件的敏感度、选择性、重复性、可靠性、精确度等关键指标。面向边缘计算、人工智能等应用领域,需要通过新原理、新材料、新器件持续创新构建低功耗、可求解特定问题的新型应用方案。发展碳化硅、氮化镓以及新一代的宽禁带半导体(β-氧化镓、氮化铝、金刚石等)技术,拓展高频高压、光电子等应用。
世界各主要经济体纷纷开始尝试构建自给自足的芯片供应链,以应对供应链的不确定性和国家安全需求。在贸易争端和疫情大流行等国际形势下,半导体需求持续高涨,全球面临缺芯和产能不足的状况,集成电路领域的横向水平分工模式面临严峻挑战。2022年8月9日,美国总统拜登正式签署了《芯片与科学法案》[19],该法案计划投入资金规模约2800亿美元,其中527亿美元用于支持集成电路研发和芯片制造,包括390亿美元用于资助企业建设、扩大或更新在美国的晶圆厂,以及110亿美元用于资助半导体的研究和开发。欧盟、日本、韩国等半导体产业聚集国家(地区)也先后提出支持发展集成电路的政策和投资计划。
随着研发成本的不断攀升,集成电路技术研发在地域和研发单位分布上呈现集中的发展趋势。通过对2017—2021年集成电路领域主要国际会议(包括国际电子器件会议(IEDM)、超大规模集成电路研讨会(VLSI)、国际固态电路会议(ISSCC))上发表的3185篇文献进行分析可以得出结论,80%以上的研究论文来自6个国家(地区),其中美国发表文章数量占比达36.9%,占据绝对的优势地位;中国大陆占6.8%,位于第6名。从发展趋势上来看,中国大陆、韩国、比利时、新加坡有较大幅度的增长,美国、日本、法国、意大利等呈下降趋势。具体来看,领军企业、大型研发中心和国立科研机构、研究型大学等优势单位均得到了增长,呈现“寡头化”集中的发展趋势。发表文章数量按国家(地区)和第一完成机构的统计数据见图2表1
在集成电路领域,领军企业是技术创新的主体,引领了技术发展方向,也是研发的主要投资方。企业作为产品需求的直接定义者,在竞争性市场条件下必须通过研发构筑自己的产品优势;与其他行业相比,集成电路领域具有高研发占比、高资本投入的特点,为了控制研发成本溢出,要求企业主动制定面向产品需求的技术发展路线;同时,高投入也提高了行业的技术壁垒,倒逼企业发展成为重要的研发投资主体。
为了有效控制研发成本和资本投入,自20世纪80年代开始,形成了产业链的横向水平分工模式和以大型研发平台为中心的共性技术研发体系。一方面,当前全球半导体产业供应链以横向水平分工模式为主,美国波士顿咨询公司和半导体行业协会发布的报告指出[20],美国在半导体设计和制造产业的多个细分领域占据显著优势;日本在半导体材料和设备方面较为强势;而中国台湾和中国大陆分别在晶圆制造和封装测试方面处于领先地位。同时该报告指出,在自由贸易的前提下,所有国家将受益于横向水平分工模式;相对地,如果各国尝试构建自给自足的芯片供应链,将会导致资本投入和产品价格的成倍增加。另一方面,以大型研发中心为核心的产业研发联盟,在共性关键技术的研发中发挥了重要作用。1976年,日本通商产业省将具有竞争关系的民间企业以及国立科研院所结合在一起,推动组建了“超大规模集成电路技术研发联盟”,为日本的集成电路产业竞争力提升奠定了基础。全球知名的比利时微电子研究中心(Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, IMEC)作为共性关键制造技术研发的重要承担者,与领军企业合作,在全球7个国家(地区)拥有研发分部,完成了从14 nm工艺FinFET器件到3 nm 工艺GAA器件乃至1.5 nm以下工艺CFET器件技术研发,在先进制造工艺领域发挥了重要支撑作用。
在研发分工方面,领军企业、科研机构和研究型大学在量产技术和前沿探索方向上各有侧重,形成了相互配合的局面。3类机构发表文章数量占比分别为33%、13%、54%,发展趋势相对平稳。其中,领军企业在各个研究方向均发挥了引领作用;大型研发中心和国立科研机构擅于开展规模化、平台化的中试研究,方向较为聚焦;研究型大学方向广泛,具有较强灵活性。这里需要注意的是,领军企业和科研机构出于技术保密和商业秘密保密等考虑,实际技术创新贡献应该高于该比例。
以先进逻辑、存储和工艺技术领域为例,产业已经形成较完备的标准规范,技术和平台门槛较高,研发力量主要为领军企业和大型研发中心,如韩国三星、美国英特尔、中国台湾积体电路制造股份有限公司(简称台积电)、IBM和IMEC等;而在机器学习技术方面,由于技术新颖,暂未形成统一标准,既有企业的研发投入,也展示出研究型大学的研发活力,代表性单位有IBM、清华大学、韩国科学技术院等。对于较为成熟的技术,进一步的性能优化和良率提升主要以“领军企业+科研机构”的方式进行,如FinFET技术;对于已进入中试接近量产的技术,则领军企业、科研机构、研究型大学均有所参与,如高迁移率沟道、GAA器件、二维材料器件、低功耗器件、CFET等技术;对于技术路线尚不明确的新兴技术,则以研究型大学和科研机构为主,如量子器件技术。不同领域和技术方向的代表性机构统计情况详见表2表3
在研发合作方面,形成了以企业或大型研发中心为核心、产学研紧密合作的发展态势,全球化和区域化的合作模式并存。主要国家(地区)领军企业、科研机构、研究型大学发文数量占比见图3。全球主要研发力量通过组建技术创新联盟,构建核心技术体系,形成联盟内的核心知识产权保护。IBM与三星、格罗方德、应用材料等公司构建产业联盟,在堆叠环栅器件、磁随机存储器、先进工艺等领域开展研发合作,取得了引领产业发展的重要创新成果。以IMEC为中心的研发联盟,形成了全球范围的合作创新态势,23%的文章与企业合作,39%的文章与国际机构合作,合作较多的包括美国、法国、澳大利亚、荷兰等国家(地区),承担起共性关键技术的研发重任,发挥了产业界和学术界纽带的作用(具体合作关系见图4)。中国台湾具有较为均衡的研发力量布局,因此在本地区内部形成以台积电等制造企业为核心,台湾半导体研究中心、台湾阳明交通大学等机构联合研发的合作模式,紧密围绕产业需求开展技术创新。此外,世界半导体贸易统计组织(WSTS)、国际半导体产业协会(SEMI)、美国半导体行业协会(SIA)、中国半导体行业协会(CSIA)等半导体行业组织,也为全球集成电路技术和产业发展趋势建言献策,作出了重要贡献。
(1)企业创新能力和动力有待进一步提高,创新体系结构与研发需求存在差距。由图3可以看出,中国大陆企业和科研机构发表文章数量与其他国家(地区)相比有较大差距,面向产品的技术和共性关键技术研发不足,创新体系结构与研发需求存在一定差距,难以发展形成以企业或研发中心为主体的产业技术联盟。同时,中国的集成电路领军企业、科研机构、研究型大学在创新技术的协同研发和融合衔接方面存在一定程度的脱节问题。虽然中国研究型大学的研发资金增长较快,但是企业投入占比呈下降趋势(图5[21]。按照集成电路领域发展规律,要求企业在高校研发中投入更多资金,才能有利于技术成果的转化,推进产业技术发展。
(2)关键核心技术受制于人,原始创新能力不足,难以支撑完整的产业链和创新链发展。集成电路是战略性新兴产业,具有高附加值的特征,需要重点突破关键共性技术并拥有自主知识产权。改革开放以来,中国工业整体都得到了快速发展,不少行业进入世界前列。但是,作为各类电子整机系统核心的集成电路部分,却远远不能满足需求,长期依赖进口。据海关总署数据[22],2021年进口额达27934.8亿元人民币,同比增长15.4%,芯片技术和产业在外、芯片应用在内的形势突出。虽然中国目前在封测行业处于国际领先地位,但是在电子设计自动化(Electronic Design Automation, EDA)软件、知识产权(Intellectual Property, IP)核、芯片设计、制造、制造设备等技术领域的核心竞争力仍有待提升;在上游材料产业,包括光刻胶、光掩模版、封装基板等产品,国产化率一直较低;在每年近千亿美元规模的前道工艺设备市场中,中国占有率不足1%[23];核心关键技术仍处于受制于人的被动局面。长期以来,企业只要通过从国外引进生产线和成熟技术,依赖劳动力成本优势就能在国际市场上获得很多的利润,因此将资源主要聚焦在应用技术和产业化方面,产品追求短平快、低门槛,导致吸收、消化、再创新的能力没有跟上,难以支撑打造完整的产业链和创新链。
(3)科技领军人才短缺,专业技术人才存在较大缺口,高等教育发展与社会需求之间存在差距。人才一直是集成电路技术创新的第一资源,人才缺乏是中国集成电路技术落后的重要原因。科技领军人才在推动产业技术发展中发挥引领作用,如美国微电子学教授Carver Mead提出了通过编程语言来进行芯片设计的新思想,启发了芯片设计工具的出现,推动美国在该领域取得先发优势。同时,考虑集成电路领域具有技术创新迭代快、涉及学科范围广的特点,对知识的综合能力要求高。虽然中国研发人员总量已经稳居世界首位,但每百万人中研发人员数量仍处于较低水平,在2021年《全球创新指数》[24]报告中仅位于第45位,是中国创新发展的短板,专门化教育与人才培养任重道远。因此,中国目前急需一批能够引领学术和带动产业的领军型科技人才。
(1)加强中国集成电路创新体系建设,打造集成电路国家战略科技力量。在国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局下,中国集成电路行业要加快打造完整链条,支撑构建集成电路产业和技术国内大循环。充分发挥政府和市场调节作用,强化企业创新主体地位,通过财税政策支持和鼓励企业加大研发投入,激发企业创新活力;探索企业投资主导的,以产品需求为导向、充分利用大学智力资源的研发合作模式。聚集领军企业、国家科研机构、研究型大学的研发力量,构建国家级的集成电路共性关键技术平台,加强从基本原理、原型、产品到规模市场化的有机衔接和紧密配合,自立自强发展和攻克核心技术,提升内部技术供给能力,助力中小型企业生存发展,避免低水平重复和同质化竞争。从国家战略角度制定集成电路技术发展规划,确保对技术研发的中长期支持和人才供给。
(2)充分利用全球创新资源,深度融入全球创新网络,着力打造适应新时期发展自主可控的产业链和供应链。平衡自主和开放间的张力,在坚持自立自强发展国内集成电路技术的同时,也着力加强国际科技合作交流;在强化自给自足供应链的同时,也着力保持国内市场优势深度融入全球集成电路产业链发展;采用多元化的战略思维,着力提升中国集成电路技术发展的应变能力,加快提升中国集成电路技术话语权。探索利用开源资源,以可控开源的方式充分利用国际智力资源。
(3)加强基础研究和人才培养,提升中国集成电路原始创新能力,探索特色的集成电路发展路径。强化基础研究和原始创新,提前部署潜在的新型信息处理和存储技术,提升集成电路材料和装备研制能力。加强集成电路领域人才队伍建设,抓好用好科技领军人才,加快推进中国学术和产业进步。扎实做好集成电路专业人才培养工作,切实以需求和问题为导向,培养多学科交叉和融合的创新型人才。改进科技管理体制机制,坚持出成果和出人才并重,改进科技评价方法,鼓励科研人员潜心开展原创研究。完善知识产权保护制度,调整科研人员薪酬分配体制,及时跟上社会发展趋势。
(4)探索低碳化和集成电路技术可持续发展之路。随着集成电路技术的不断发展,新工艺和新材料等复杂技术对环境的潜在影响变得更加显著,需要更多的能源消耗和温室气体排放。2020年,IMEC等研究机构提出了技术可持续(Sustainability)发展的倡议[15,25],通过建立负责任创新的机制,为技术发展提供优化和指导。对标“碳达峰、碳中和”的目标任务,中国应该布局绿色低碳的集成电路技术路线研究,将环境因素作为技术研发的重要考量,指导技术合理有序发展。
当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局,党的十九届五中全会提出把科技自立自强作为国家发展的战略支撑,这为中国科技事业未来一个时期的发展指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。集成电路技术作为事关国家安全和发展全局的基础核心领域,要牵住国家战略科技力量这个“牛鼻子”,推动原始创新能力提升和创新链、产业链深度融合,增强自身产业竞争力和国际话语权,坚决打赢关键核心技术攻坚战。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.03.001
  • 接收时间:2022-08-20
  • 出版时间:2022-09-20
  • 发布时间:2022-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-20
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    中国科学院微电子研究所,北京 100029

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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