Article(id=1266471435569611334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250439, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764691200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-03, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=1770566400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineDate=1779879920140, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879920140, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879920140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879920140, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=041005-1, endPage=041005-6, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471436316197448, articleId=1266471435569611334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Research on an X-band high-transmittance radar radome structure, columnId=1266471245458591845, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=High Power Laser Physics and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

Radar protective enclosures often attenuate electromagnetic waves and reduce the received signal level, especially in high-frequency shallow-layer detection. This attenuation can narrow the usable bandwidth and weaken target responses in practical deployments.

Purpose

This study aims to design a miniaturized, high-transmittance Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) that restores transmission through an enclosure while keeping a compact unit cell for integration and manufacturing.

Methods

We designed a resonant unit that coupled upper and lower metal patches with a metal grid. We used an equivalent-circuit model to describe the structure and to link physical geometry to coupling capacitance and resonance. We then ran full-wave simulations to quantify transmission, bandwidth, and electrical size. We fabricated samples and measured them with microwave test equipment to verify the simulated response under realistic conditions.

Results

The simulations showed stable transmission above 90% across the 9.5–10.5 GHz. The design achieved miniaturization, and the unit electrical size was approximately one-thirteenth of the operating wavelength. The measurements confirmed transmission above 90% across 9.6–10.3 GHz. The measured curves matched the simulated trends and resonant features, which supported the circuit-based interpretation.

Conclusions

The proposed miniaturized FSS provides high transmission with a compact footprint and good practical tolerance to deployment constraints. It offers a direct design reference for high-frequency radar enclosures require both electromagnetic transparency and structural compatibility.

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针对雷达防护外壳对电磁信号造成显著衰减的问题,提出了一种适用于浅表层探测应用的小型化高透波率频率选择表面(FSS)结构。该结构通过上下金属贴片与金属栅格的耦合构成谐振单元,在保证结构紧凑性的同时显著提升了电磁波透射性能。基于等效电路模型对其透波机理进行了分析,阐明了耦合电容增强对谐振频率降低与结构小型化的作用机制。仿真结果表明,所设计FSS结构在9.5~10.5 GHz频段内透射率稳定高于90%,其电尺寸约为工作波长的1/13。进一步的微波测试结果显示,实物样品在9.6~10.3 GHz范围内同样实现了90%以上的透波率,测试结果与仿真结果具有良好一致性。研究结果表明,该小型化FSS结构在实现高效透波的同时兼具结构紧凑、环境适应性强等优点,可为高频雷达系统的外罩设计提供有效参考。

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赵青,
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王开华,

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Structural parameters of frequency selective surface (mm)

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abclwh
0.80.10.32.50.10.1
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频率选择表面结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
abclwh
0.80.10.32.50.10.1
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performance comparison of existing solutions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
planstructural dimensionstransmittance
based on square rings and crossed dipoles1/492.3% wave transmission rate at 2.5~6.8 GHz
dipole array1/785% wave transmission rate at X-band
double square ring FSS1/690% wave transmission rate at 30.32 GHz
this design1/1390% wave transmission rate at 9.5~10.5 GHz
), ArticleFig(id=1266743884584469230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471435569611334, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

现有方案性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
planstructural dimensionstransmittance
based on square rings and crossed dipoles1/492.3% wave transmission rate at 2.5~6.8 GHz
dipole array1/785% wave transmission rate at X-band
double square ring FSS1/690% wave transmission rate at 30.32 GHz
this design1/1390% wave transmission rate at 9.5~10.5 GHz
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一种X波段高透波率雷达外罩结构研究
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王开华 1, 2 , 杨寰宇 1 , 李思铭 1 , 郭成 1 , 赵青 1
强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026,38(4): 041005-1-041005-6
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强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026, 38(4): 041005-1-041005-6
一种X波段高透波率雷达外罩结构研究
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王开华1, 2 , 杨寰宇1, 李思铭1, 郭成1, 赵青1
作者信息
  • 1电子科技大学 资源与环境学院,成都 611731
  • 2中国水利水电第七工程局有限公司,成都 611730

通讯作者:

赵青,
Research on an X-band high-transmittance radar radome structure
Kaihua Wang1, 2 , Huanyu Yang1, Siming Li1, Cheng Guo1, Qing Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 611731, China
  • 2PowerChina Sinohydro Bureau 7 Co., Ltd, Chengdu 611730, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250439
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针对雷达防护外壳对电磁信号造成显著衰减的问题,提出了一种适用于浅表层探测应用的小型化高透波率频率选择表面(FSS)结构。该结构通过上下金属贴片与金属栅格的耦合构成谐振单元,在保证结构紧凑性的同时显著提升了电磁波透射性能。基于等效电路模型对其透波机理进行了分析,阐明了耦合电容增强对谐振频率降低与结构小型化的作用机制。仿真结果表明,所设计FSS结构在9.5~10.5 GHz频段内透射率稳定高于90%,其电尺寸约为工作波长的1/13。进一步的微波测试结果显示,实物样品在9.6~10.3 GHz范围内同样实现了90%以上的透波率,测试结果与仿真结果具有良好一致性。研究结果表明,该小型化FSS结构在实现高效透波的同时兼具结构紧凑、环境适应性强等优点,可为高频雷达系统的外罩设计提供有效参考。

频率选择表面  /  X波段  /  小型化  /  高透波率  /  等效电路模型  /  微波测试
Background

Radar protective enclosures often attenuate electromagnetic waves and reduce the received signal level, especially in high-frequency shallow-layer detection. This attenuation can narrow the usable bandwidth and weaken target responses in practical deployments.

Purpose

This study aims to design a miniaturized, high-transmittance Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) that restores transmission through an enclosure while keeping a compact unit cell for integration and manufacturing.

Methods

We designed a resonant unit that coupled upper and lower metal patches with a metal grid. We used an equivalent-circuit model to describe the structure and to link physical geometry to coupling capacitance and resonance. We then ran full-wave simulations to quantify transmission, bandwidth, and electrical size. We fabricated samples and measured them with microwave test equipment to verify the simulated response under realistic conditions.

Results

The simulations showed stable transmission above 90% across the 9.5–10.5 GHz. The design achieved miniaturization, and the unit electrical size was approximately one-thirteenth of the operating wavelength. The measurements confirmed transmission above 90% across 9.6–10.3 GHz. The measured curves matched the simulated trends and resonant features, which supported the circuit-based interpretation.

Conclusions

The proposed miniaturized FSS provides high transmission with a compact footprint and good practical tolerance to deployment constraints. It offers a direct design reference for high-frequency radar enclosures require both electromagnetic transparency and structural compatibility.

frequency selective surface  /  X-band  /  miniaturization  /  high transmittance  /  equivalent circuit model  /  microwave measurement
王开华, 杨寰宇, 李思铭, 郭成, 赵青. 一种X波段高透波率雷达外罩结构研究. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041005-1 -041005-6 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250439
Kaihua Wang, Huanyu Yang, Siming Li, Cheng Guo, Qing Zhao. Research on an X-band high-transmittance radar radome structure[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041005-1 -041005-6 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250439
探地雷达系统广泛用于岩体结构的勘探中,用以实现地下地质结构的高精度探测。但地下复杂环境通常伴随极高温度、高压及强腐蚀性介质[1],因此雷达仪器必须具备坚固且可靠的外壳以保护内部电子元件和传感装置。然而,传统金属外壳对电磁信号的屏蔽效应严重[2],易造成雷达信号强度的大幅衰减,导致探测距离和精度明显降低[3]。为了在满足外壳防护性能的同时,降低对雷达信号的负面影响,频率选择表面(Frequency Selective Surface,FSS)成为一种极具前景的解决方案[4]
频率选择表面是一种基于周期结构的特殊电磁表面,通过金属贴片或金属屏上的孔径单元周期排布构成。它能对不同频率、不同极化方向和入射角的电磁波表现出明显不同的反射或透射特性,从而实现频率选择性透波功能,已在通信、雷达、隐身及电磁兼容等领域得到广泛应用[5-7]。近年来,FSS的小型化研究也取得了重要进展,例如利用贴片栅格耦合、加载集总元件或卷曲交指结构等方式,实现结构尺寸的显著缩减,这使得FSS用于浅表层地下岩体勘探更有研究价值。
针对探地雷达特殊应用环境,本文设计并提出一种新型小型化频率选择表面结构,通过上下贴片与金属栅格耦合形成LC谐振单元,运用等效电路方法分析了该结构的透波机理。采用该新型FSS外壳,可以在保障雷达仪器在地下极端环境中安全运行的同时,大幅降低外壳对电磁波信号的衰减,提高探地雷达探测的精度与灵敏度,为探地雷达的实际工程应用提供了有力的技术支撑。
FSS按照表面金属贴片类型可以划分为贴片型FSS和孔径型FSS,贴片型FSS在谐振频率处全反射,谐振频率以外的波有不同程度的透波率,孔径型FSS在谐振频率处全透射,谐振频率以外的波有不同程度的反射率。
当电磁波以垂直或平行于金属带阵列的方式入射时,会因方向不同而引发不同的响应特性。若电场方向与带隙结构平行,入射频率的波长较长、远大于金属条的周期性宽度,此时带隙区域的电子无法有效吸收波的能量,主要表现为电磁波通过结构、发生部分透射现象。而当电场垂直于带隙排列方向时,频率较高、波长更短,电磁波更容易与周期结构发生耦合,电场作用增强,使得波能更易在金属条之间被耗散,导致能量吸收效率提升、反射增加,整体表现为带隙结构的高频选择性增强。
因此,带隙单元对入射方向和频率具有明显的选择响应特性,不同排列方向下对入射波能量的调控能力存在显著差异,是实现频率选择性透波或反射功能的关键基础。低频时能量被吸收,高频时透过。
同一波段的电磁波,当入射波的入射方式改变时,带栅结构具有不同的性能,因此单纯的带栅结构并不常用,通过对带栅结构进行改进得到金属贴片和网栅结构。该结构中,金属贴片是分离式的,由于贴片面积有限,金属贴片上激励的电子在高频入射时能吸收大量能量,在低频入射时只能吸收少量能量。由于贴片本身具有一定长度,在等效电路中,贴片可等效为电容与电感的并联结构,但电感作用很小,通常被忽略。金属栅格上,低频波时电子吸收了大部分能量,透波率较低,高频时电子只能吸收一小部分能量,透波率很高。由于网栅结构之间有距离,但距离较大,因此存在作用很小的电容,相比电感可以被忽略。
本文所设计结构包括顶层分离式的金属贴片、中间介质板层和底层贴片及栅格,通过上面的理论分析可知,结构中的电容$ {C}_{1} $$ {C}_{2} $$ {C}_{3} $分别由上下层的金属贴片及上下层的金属贴片之间的耦合作用形成,电感L由底层的金属网栅形成,金属贴片单元及栅格单元的等效电路如图1(a)图1(b)所示,FSS等效电路如图1(c)所示。其中,$ {{Z }}_{0} $指自由空间的传输线阻抗,$ {{Z }}_{1} $表示介质层的传输线阻抗。
图1(c)可看出,该结构的等效电路是LC并联谐振电路,其中L为等效电感,C代表三个等效电容。由电容定义式(1)可知,通过不断优化上下金属片的耦合面积以及中间介质层的厚度可使等效电容值得以提升。根据谐振频率公式(2)可知,电容值的增加会使谐振频率降低,从而达到了小型化的目的。当电容值增加时,由公式(3)可知,带宽也会随之降低,故在设计中要根据设计要求进行合理参数设计。在本设计中L=1.00 nH,C1=0.10 pF,C2=0.08 pF,C3=0.073 pF。
$ C=\varepsilon \dfrac{S}{4\pi {kd}} $
$ {f}_{0}=\dfrac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}} $
$ \dfrac{\Delta f}{{f}_{0}}\propto \sqrt{\dfrac{L}{C}} $
式中:S为材料截面积;d为板间距;k为静电常数;L为等效电路的总电感值(H);C为等效电路的总电容值(F);$ {f}_{0} $为等效电路的谐振频率即中心频点(GHz);$ \Delta f $为3 dB带宽(GHz)。
图2展示了频率选择表面的结构图,透波结构顶部为四个分形金属贴片,底部为金属栅带和用于增加等效电容值的金属贴片。矩形金属贴片进行分形处理可以在相同的金属覆盖面积下获得更大的有效耦合面积,从而提高电磁波的透射率;金属贴片的分形处理增加了电长度,有利于实现小型化。介质层采用介电常数为2.4的材料,厚度设置为h,结构的具体参数如表1所示。
通过软件CST2019对所设计结构进行了仿真实验,因为所设计结构具有中心对称性,TM模式下的结果与TE模式下高度重合[8],因此下面仅以TE波正入射为条件进行仿真计算。
分析耦合金属贴片尺寸变化对性能的影响时,为进一步分析金属贴片尺寸微小变化对性能的影响,本文在设定金属贴片长度变化范围为0.5 mm至0.8 mm、间距变化为0.1 mm的基础上,进行了仿真模拟。尽管上述尺寸变化处于较小范围内,仍然能够明显影响结构的谐振频率,如图3(a)所示。模拟结果表明:随着结构参数的微调,部分模式频点发生偏移,且存在模态混叠现象,尤其是在模式A频点附近,多个模态特征无法明确区分,增加了系统在实际调试与识别过程中的复杂性。此外,模态间的耦合增强可能导致能量在C1C2相位之间分布不均,进而对器件整体的工作稳定性产生负面影响。
因此,在结构设计过程中需充分考虑尺寸公差对性能的敏感性,确保在贴片长度为0.1 mm至0.4 mm范围内的微调不会引发系统性能的剧烈波动,从而提升装置的一致性与可靠性。
接着研究金属栅格的宽度变化对性能的影响,设置金属栅格宽度w从0.1 mm到0.4 mm内变化,变化梯度为0.1 mm,仿真得到图3(b)所示的传输系数曲线。可以看出当金属栅格宽度增加时,谐振频率提高,同时通带带宽稍许降低。原因是底层金属栅格宽度增加时结构的等效电感值降低,由公式(2)~(3)可知,等效电感值的降低会导致谐振频率升高,带宽值降低。
分析介质层的厚度变化对性能的影响时设置介质层厚度在h从0.1 mm到0.2 mm范围内变化,变化梯度设为0.05 mm,仿真计算得到相应参数下的传输系数曲线如图3(c)所示。可以看出,当介质层厚度逐步增加时,结构的谐振频率提高同时通带带宽增加。原因是介质层变厚降低了层间耦合电容,使得谐振频率变大并使带宽变宽。
最后探讨介质层介电常数对透波性能的影响。保持其它结构参数不变,设置介质层的介电常数$ {\varepsilon }_{r} $从2.0到3.5范围内变化,以0.5为变化梯度,仿真计算得到相应参数下的传输系数曲线如图3(d)所示。
TE模式下,最终结构的X波段透波仿真结果如图3(e)所示,由仿真结果可以看出,在9.5 GHz到10.5 GHz范围内S21大于−1 dB,实现了90%以上的透波率。
为对仿真结果进行验证,制作了频率选择表面的实物,并进行了实验测试,制作的实物如图4所示。该样品由160×160个单元组成,尺寸为400 mm×400 mm。
在测试环境中,天线罩置于两天线之间,周围放置吸波材料,防止电磁波“绕过”天线罩。在实验室中用两只同极化X波段喇叭天线相向摆放,天线罩置于两天线之间并用非导电夹具固定,周围铺设吸波材料以减弱绕射与环境反射;将矢量网络分析仪完成两端口标准校准并去嵌连接电缆与过渡件后,把参考面等效定位到天线口径,保持发射和样品接收的几何关系、入射角与极化不变,先在无样品状态扫频获得“空载直通”曲线作为参考,再在插入天线罩后以相同频点、输出功率、IF带宽与平均次数重复扫频获取被测曲线,最后以空载直通结果做幅度归一与基线校正得到透波表现;测试过程中仅需记录天线间距、样品厚度与位置、VNA的功率、带宽、平均参数以及温湿度,并通过激光对准或标尺定位保证样品重复放置。对于透波性能测试,实验原理图如图5(a)所示,测试天线罩在X波段的透射性能。天线2发射,天线1接收,进而测出天线罩在X波段的透波性能。透波测试实验图如图5(b)所示;透波测试仿真与TE模式下的实验结果的对比如图5(c)所示。仿真结果在9.5 GHz到10.5 GHz范围内实现了90%以上的透波率,实物经测试可以实现在9.6~10.3 GHz范围内透波率大于90%。实际透波率范围略小于仿真结果,由于两者差异很小,推测这种情况可能由多个因素引起。首先,加工误差是影响结果的重要因素,实际制造的FSS结构存在微小的尺寸偏差,这些偏差会导致谐振频率和透波性能的偏差,从而使实际透波率与仿真结果出现差异。此外实验环境的影响,例如测试环境的反射、散射效应也会造成实验产生误差。同时测量设备也存在精度问题,导致测量结果与仿真结果不符,尤其是在高频测试中,设备的校准误差会放大这些差异。
测试结果与当前已有的X波段频率选择表面方案对比如表2所示,该结构电尺寸仅为工作波长的1/13,与已有方案对比有显著的优势[9-13]
针对探地雷达系统中防护外壳对信号造成严重衰减的问题,本文提出了一种适用于浅表层雷达的新型小型化频率选择表面(FSS)结构,以实现对雷达信号的高效透射。设计中采用贴片与栅格耦合的方式构成谐振单元,使结构尺寸得到了明显缩减,提升了探地雷达外壳的实用性。同时,利用等效电路分析方法深入阐述了该结构的电磁透波机理。仿真分析结果表明,设计的FSS结构在9.5~10.5 GHz频段内的电磁波透射率稳定保持在90%以上;进一步的实验测试验证发现,实际样品在9.6~10.3 GHz频段内透波率同样高于90%,测试与仿真结果吻合良好,充分验证了设计方案的有效性与可靠性。研究成果表明,该小型化FSS结构在实现探地雷达信号高效透射的同时,兼具结构紧凑、环境适应性强等优势,可有效改善探地雷达系统的通信性能与探测精度。后续工作将聚焦三项关键方向:首先围绕单元几何与耦合参数开展小样本灵敏度优化与参数收敛,进一步压平通带起伏并适度展宽带宽,同时验证不同入射角与极化下的稳定性,完善天线的结构设计;并且建立面向量产的工艺容差与补偿策略,量化基材介电常数/厚度、金属化厚度与刻蚀偏差对透波性能的影响,给出版图冗余与参数回调规则,提升批间一致性与环境鲁棒性,从而尽量降低因加工造成的误差。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250439
  • 接收时间:2025-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-03
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
  • 录用日期:2026-02-09
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    1电子科技大学 资源与环境学院,成都 611731
    2中国水利水电第七工程局有限公司,成都 611730

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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